View source for Tariffs in the second Trump administration

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{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Map of countries by total tariffs in the second Trump administration.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of countries by total baseline tariffs (includes tariffs not yet implemented)
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{{Legend|#b9b9b9|United States}}
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{{Donald Trump series|expanded=Policies}}
During [[second presidency of Donald Trump|his second term]] as [[President of the United States]], [[Donald Trump]] enacted a series of steep [[tariff]]s affecting [[List of imports of the United States|nearly all goods imported into the country]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Aime|date=August 6, 2025 |title=Donald Trump's new tariff regime deepens global trade war|work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f642686-d9bf-4d16-a2f6-2d2ab8fb43d2|url-access=subscription|access-date=August 8, 2025|quote=Donald Trump's global tariffs took effect at 12.01am in Washington on Thursday, pushing American import duties to their highest level in a century as the US president launched a new era of trade rivalry.}}</ref> From January to April 2025, the average applied US tariff rate rose from 2.5% to an estimated 27%—the highest level in over a century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Irwin |first=Neil |title=Trump's incredibly volatile tariff landscape, in one chart |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/05/trump-tariff-rate-volatility |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=June 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Check>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sudeep |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Reality Check: What Trump's Supposed Retreat Really Means in a Historic Trade War |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/04/10/tariff-reality-check-trump-retreat-00285270 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> After changes and negotiations, the rate was estimated at 17.9% as of September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of U.S. Tariffs |url=https://budgetlab.yale.edu/research/state-us-tariffs-september-26-2025 |website=budgetlab.yale.edu |language=en}}</ref> By September 2025, US tariff revenue exceeded $30 billion per month, compared to under $10 billion per month in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/trump-tariffs-haul-over-200b-revenues-supreme-court-weighs-challenge-legality | title=Trump tariffs haul over $200B in revenues as Supreme Court weighs challenge to legality | first=Amanda | last=Macias | work=[[Fox Business]] | date=September 25, 2025}}</ref>

Under [[Section 232]] of the 1962 [[Trade Expansion Act]], Trump raised [[steel]], [[aluminum]], and [[copper]] tariffs to 50% and introduced a 25% tariff on imported cars from most countries. New tariffs on pharmaceuticals and semiconductors, were also implemented, with exceptions for companies manufacturing in the U.S.

Trump also claimed unprecedented tariff authority under the [[International Emergency Economic Powers Act]] (IEEPA). On April 2, 2025, he invoked the law to impose [[Liberation Day tariffs|"reciprocal tariffs"]] on imports from all countries not subject to other sanctions. A universal 10% tariff took effect on April 5. Although plans for additional country-specific "reciprocal tariffs" were delayed due to the [[2025 stock market crash]], they were implemented on August 7. The [[De minimis exemption|''de minimis'' exemption]], scheduled to end in July 2027, was closed on August 29, 2025 under IEEPA; previously, packages valued below $800 were exempt from tariffs.<ref name="deminimis">{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-ends-tariff-exemption-all-low-value-packages-2025-07-30/ | title=US ends tariff exemption for all low-value packages | first1=Christian | last1=Martinez | first2=David | last2=Shepardson | editor-first1=Susan | editor-last1=Heavey | editor-first2=Howard | editor-last2=Goller | work=[[Reuters]] | date=July 31, 2025}}</ref> Sweeping use of the IEEPA sparked a [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|trade war with Canada and Mexico]] and escalated the [[China–United States trade war]].

