Suspensor
A suspensor is a temporary anatomical structure in fungi and plants that supports early development. In fungi, it holds the zygospore between hyphae. In plants, it connects the embryo to surrounding tissues and helps position it within the endosperm.
Fungi
[edit]In fungi, suspensors are filamentous structural formations having the function of holding a zygospore between two strains of hyphae.[citation needed]
Plants
[edit]In plants, suspensors are found in zygotes in angiosperms, connecting the endosperm to an embryo.[1] Usually in dicots the suspensor cells divide transversally a few times to form a filamentous suspensor of 6-10 cells. The suspensor helps in pushing the embryo into the endosperm. The first cell of the suspensor towards the micropylar end becomes swollen and functions as a haustorium. The haustorium has wall ingrowths similar to those of a transfer cell.[citation needed]
The last of the suspensors at the end of the embryo is known as hypophysis. Hypophysis later gives rise to the radicle and root cap. During embryo development in angiosperm seeds, normal development involves asymmetrical division of the unicellular embryo, inducing polarity. The smaller terminal cell divides to become the proembryo while the larger basal cell divides laterally to form the suspensor. The suspensor is analogous to a placental mammalian's umbilical cord.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ Wang, Honglei; Santuari, Luca; Wijsman, Tristan; Wachsman, Guy; Haase, Hannah; Nodine, Michael; Scheres, Ben; Heidstra, Renze (2024-07-01). "Arabidopsis ribosomal RNA processing meerling mutants exhibit suspensor-derived polyembryony due to direct reprogramming of the suspensor". The Plant Cell. 36 (7): 2550–2569. doi:10.1093/plcell/koae087. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 11218825. PMID 38513608.
- ^ Shi, Ce; Luo, Pan; Du, Yu-Ting; Chen, Hong; Huang, Xiaorong; Cheng, Tian-He; Luo, An; Li, Hong-Ju; Yang, Wei-Cai; Zhao, Peng; Sun, Meng-Xiang (2019-08-02). "Maternal control of suspensor programmed cell death via gibberellin signaling". Nature Communications. 10 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11476-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6677759. PMID 31375676.
Further reading
[edit]
- C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
- Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Biology, Seventh Edition (Bejamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA 94111) ISBN 0-8053-6777-2
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