Tilopa
Tilopa (Prakrit; Sanskrit: Talika or Tilopadā) was a Buddhist tantric[1] mahasiddha[2] who lived in northeast India[1][3]: x [4]: 1 around the 10th century -- perhaps from 988 to 1069[3]: 4 [1] though from 928 to 1009 is also suggested[4]: 127 . The information of his life comes from spiritual biographies or hagiographies[4]: xv where actual biographical details are few[1] and the texts concentrate on spiritual growth of an individual[5]: vii [3]: 3 . The earliest of these hagiographies was composed during the 11th century[5]: vii .
Tilopa practised the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra[3]: 6 [5]: 43 , a set of spiritual practices intended to accelerate the process of attaining Buddhahood. He became a holder of all the tantric lineages, possibly the only person in his day to do so[citation needed]. In addition to the way of insight and Mahamudra[6], Tilopa learned and passed on the Way of Methods (today known as the Six Yogas of Naropa) and guru yoga.[7] Naropa is considered his main student[3]: 35 , though his hagiographies mention by name two other disciples as well[3]: 34 .
Life
[edit]The historical documentation of Tilopa's life doesn't exist or is not know[3]: xii . The first biography or hagiography of Tilopa was written in the 11th century, and another major biography was written during the 14th century[3]: xiii ; however, others followed in e.g. 16th century[3]: xiii . The account below is a synopsis of biography in Chos-Kyi Blo-Gros The Life of the Mahasiddha Tilopa[5].
The one thing most accounts agree is that he was born in northeast India into the Brahmin caste, i.e. in what nowadays is Bangladesh or Eastern India[1][5]: 28,64-65 [8]: 41, 72 [3]: x [4]: 131 . After his birth a soothsayer profesied to his mother that he'd be either a buddha, deva, nāga or yaksha[5]: 28 . Later his mother had a vision of several ugly women, telling Tilopa's her to make him a buffalo herder and also learn scriptures[5]: 29 [4]: 133 -- the latter might mean taking monastic vows[1][9]: 12 instead of just learning to meditate. His mother adhered to advice given, and having grown up, Tilopa encountered the same women in another vision while herding buffaloes -- this time they revealed Tilopa's spiritual pedigree and exhorted the boy to go to a cemetery of Salavihara[5]: 30 or Salabheraha[4]: 134 .
In the cemetery Tilopa encountered a teacher called Cāryapa, and a teacher called Lawapa[5]: 30 or Kambalapā[4]: 144 who both gave him spiritual instructions. In the cemetery he was taught by an ascetic named Mātangīpa too[5]: 31 [4]: 142-3 .
Later he encounted a ḍākinī named Subhagini[5]: 67 or Matongha[10] in the temple where his uncle was an abbot and taught[5]: 31, 67 . Subhagini asked whether or not he understood the text of Satasāhasrikā[5]: 31 . Having received a negative answer she further explicated the text to him, and told him to meditate[5]: 31 . However, Tilopa's uncle had forbidden him from meditating[5]: 31 . So, the ḍākinī then urged him to fasten the text Satasāhasrikā with a rope, toss it out of the temple door in water, and act like a madman [5]: 31-32 . The act didn't go unnoticed: Though the text did not suffer damage, he was remonstrated and beaten[5]: 32 . Some time after that, Subhagini told him go East to the market place of Pañcapana, find a prostitute called Bharima[5]: 32 or Dharima[10], and follow her as a servant[1][5]: 32 .
Tilopa did what Subhagini told him to do, went to Pañcapana, found Brahima, and worked as a pimp for her at nights while also working as a sesame seed trasher during the day[1][5]: 32 . Later, while trashing sesame seeds, he attained the perfection close to the great seal or mahamudra[5]: 32 . At the same time people around the city had flaming visions of him or visions of his bone ornaments blazing[5]: 32-3 ; the people came and asked him to teach them[5]: 32-3 , and the king of the country too came to pay his respects[5]: 33 .
From several teachers Tilopa received teachings:
- From Nagarjuna he learned the of illusory body[11], and perhaps transmission the radiant light[citation needed] (Sanskrit: prabashvara) and illusory body (Sanskrit: maya deha, Tib. gyulu) teachings (Cakrasaṃvara Tantra)[citation needed], Lagusamvara tantra[citation needed], or Heruka Abhidharma[citation needed].
- From Caryāpa he received the transmission of dreams[11].
- From Lawapa he learned the transmission of clear light[11] and possibly the dream yoga[citation needed].
- From either Jñānaḍākinī[11] or Saryapa[citation needed] he learned the transmission of inner heat.
From Vajradhara -- by direct transmission -- instructions[1] or the entirety of mahamudra[12].
- From Sukhasiddhi Tilopa received the teachings on life, death, and the bardo (states between lives and consciousness transference/phowa)[citation needed].
- From Indrabhuti he gained wisdom (prajña)[citation needed].
- And, from Matangi he learned the resurrection of the dead body[citation needed].
Teachings
[edit]
Six Precepts or Words of Advice
[edit]Tilopa gave Naropa a teaching called the Six Words of Advice[13]. The original text does not survive, but a Tibetan translation has been preserved[13].
In Tibetan, the teaching is called gnad kyi gzer drug[14] – literally, "six nails of key points"; the aptness of the title becomes clear if one considers the meaning of the English idiomatic expression, "to hit the nail on the head."
The six precepts have been translated in several rather different ways. Three are presented below.