Federal courts have ruled that the tariffs imposed under the IEEPA are illegal; however, they remained in effect at least through October 2025 while the case was appealed. On November 5, 2025, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] heard oral arguments in the consolidated case of [[Learning Resources v. Trump|''Learning Resources v. Trump'']] concerning the administration's tariffs imposed under the IEEPA.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |last2=Swanson |first2=Ana |last3=Rappeport |first3=Alan |date=2025-11-06 |title=A Skeptical Supreme Court Puts Trump's Tariffs and Economic Agenda in Question |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/06/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last1=King |first1=Caroline |last2=Ackerman |first2=Quinn E. |editor-last=Fertig |editor-first=Alexandra |title=LII Supreme Court Bulletin: Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/24-1287 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">Supreme Court of the United States. ''Oral Argument Transcript: Learning Resources, Inc. et al. v. Donald J. Trump, President of the United States, et al.'' No. 24-1287 (and consolidated No. 25-250). Washington, D.C.: Heritage Reporting Corporation (Official Reporters), November 5, 2025. Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf.</ref> The challenges do not include tariffs imposed under Section 232 or [[Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974|Section 301]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Husch Blackwell Trade |date=2025-09-09 |title=SCOTUS to Hear Arguments in Cases Challenging Trump's Tariffs in Early November |url=https://www.internationaltradeinsights.com/2025/09/scotus-to-hear-arguments-in-cases-challenging-trumps-tariffs-in-early-november/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=International Trade Insights |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Trump administration argues that its tariffs will promote domestic manufacturing, protect national security, and substitute for income taxes. The administration views [[trade deficit]]s as inherently harmful, a stance economists criticized as a flawed understanding of trade.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/05/business/trump-reciprocal-tariffs-real-numbers/index.html | first1=Bryan | last1=Mena | first2=Alicia | last2=Wallace | title=Trump's 'reciprocal' tariffs aren't quite what they seem. Here's the real story | work=[[CNN]] | date=April 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Horrified>{{cite magazine |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Why Economists Are Horrified by Trump's Tariff Math |url=https://time.com/7274651/why-economists-are-horrified-by-trump-tariff-math/ |access-date=April 4, 2025 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name=justify>{{Cite news |last=Weissmann |first=Jordan |date=April 6, 2025 |title=The White House cited these economists to justify its tariffs. They aren't thrilled. |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-white-house-cited-these-economists-to-justify-its-tariffs-they-arent-thrilled-193615537.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405223531/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-white-house-cited-these-economists-to-justify-its-tariffs-they-arent-thrilled-193615537.html |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025 |work=[[Yahoo Finance]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Neiman |first=Brent |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Why Trump's Tariff Math Is a Joke |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/07/opinion/trump-tariff-math-formula.html |access-date=April 7, 2025 |work=The New York Times |department=Opinion |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Although Trump has said foreign countries pay his tariffs, US tariffs are [[fee]]s paid by US businesses and consumers that import foreign goods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pogue |first=David |date=December 8, 2024 |title=Who would pay for Trump's promised tariffs? You will! |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/who-would-pay-for-trumps-promised-tariffs-you-will/ |access-date=February 3, 2025 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=huge/> The tariffs contributed to downgraded [[GDP growth]] projections in both the U.S. and its trading partners by the [[Federal Reserve]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Federal Reserve cuts US economic growth outlook amid Trump tariffs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/mar/19/federal-reserve-forecast-trump-tariffs |access-date=June 16, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> the [[OECD]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiderlin |first=Sophie |date=June 3, 2025 |title=U.S. growth forecast cut sharply by OECD as Trump tariffs sour global outlook |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/03/us-growth-forecast-cut-further-by-oecd-as-trump-tariffs-sour-outlook.html |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiderlin |first=Sophie |date=June 10, 2025 |title=World Bank sharply cuts global growth outlook on trade turbulence |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/10/world-bank-cuts-2025-growth-outlook-to-2point3percent-as-trade-tariffs-weigh.html |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|History of tariffs in the United States#2000 to present: Deindustrialization and wage deflation|Protectionism in the United States#1980s to present}}
Since the 1980's, Trump has advocated for [[import tariffs]] as a tool to regulate trade and retaliate against foreign nations that he believes have taken advantage of Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taddonio |first=Patrice |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Trump's Tariff Strategy Can Be Traced Back to the 1980s |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trumps-tariff-strategy-can-be-traced-back-to-the-1980s/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |publisher=PBS |language=en-US}}</ref> In his campaigns for the US presidency, Trump promised to use tariffs to achieve a wide range of goals, including preventing war, reducing [[trade deficit]]s, improving [[Border security in the United States|border security]], and subsidizing childcare.<ref name=huge>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Paul |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Trump favors huge new tariffs. What are they, and how do they work? |url=https://apnews.com/article/tariffs-trump-taxes-imports-inflation-consumers-prices-c2eef295a078a76ce2bb7fedb0c5e58c |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

===First Trump administration===
In 2018, Trump imposed [[Tariffs in the first Trump administration#Steel and aluminum|tariffs on steel and aluminum]] imports, resulting in price increases for Americans.<ref>{{cite web |last=Durante |first=Alex |date=September 20, 2022 |title=How the Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum Harmed the Economy |url=https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/section-232-tariffs-steel-aluminum/ |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=Tax Foundation }}</ref> In December 2021, the price of one metric ton of hot-rolled band steel was $1,855 in the US compared to $646 in China and $1,031 in Europe.<ref>{{cite report |title=Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47107 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> 
The [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), a regulator of [[international trade]], ruled that the implementation violated global trade rules.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomson |first=Jill |date=December 13, 2022 |title=US imposes tariffs on aluminum from Canada |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63920063 |access-date=February 5, 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref> While he and [[Joe Biden]] rolled back some of these tariffs, most remained in place by the start of Trump's second term.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/09/business/economy/trump-steel-aluminum-tariffs.html | last=Swanson | first=Ana |title=Trump Will Impose Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum on Monday |work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 9, 2025 | url-access=limited}}</ref> 

Trump also launched the [[China–United States trade war]], which subjected 60% of US-China trade to 20% tariffs<ref>{{cite news |last=Irwin |first=Neil |title=What the Last Trump Tariffs Did, According to Researchers |url=https://hbr.org/2024/12/what-the-last-trump-tariffs-did-according-to-researchers |work=Harvard Business Review |publisher=Harvard Business Publishing |date=December 15, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> and was widely characterized as a failure for the United States.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy|title=New data show the failures of Donald Trump's China trade strategy|date=February 10, 2021|newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}
* {{cite news |title=How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/how-china-won-trump-s-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war |publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=January 11, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America|last1=Hass |first1=Ryan |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/ |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=August 7, 2020}}
* {{Cite web |title=China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-trade-war-didnt-boost-u-s-manufacturing-might-11603618203|first1=Josh|last1=Zumbrun|first2=Bob|last2=Davis|date=October 25, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}
* {{cite web |title=Why Did Donald Trump's Trade War on China Fail? |last1=Lester |first1=Simon |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-did-donald-trumps-trade-war-china-fail |publisher=Cato Institute |date=January 25, 2021}}
* {{Cite web |title=Analysis: Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/index.html|first=Jill|last=Disis|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=October 25, 2020}}
* {{Cite web |title=The centerpiece of Trump's trade deal with China 'failed spectacularly' |url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/trump-china-trade-deal-exports-failed-spectacularly/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |first=Naomi |last=Elegant |date=February 8, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's economic legacy: Trade wars, tariffs and tax breaks|last1=White |first1=Martha |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-s-economic-legacy-trade-wars-tariffs-tax-breaks-n1254716 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=January 20, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump Promised a 'Good and Easy To Win' Trade War, Then Lost It|last1=Boehm |first1=Eric |url=https://reason.com/2021/01/19/trump-promised-a-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war-then-lost-it/ |work=Reason (magazine) |date=January 19, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's Protectionist Failure |last1=Gramm |first1=Phil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-protectionist-failure-11614709570 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 2, 2021}}</ref>

In May 2019, Trump used tariff threats of up to 25% on [[Mexico]] to negotiate an expansion of his "[[Remain in Mexico]]" policy and the deployment of Mexican soldiers to help control [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sprunt |first=Barbara |title=Trump: U.S., Mexico Reach Deal To Avoid New Tariffs |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/07/730283772/trump-u-s-mexico-reaches-deal-to-avoid-new-tariffs |publisher=NPR |date=June 7, 2019 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> The Mexican government, led by [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], deployed nearly 15,000 troops to the [[Mexico–United States border]] and 6,500 troops to the [[Guatemala–Mexico border]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fox59.com/news/national-world/mexico-deploys-nearly-15000-troops-to-the-us-border/ |title=Mexico deploys nearly 15,000 troops to the US border | work=Fox 59 |date=June 24, 2019 |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213152610/https://fox59.com/news/national-world/mexico-deploys-nearly-15000-troops-to-the-us-border/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2020, the US, Mexico and Canada renegotiated North American Free Trade Agreement ([[NAFTA|NAFTA)]] as the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement]] (USMCA) and recommitted to 0% tariffs on most products traded between them. Five weeks after the USMCA went into effect, Trump used an exemption for national security concerns to implement a 10% tariff on Canadian aluminum after claiming it was flooding the US market.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Nithya |last2=Kim |first2=Turner |last3=Greer |first3=Camron |title=U.S. Re-Imposes 10% Tariff on Specific Aluminum Imports from Canada |url=https://www.internationaltradeinsights.com/2020/08/u-s-re-imposes-10-tariff-on-specific-aluminum-imports-from-canada/ |website=International Trade Insights |publisher=Husch Blackwell LLP |date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wiseman |first=Paul |title=After brief trade truce, U.S. slaps levy on Canadian aluminum |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/after-brief-trade-truce-u-s-slaps-levy-on-canadian-aluminum |work=PBS NewsHour |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref> He withdrew the tariff a month later, three hours before the [[29th Canadian Ministry]] planned to retaliate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Kathleen |title=U.S. calls off tariffs on Canadian aluminum — for now |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aluminum-tariffs-trade-trump-trudeau-1.5724391 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=September 15, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref>

=== 2024 presidential campaign ===
In his [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|2024 presidential campaign]], Trump [[Agenda 47#Economy|pledged]] even larger tariffs than [[Tariffs in the first Trump administration|those in his first term]], including 60% on China, 100% on Mexico, and 20% on all other countries. He also proposed tariffs to penalize US companies that outsourced manufacturing, such as a 200% tariff on [[John Deere]].

Trump also suggested replacing [[income taxes]] with tariff revenue—an idea economists from the [[Tax Foundation]] deemed "mathematically impossible".<ref>{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Trump floats ending the federal income tax. Here's what that would mean |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/26/politics/trump-income-taxes-tariffs/index.html |access-date=February 4, 2025 |publisher=CNN }}</ref> 23 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]]-winning economists signed a letter warning that Trump's policies, including high tariffs, would "lead to higher prices, larger deficits, and greater inequality".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mattingly |first=Phil |date=October 23, 2024 |title=23 Nobel Prize-winning economists call Harris' economic plan 'vastly superior' to Trump's |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/23/politics/nobel-prize-economists-harris-economic-plan/index.html |access-date=April 4, 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Picciotto |first=Rebecca |date=October 23, 2024 |title='Higher prices, larger deficits': 23 Nobel Prize-winning economists slam Trump agenda, endorse Harris |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/23/nobel-prize-winning-economists-donald-trump-agenda-endorse-harris.html |access-date=April 4, 2025 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref>

On November 5, 2024, shortly after the [[2024 United States presidential election]], Trump acknowledged that tariffs might cause "some pain" for Americans but said, "it will all be worth the price that must be paid".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |last2=Stracqualursi |first2=Veronica |date=February 2, 2025 |title=With tariffs signed, Trump warns of 'pain' to come for Americans |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/02/politics/us-tariffs-americans-pay-imports/index.html |access-date=February 13, 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

===Appointments of Navarro and Miran===
In December 2024, Trump appointed [[Peter Navarro]] as his [[Counselor to the President|Senior Counselor for Trade and Manufacturing]]. Navarro had been recently imprisoned for defying [[congressional subpoena]]s related to his role in [[attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election]], including his "[[Green Bay Sweep (politics)|Green Bay Sweep]]" strategy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/peter-navarro-trade-counsel-trump/ |title=Trump taps Peter Navarro as top trade adviser months after prison release |last=Linton |first=Caroline |date=December 4, 2024 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=March 5, 2025}}</ref> Navarro advocates for a permanent regime of trade barriers to balance the trade deficit and has written books criticizing corporations for prioritizing profits over American jobs. He served in high-ranking trade roles during Trump's first term but was often rebuffed by [[free market]]-minded Trump administration officials such as [[Gary Cohn]], who resigned in protest of Trump's 2018 steel and aluminum tariffs.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5375727/peter-navarro/ |title=Peter Navarro Used to Be a Democrat. Now He's the Mastermind Behind Trump's Trade War |first=Molly |last=Ball |date=August 23, 2018 |magazine=Time |publisher=Time USA, LLC |access-date=March 7, 2025 |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328142407/https://time.com/5375727/peter-navarro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Navarro began working closely with cabinet nominees [[Howard Lutnick]] and [[Jamieson Greer]] and faced less opposition in Trump's second term.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4135f673-d3a8-4d78-9f81-81107cb7dd32 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250218092727/https://www.ft.com/content/4135f673-d3a8-4d78-9f81-81107cb7dd32 |archive-date=February 18, 2025 |title=Peter Navarro: a loyal general returns to wage Donald Trump's trade wars |last=Williams |first=Aime |date=February 18, 2025 |work=Financial Times |publisher=The Financial Times Ltd. |access-date=March 4, 2025}}</ref> [[ING Group]] noted that plans for Trump's "reciprocal tariff" policy appeared to align with Navarro's section of [[Project 2025]], titled "The Case for Fair Trade".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://think.ing.com/articles/heres-whats-going-to-happen-on-april-2/ |last=Fechner |first=Inga |title=What Project 2025 tells us about what will happen with tariffs on 2 April | work=[[ING Group]] | date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