McLeod translation
[edit]Ken McLeod's translation[15][16][17] together with original Tibetan:
| Literal translation | Explanatory translation | Original Tibetan | Tibetan (Wylie transliteration) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Don't recall | Let go of what has passed | མི་མནོ་ | mi mno |
| 2 | Don't imagine | Let go of what may come | མི་བསམ | mi bsam |
| 3 | Don't think | Let go of what is happening now | མི་སེམས | mi sems |
| 4 | Don't examine | Don't try to figure anything out | མི་དཔྱོད་ | mi dpyod |
| 5 | Don't control | Don't try to make anything happen | མི་སྒོམ་ | mi sgom |
| 6 | Rest | Relax, right now, and rest | རང་སར་བཞག་ | rang sar bzhag |
Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche translation
[edit]Another translation by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche renders the original Tibetan in English as[9]: 247
- Do not ponder, think, or cognize.
- Do not meditate or examine.
- Leave the mind to itself.
Watts-Wayman translation
[edit]An earlier translation circa 1957 by Alan Watts and Dr. Alex Wayman rendered Tilopa's "Six Precepts" as
- No thought, no reflection, no analysis,
- No cultivation, no intention;
- Let it settle itself.
In a footnote, Watts cited a Tibetan source text at partial variance with McLeod's in sequence and syntax, namely:
- Mi-mno, mi-bsam, mi-dpyad-ching,
- Mi-bsgom, mi-sems, rang-babs-bzhag.
Based on an "elucidation" provided by Wayman, Watts explained that
- Mi-mno is approximately equivalent to the Zen terms wu-hsin (無心) or wu-nien (無念), "no-mind" or "no thought." Bsam is the equivalent of the Sanskrit cintana, i.e., discursive thinking about what has been heard, and dpyad of mimamsa, or "philosophical analysis." Bsgom is probably bhavana or the Chinese hsiu (修), "to cultivate," "to practice," or "intense concentration." Sems is cetana or szu (思), with the sense of intention or volition. Rang-babs-bzhag is literally "self-settle-establish," and "self-settle" would seem to be an almost exact equivalent of the Taoist tzu-jan (自然, pinyin: zì rán), "self-so", "spontaneous", or "natural".[18]
Mahamudra instructions
[edit]Tilopa also gave mahamudra instruction to Naropa by means of the song known as "The Ganges Mahamudra,"[3]: 58 one stanza of which reads:
- The fool in his ignorance, disdaining Mahamudra,
- Knows nothing but struggle in the flood of samsara.
- Have compassion for those who suffer constant anxiety!
- Sick of unrelenting pain and desiring release, adhere to a Guru,
- For when his blessing touches your heart, the mind is liberated.[19]
Attachment and enjoyment
[edit]Tilopa also gave instructions concerning pleasure: "The problem is not enjoyment; the problem is attachment."[13][citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014). "Tilopa". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 914. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014). "Bka' brgyud". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 121-2. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Thrangu, Khenchen (2019). Tilopa's Wisdom: His Life and Teachings on the Ganges Mahamudra. Boulder, Colorado: Snow Lion. ISBN 978-1-55939-487-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Torricelli, Fabrizio (2018). Tilopa: A Buddhist Yogin of the Tenth Century. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Mar-Pa, Chos-Kyi Blo-Gros (1995). Cayley, Vyvyan (ed.). The Life of the Mahasiddha Tilopa. Translated by Torricelli, Fabrizio; Naga, Acharya Sangye T. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. ISBN 81-85102-91-0.
- ^ Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014). "mahāmudrā". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ Nydahl, Ole (2019). The Four Foundational Practices of the Great Seal. Ontario WI: Diamond Way Press. p. 119.
- ^ Quintman, Andrew (2013-11-05). The Yogin and the Madman: Reading the Biographical Corpus of Tibet's Great Saint Milarepa. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-53553-3.
- ^ a b Gampopa (1998). Ani K. Trinlay Chodron (ed.). The Jewel Ornament of Liberation -- The Wish-fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings. Translated by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-092-1.
- ^ a b "Kagyu Lineage History: Tilopa". Archived from the original on 2013-02-28.
- ^ a b c d Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014). "bka' babs bzhi". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S., eds. (2014). "Vajradhara". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 954. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ a b c "Tilopa". Garchen Institute. Archived from the original on 2024-11-30.
- ^ Tsele Natsok Rangdröl (tr. Erik Pema Kunsang), Lamp of Mahamudra: The Immaculate Lamp that Perfectly and Fully Illuminates The Meaning of Mahamudra, The Essence of All Phenomena, Boston & Shaftesbury: Shambhala, 1989, p. 72 and n. 18.
- ^ "Six Words of Advice by Tilopa, translated by Ken McLeod" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-10-12.
- ^ "Mahamudra – Tilopa's Six Words". Archived from the original on 2025-08-10.
- ^ von Bujdoss, Justin. "Tilopa's Six Nails -- Powerful advice for meditation from the 10th-century Indian master". Archived from the original on 2025-07-08.
- ^ Watts, Alan (1999) [First published 1957]. The Way of Zen. Vintage Books. p. 79 and n. 3.
- ^ Keith Dowman / Tilopa's Instruction to Naropa
Bibliography
[edit]- Rinpoche, Chökyi Nyima; Nyima, Rinpoche Chokyi (1994). Union of Mahamudra and Dzogchen. Rangjung Yeshe Publications. ISBN 978-962-7341-21-5.
- Rinpoche, Sangyes Nyenpa (2014). Tilopa's Mahamudra Upadesha: The Gangama Instructions with Commentary. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2974-9.
External links
[edit]- Tilopa's Mahamudra Teaching to Naropa Archived 2025-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
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