In November 2024, [[Stephen Miran]], now chairman of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] under Trump, released a white paper titled "A User's Guide to Restructuring the Global Trading System,"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hudsonbaycapital.com/documents/FG/hudsonbay/research/638199_A_Users_Guide_to_Restructuring_the_Global_Trading_System.pdf |last=Miran |first=Stephen | date=November 2024 |title=A User's Guide to Restructuring the Global Trading System |website=Hudson Bay Capital}}</ref> which proposed using tariffs as a tool to drive down the value of the dollar through a negotiated '[[Mar-a-Lago Accord]]'.<ref name="GT">{{Cite web |last=Kokalari |first=Michael |year=2024 |title=Summary of 'A User's Guide to Restructuring the Global Trading System' |url=https://vinacapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/20241129-Summary-of-A-Users-guide.pdf}}</ref> Miran and other key figures in the administration have suggested that the dollar is significantly overvalued because of its status as a [[reserve currency]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamin |first=Steven B. |date=March 3, 2025 |title=Council of Economic Advisors Chair Nominee Stephen Miran's Critique of the Global Monetary System—Part I |work=American Enterprise Institute – AEI |url=https://www.aei.org/economics/council-of-economic-advisors-chair-nominee-stephen-mirans-critique-of-the-global-monetary-system-part-i/}}</ref> and that tariffs can be used to weaken the dollar and revitalize American manufacturing,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Examining Trump's claims that tariffs will revitalize American manufacturing |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/examining-trumps-claims-that-tariffs-will-revitalize-american-manufacturing |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> although this view has been criticized by some economists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Miran, we're not in Triffin land anymore |url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/miran-were-not-triffin-land-anymore |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=CEPR |language=en}}</ref> While the administration's ultimate tariff formula did not closely resemble any of Miran's suggestions, the underlying ideas in Miran's white paper remain important in the Trump administration's conduct of trade policy.<ref name="Salmon">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=April 3, 2025 |title=How to read the White House's tariff formula |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/03/trump-tariffs-formula-calculated |access-date=April 4, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GT" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fouad |first=Mohamed A. |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Miran: The Economic Mind Behind Trump – What's Behind the Tariffs? |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/04/07/miran-the-economic-mind-behind-trump-whats-behind-the-tariffs/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Key events and negotiations ==
{{See also|Timeline of the 2025 United States trade war with Canada|China–United States trade war#2025}}
=== January–March 2025 ===
Trump was inaugurated for a second term on January 20, 2025. In [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|his inaugural address]], he pledged to "immediately begin the overhaul of our trade system to protect American workers and families."<ref>{{cite web |date=January 20, 2025 |title=The Inaugural Address |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/the-inaugural-address/ |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=The White House |publisher=Executive Office of the President}}</ref> On February 1, he declared several "[[List of national emergencies in the United States|national emergencies]]" regarding [[fentanyl]] trafficking and invoked the [[IEEPA]] to impose 25% tariffs on most goods from Mexico and Canada and 10% on goods from China.<ref name="Horsley-2025" /> Tariffs on [[USMCA]]-compliant Mexican and Canadian goods were quickly suspended,<ref name="CM">{{Cite news |last1=Green |first1=Emily |last2=Ljunggren |first2=David |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Canada, Mexico not subject to new global rates as fentanyl tariff still in place |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-mexico-not-subject-new-global-rates-while-fentanyl-border-order-place-2025-04-02/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250402233704/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-mexico-not-subject-new-global-rates-while-fentanyl-border-order-place-2025-04-02/ |archive-date=April 2, 2025 |access-date=April 2, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> but the "fentanyl tariff" on Chinese goods was raised to 20% on March 4.<ref name="Breuninger-2025">{{cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Trump says Mexico, Canada tariffs will start March 4, plus additional 10% on China |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/trump-says-mexico-canada-tariffs-will-start-march-4-plus-additional-10percent-on-china.html |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> On February 13, Trump announced plans to impose "reciprocal tariffs" on all countries with trade barriers against the US in April, prompting a wave of diplomatic outreach.<ref name="Sherman-2025b">{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Natalie |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Trump launches plan to target countries with new tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c360lle165ro |access-date=February 13, 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Brendan |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Trade Talks Ramp Up in Race to Avoid Trump's April 2 Tariffs |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-24/countries-race-to-avoid-trump-tariffs-in-final-sprint-to-april-2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250324143104/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-24/countries-race-to-avoid-trump-tariffs-in-final-sprint-to-april-2 |archive-date=March 24, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

Analysts and foreign governments expressed confusion over the administration's tariff strategies and openness to negotiation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2025 |title='We are all waiting for a reply.' Countries say White House hasn't responded on tariff talks. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/08/trump-tariffs-talks-countries-00279959 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Diplomats see 'mess' in Trump's trade strategy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/11/trumps-tariff-trade-waiting-china-00287407 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> Trump varyingly stated that tariffs would be lifted following trade negotiations, retained to tax foreign goods to fund government spending, or used to discourage foreign goods and protect US manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Duehren |first2=Andrew |last3=Smith |first3=Colby |date=February 28, 2025 |title=When It Comes to Tariffs, Trump Can't Have It All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/28/business/economy/trump-tariff-goals-contradictions.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250301033520/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/28/business/economy/trump-tariff-goals-contradictions.html |archive-date=March 1, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Canada alleged that tariffs on its exports were intended to damage its economy and pressure [[Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States|annexation into the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Trudeau says US wants to collapse Canada's economy with tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89ye749nxvo |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> A Japanese trade official commented, "No matter who I talk to in the US administration, none of them knows what Trump is thinking. We don't even know what Trump wants to negotiate on."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Morioka |first1=Kohei |last2=Kotegawa |first2=Taro |last3=Tajika |first3=Chinami |last4=Satomi |first4=Nen |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Japan plans extra steps to deal with tariffs, figure out Trump |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15697365 |access-date=April 4, 2025 |work=The Asahi Shimbum}}</ref> When Vietnam offered to eliminate all tariffs on American goods, economic advisor [[Peter Navarro]] dismissed the proposal. "This is not a negotiation," he said. "This is a national emergency based on a trade deficit that's gotten out of control."<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Vietnam's tariffs offer rejected by Trump adviser—"Not a negotiation" |url=https://www.newsweek.com/vietnam-offer-remove-tariff-trump-trade-peter-navarro-2056149 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>

On March 12, the administration imposed 25% tariffs on imported steel and aluminum products.<ref name="Lawder-2025a" /> First-quarter US GDP fell -.05%, but investors attributed the decline to a rush to import goods before tariffs took effect rather than to underlying weakness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCormick |first1=Myles |last2=Jones |first2=Claire |date=July 28, 2025 |title=US and eurozone economies slow sharply in second quarter |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b9f739a7-d515-4371-8f7f-5e19aa96e1a4 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250728201950/https://www.ft.com/content/b9f739a7-d515-4371-8f7f-5e19aa96e1a4 |archive-date=July 28, 2025 |access-date=July 30, 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

=== April–June 2025 ===
[[File:UStariffsJantoJune2025.png|thumb|upright=2|A timeline of the US average effective tariff rate from January 2025 through June 2025, based on calculations by employees of the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]].]]
On April 2, a day he called "Liberation Day", Trump declared a national emergency regarding the national trade deficit and announced "reciprocal tariffs" on all countries not subject to other sanctions. A minimum 10% tariff on almost all US imports took effect on April 5.<ref name=calls>{{Cite web |last=Pichee |first=Aimee |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump reveals these 2 new types of tariffs on what he calls "Liberation Day," April 2 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/liberation-day-trump-tariffs-explained/ |access-date=April 2, 2025 | work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Panic induced by the announcement led to the [[2025 stock market crash]] and new country-specific tariffs, planned for April 9, were paused for 90 days.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Hutzler |first=Alexandra |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Trump explains dramatic reversal on tariffs: People getting 'a little bit afraid' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-explains-dramatic-reversal-tariffs-people-bit-afraid/story?id=120651386 |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2025 |title=UN trade agency urges US to exclude poor states from tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/un-trade-agency-urges-us-exclude-poor-states-tariffs-2025-04-14/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> However, after a retaliatory spiral, US tariffs on Chinese goods rose to 145% while Chinese tariffs on US goods rose to 125%.<ref name="csb">{{cite news |last1=Bao |first1=Anniek |date=April 11, 2025 |title=China strikes back with 125% tariffs on U.S. goods as trade war intensifies |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/11/china-strikes-back-with-125percent-tariffs-on-us-goods-starting-april-12.html |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Steel and aluminum tariffs, a 25% tariff on automobiles imposed April 3, and other sector-specific duties also remained.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Lalljee |first=Jason |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Trump pauses reciprocal tariffs, but these ones are still in effect |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/09/trump-tariffs-90-day-pause-china |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' estimated that despite the 90 day pause, the remaining tariffs brought the average applied US tariff rate to 27%–the highest level in over a century.<ref name=Check/>

On April 21, CEOs of major US retailers warned Trump that the trade war with China would lead to visible price increases and product shortages in two weeks.<ref name=shift/> Polls indicated 84% of business leaders were concerned about the impact of the tariffs on the U.S. economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leadershipnowproject.org/lnp-insights/2025/4/29/new-poll-business-leaders-express-growing-concern-over-us-competitiveness|title=New Poll: Business Leaders Express Growing Concern Over U.S. Competitiveness| website=leadershipnowproject.org| date=April 29, 2025|accessdate=July 9, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-tariffs-trade-war-04-29-2025/card/business-leaders-sound-alarm-on-tariffs-and-other-trump-policies-N09DYHumotsvJ0AihbfM|title=Business Leaders Sound Alarm on Tariffs and Other Trump Policies|first=Chip|last=Cutter|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription|date=April 29, 2025|accessdate=July 9, 2025}}</ref> The first cargo ships carrying Chinese goods tariffed at 145% arrived on May 6 with shipments cut in half.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=David |last2=Wallace |first2=Alicia |last3=Yurkevich |first3=Vanessa |last4=Watt |first4=Nick |date=May 6, 2025 |title=The first boats carrying Chinese goods with 145% tariffs are arriving in LA. Shipments are cut in half. Expect shortages soon {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/06/business/tariffs-price-increases-shortages-ports |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Trump reportedly pivoted his focus toward negotiation, sidelining Navarro and promoting [[Scott Bessent]] as his lead economic advisor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Trade shake-up: Bessent leads on trade as Lutnick plays 'bad cop' — and Navarro is sidelined |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/10/bessent-trade-lutnick-navarro-shakeup-00284597 |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Good cops, bad cops - how Trump's tariff team kept world guessing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx4ynxx1nzo |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On May 28, the [[United States Court of International Trade]] unanimously ruled that Trump had exceeded his authority by imposing the "fentanyl tariffs" and "reciprocal tariffs".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knauth |first1=Dietrich |last2=Wiessner |first2=Daniel |title=US court blocks Trump's sweeping tariffs, citing overreach of authority |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-court-blocks-trumps-liberation-day-tariffs-2025-05-28/ | work=[[Reuters]] |date=May 28, 2025}}</ref> The tariffs remained in effect while the government appealed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/58330799/Learning_Resources,_Inc,_et_al_v_Donald_Trump,_et_al |title=Learning Resources, Inc., et al v. Donald Trump, et al (0:25-cvus-05202), D.C. Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals |website=www.pacermonitor.com |language=en}}</ref>

By the end of June, the US had only signed a deal with the UK and a 90-day temporary deal with China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duane Morris LLP - Vietnam Becomes the Third Country to Enter into a Trade Deal with the United States: Understanding the Opportunities and Challenges Created by the Three Trade Deals |url=https://www.duanemorris.com/alerts/vietnam_becomes_third_country_enter_trade_deal_united_states_understanding_opportunities_0725.html |access-date=July 8, 2025 |website=www.duanemorris.com}}</ref> Under terms expiring November 9, as extended, China lowered tariffs on US goods to 10% and resumed exports of [[rare-earth element]]s, while the US lowered its tariff on Chinese goods to 30% (10% baseline + 20% fentanyl) and cut ''de minimis'' tariffs to 54%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalljee |first=Courtenay Brown,Jason |date=May 12, 2025 |title=China trade deal: White House partially cuts tariffs on Shein, Temu packages |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/05/12/china-trade-deal-shein-temu-trump |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> Trump said the US had also reached a deal with Vietnam, but Vietnamese officials were reportedly uncommitted and surprised by the announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam thought it had a deal on its US tariff rate. Then Trump stepped in. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/07/10/vietnam-trump-tariff-deal-00447715 |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=POLITICO |date=July 10, 2025 }}</ref>

Trump walked back some of his tariffs that preceded the [[2025 stock market crash]], inspiring the phrase "[[Trump Always Chickens Out]]." The stock market subsequently reached new highs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Robert | work=[[Financial Times]] |date=May 2, 2025 |title=The US market's surprise comeback |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e81ae481-fbb6-47e7-bd6b-c7d76ca5ab69 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502211948/https://www.ft.com/content/e81ae481-fbb6-47e7-bd6b-c7d76ca5ab69 |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=A 2-month rally pushed the stock market to record highs - but watch for these risks in July |url=https://www.morningstar.com/news/marketwatch/20250629147/a-2-month-rally-pushed-the-stock-market-to-record-highs-but-watch-for-these-risks-in-july | work=[[Morningstar, Inc.]] |date=June 29, 2025}}</ref>

On June 4, Trump doubled the tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from 25% to 50%,<ref name=signs>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2025 |title=Trump signs executive order raising tariffs on steel and aluminum imports to 50% |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/trump-signs-executive-order-raising-tariffs-steel-aluminum-imports-50/16647461/ |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref> and on June 12, he expanded them to include household appliances like refrigerators and dishwashers.<ref name=swept>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 2025 |title=Home appliances swept up in expansion of Trump steel tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/home-appliances-swept-up-expansion-trump-steel-tariffs-2025-06-12/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250612233207/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/home-appliances-swept-up-expansion-trump-steel-tariffs-2025-06-12/ |archive-date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=June 12, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

Second-quarter US GDP rebounded to 3.8% as imports normalized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mena |first=Bryan |date=2025-09-25 |title=The US economy grew at a 3.8% rate in the second quarter, significantly stronger than previously reported {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/25/economy/us-gdp-q2-final |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== July–September 2025 ===
The reintroduction of country-specific "reciprocal" tariffs—expected on July 8—was postponed twice before taking effect on August 7.<ref name="combats">{{Cite news |last1=Zakrzewski |first1=Cat |last2=Allison |first2=Natalie |last3=Marimow |first3=Ann |last4=Hax |first4=Carolyn |last5=Will |first5=George F. |last6=Stein |first6=Jeff |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Trump combats TACO reputation as White House extends tariff deadline |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/07/09/trump-tariffs-taco-deadline-delay/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250709100924/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/07/09/trump-tariffs-taco-deadline-delay/ |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=July 9, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="dozens" /> 

Trump notified foreign governments of adjustments to their "reciprocal" tariff rates in a series of letters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Jeyaretnam |first=Miranda |date=July 7, 2025 |title=Trump's Trade Deals, Negotiations, and New Tariffs for Each Country |url=https://time.com/7300389/trump-trade-deals-tariff-letters-deadline/ |access-date=July 8, 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> In one letter to Brazil, he threatened a 50% tariff while denouncing charges against [[Jair Bolsonaro]], an ally facing trial for the [[2022 Brazilian coup plot]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Brazil will respond to Trump's 50% tariff with 'reciprocity,' says da Silva |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/09/trump-brazil-tariffs-bolsonaro.html |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> On July 30, Trump declared Brazil’s actions a United States "national emergency" and imposed an additional 40% tariff on top of a 10% "reciprocal" tariff.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Brazil faces 50 percent tariff from Trump linked to Bolsonaro trial |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5428299-brazil-trump-tariffs-trade-war-bolsonaro/ |access-date=July 30, 2025 |work=The Hill}}</ref>

On July 31, the US announced its first "secondary tariff," targeting [[India]] to penalize its trade with [[Russia]].<ref name="Open">{{Cite web |last=Ping |first=Yeo Boon |date=July 31, 2025 |title=CNBC Daily Open: Is India the first to face Trump's 'secondary' tariff on Russia? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/31/cnbc-daily-open-is-india-first-to-face-trumps-secondary-tariff-on-russia.html |access-date=August 6, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Beginning August 27, 2025, Indian exports faced an extra 25% tariff or a total baseline tariff of 50%.<ref name="oil">{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=August 6, 2025 |title=Trump raises India tariffs to 50% over Russian oil purchases |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/06/trump-trade-india-tariffs-russia.html |access-date=August 6, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

On August 1, the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] released revised data showing a sharp slowdown in hiring, which some attributed to uncertainty caused by tariffs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/aug/01/jobs-report-july-trump-tariffs-trade-war | title=US adds just 73,000 jobs in July amid pressure from Trump's trade war | first=Michael | last=Sainato | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=August 1, 2025}}</ref> Trump dismissed the data as "rigged" and fired the BLS Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Isabella |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Fact check: Trump's claims jobless numbers were 'rigged' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fact-check-trumps-claims-jobless-numbers-rigged/story?id=124353890 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

Trump called for the removal of [[Federal Reserve]] Chairman [[Jerome Powell]], who had warned that tariffs could fuel inflation and resisted Trump's calls to cut the [[federal funds rate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump fires labor statistics boss hours after the release of weak jobs report |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-orders-firing-bls-commissioner-weak-jobs-report-rcna222531 |access-date=August 3, 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

On August 29, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] ruled 7-4 that Trump had exceeded his authority under the IEEPA, but allowed the tariffs to remain operational until October 14, 2025 to provide time for the government to appeal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Groppe |first=Joey Garrison and Maureen |title=Most Trump tariffs are illegal, appeals court rules, setting up Supreme Court showdown |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/08/29/most-trump-tariffs-are-not-legal-us-appeals-court-rules/85895611007/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> The Supreme Court granted certiorari on September 9, 2025, and will hear the case during the first week of November 2025.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Supreme Court Schedules a Quick Showdown on Tariffs |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/supreme-court-schedules-a-quick-showdown-on-tariffs/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2025, Trump announced tariffs on large trucks, kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities, and upholstered furniture, to begin on October 1.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-25/us-to-impose-25-tariff-on-heavy-truck-imports-from-oct-1 | title=US to Impose Tariffs on Heavy Trucks, Kitchen Cabinets |first1=Derek | last1=Wallbank | first2=Jennifer A | last2=Dlouhy | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> Trump also announced a 100% tariff on "any branded or patented" pharmaceutical product, unless the companies were "breaking ground" or had "under construction" pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/26/us-to-impose-100percent-tariff-on-branded-patented-drugs-unless-firms-build-plants-locally-trump-says.html | title=U.S. to impose 100% tariff on branded, patented drugs unless firms build plants locally, Trump says | first1=Lim Hui | last1=Jie | first2=Annika Kim | last2=Constantino | work=[[CNBC]] | date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> 

=== October–December 2025 ===
On October 10, President Trump announced an additional 100% tariff on Chinese goods, starting November 1, in retaliation of China's broadening of export controls on [[Rare earth industry in China|rare earths]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/10/trump-trade-tariffs-china-software.html | title=Trump puts extra 100% tariff on China imports, adds export controls on 'critical software' | first1=Dan | last1=Mangan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=October 10, 2025 }}</ref> China controls roughly 70% of the global supply of rare earth minerals. Trump also said the US would impose export controls on "any and all critical software".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Dan |date=2025-10-10 |title=Trump puts extra 100% tariff on China imports, adds export controls on 'critical software' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/10/trump-trade-tariffs-china-software.html |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> 

In response, China's Ministry of Transport announced it would match the Trump administration's planned increased in port fees on Chinese-owned and operated ships<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=The US and China are about to launch the next front in their trade war |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/13/us-china-trade-war-tariffs-00604356 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>. Days later China also moved to effectively ban Chinese companies from doing business with US subsidiaries of Korean shipbuilder, [[Hanwha Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jun |first=Kwanwoo |date=2025-10-14 |title=China Adds Hanwha Ocean's Units to Sanctions List |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/china-adds-hanwha-oceans-units-to-sanctions-list-d99b1757 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

On October 25, Trump announced an additional 10% tariff on Canada, in retaliation for [[Premier of Ontario]] [[Doug Ford]] airing advertisements during the [[2025 World Series]] opposing Trump's tariffs on Canada. The advertisements included footage of [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1987 opposing tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/24/trump-canada-doug-ford-reagan-trade-tariffs.html|title=Trump slaps 10% extra tariff on Canada over Reagan trade ad|website=CNBC|date=October 25, 2025|access-date=October 25, 2025|first1=Dan|last1=Mangan}}</ref><ref name="cbc/9.6951796">{{cite web |title=What exactly did Ronald Reagan say about tariffs? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ronald-reagan-tariff-speech-9.6951796 <!-- https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rci/en/news/2202013/what-exactly-did-ronald-reagan-say-about-tariffs -->|website=[[CBC News]] |access-date=28 October 2025 |date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

On October 30, President Trump and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] & [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] met in South Korea. Trump announced the US would cut the "fentanyl tariff" on Chinese goods entering the US from 20% to 10% in return for soybean and other farm product purchases and easier access to rare earths. The US also was expected to suspend an expansion of export controls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump lowers China tariffs and announces end to 'rare earths roadblock' after meeting Xi Jinping |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cd7ry3x0nvet |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The talks initially resulted in China retaining its hold over global supply chains. The 2025 US-China trade deal lowered tariffs on Chinese goods to levels similar to or below those on other countries, reducing the incentive for companies to move production elsewhere. Higher tariffs on nations like India and Brazil further narrowed cost advantages, leading many small firms to retain operations in China and reinforcing its dominant role in global supply chains.<ref>{{Cite news |last4=City |first4=Ho Chi Minh |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |date=2025-11-02 |title=Will Trump's Tariff Deal Tilt the Playing Field Back Toward China? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/02/business/economy/trump-tariff-deal-china.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |language=en}}</ref>

A significant portion of the Supreme Court seems to express doubt regarding Donald Trump’s emergency tariffs.<ref>{{cite web |title=trump tariffs chief justice john roberts digvid |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/05/politics/video/trump-tariffs-chief-justice-john-roberts-digvid |website=CNN}}</ref> The review by the US Supreme Court in November 2025 concerning President Donald Trump’s global tariffs, along with the potential for Trump to employ alternative trade strategies following an adverse ruling, is likely to heighten the chances of disorder.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Trump Supreme Court tariff defeat would add to trade uncertainty |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-supreme-court-tariff-defeat-would-add-trade-uncertainty-2025-11-06/ |website=reuters}}</ref>

== Legality ==
=== Trade law ===
Although the [[Constitution of the United States|US Constitution]] grants [[United States Congress|Congress]] the sole authority to levy taxes, including tariffs, Congress has passed laws allowing the President to impose tariffs for national security reasons unilaterally.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Looney |first1=Adam |last2=Patel |first2=Elena |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Why does the executive branch have so much power over tariffs? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-does-the-executive-branch-have-so-much-power-over-tariffs/ |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In his second term, Trump added tariffs to steel, aluminum, and auto imports under Section 232 of the [[Trade Expansion Act]] (TEA), which allows the President to modify imports if the [[Secretary of Commerce]] conducts an investigation, holds public hearings, and determines that the imports threaten national security.<ref name=Authority>{{cite report |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R48435 |title=Congressional and Presidential Authority to Impose Import Tariffs |author=Christopher T. Zirpoli |date=February 27, 2025 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=March 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301113004/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R48435 |archive-date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Trump bases auto tariffs on national security. Can he do that? |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2025/03/27/trump-auto-tariffs-section-232-national-security-explained/82688081007/ |website=[[Detroit Free Press]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Trump directed the [[Office of the United States Trade Representative|USTR]] to initiate similar investigations to impose tariffs under [[Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974|Section 301]] of the [[Trade Act of 1974]].<ref name=Digital>{{Cite web |last=Fíonta |date=June 2, 2020 |title=U.S. Launches Trade Probe into Digital Taxes |url=https://taxfoundation.org/blog/us-trade-representative-ustr-digital-services-tax-investigations/ |access-date=March 18, 2025 |website=Tax Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

Trump also invoked unprecedented powers under the [[National Emergencies Act]] (NEA) and the [[International Emergency Economic Powers Act]] (IEEPA) by declaring [[List of national emergencies in the United States|multiple "national emergencies"]] related to border security, energy, and trade deficits.<ref name="Domonoske-2025a2">{{cite news |last=Domonoske |first=Camila |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Trump's Energy Emergency Plan: Oil, Electric Vehicles and More |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/nx-s1-5268653/energy-emergency-trump-oil-evs |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250214194819/https://www.npr.org/2025/02/14/nx-s1-5287971/trump-emergencies-tariffs-energy |archive-date=February 14, 2025 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name=imposes>{{Cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Doug |last2=Desrochers |first2=Daniel |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump imposes 10 percent universal tariff, higher for top trade partners |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/02/trump-tariff-trade-partners-liberation-day-00267350 |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=Politico}}</ref> Declaring these emergencies allowed Trump to enact tariffs quickly without following the complex procedures required by TEA or other trade statutes.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.sullcrom.com/SullivanCromwell/_Assets/PDFs/Memos/President-Trump-Raises-Steel-Aluminum-Tariffs.pdf |title=President Trump Raises Steel and Aluminum Tariffs |date=February 13, 2025 |publisher=Sullivan & Cromwell LLP |access-date=March 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311154500/https://web.archive.org/web/20250311185437/https://www.sullcrom.com/SullivanCromwell/_Assets/PDFs/Memos/President-Trump-Raises-Steel-Aluminum-Tariffs.pdf |archive-date=March 11, 2025}}</ref> While the IEEPA had been used for [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]], it had never before been used for tariffs. As he signed the orders, Trump stated that declaring an emergency "means you can do whatever you have to do to get out of that problem."<ref name="Domonoske-2025a2" /> ''The New York Times'' reported that "many economists and legal experts believe that the idea of an emergency has been concocted to justify Mr. Trump's desire to impose sweeping import duties without regard to congressional approval or international trade rules."<ref name="Rappeport 4320252">{{Cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Trump Trade 'Emergency' Follows Decades of Anger That America Has Been Ripped Off |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/us/politics/trump-tariffs-trade-deficit-manufacturing.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

To terminate a national emergency under the NEA, a member of Congress may file a privileged resolution requiring their [[Legislative chamber|chamber]] to vote on the topic within 15 days. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] representatives introduced resolutions to end several of Trump's national emergencies justifying tariffs, but these efforts were blocked by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] congressional majority.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Jasmine |title=Senate Effort to Repeal Trump's 'Liberation Day' Tariffs Fails |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/senate-effort-to-repeal-trumps-liberation-day-tariffs-fails-95cd5388 |access-date=May 2, 2025 |website=WSJ |date=April 30, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Martin-20252">{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Michel |last2=Manuel |first2=Obed |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Senate to Vote on Trump's Proposed Tariffs on Canada, China, and Mexico |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/05/nx-s1-5317682/trump-tariffs-canada-china-mexico-senate-vote |access-date=March 11, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desrochers |first1=Daniel |last2=Lee Hill |first2=Meredith |last3=Palmer |first3=Doug |date=March 11, 2025 |title=House Republicans Move to Block Vote on Trump's Tariffs |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/03/11/congress/house-republicans-move-to-block-vote-on-trumps-tariffs-00223947 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250311181756/https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/03/11/congress/house-republicans-move-to-block-vote-on-trumps-tariffs-00223947 |archive-date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=March 11, 2025 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Erickson |first=Bo |date=March 11, 2025 |title=House Republicans Block Congress' Ability to Challenge Trump Tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/house-republicans-block-congress-ability-challenge-trump-tariffs-2025-03-11/ |access-date=March 11, 2025 |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Emily |date=March 11, 2025 |title=House GOP, Democrats Clash Over Repealing Trump Tariffs |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5189410-house-gop-democrats-repealing-trump-tariffs/ |access-date=March 11, 2025 |work=The Hill}}</ref> [[JD Vance]] cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate to uphold the emergency underpinning the "Liberation Day" tariffs.<ref name=":52" />

=== Legal challenges ===
Several countries initiated disputes regarding Trump's tariffs with the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), a regulator of [[international trade]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. agrees to WTO talks with China, Canada over tariffs, invokes national security {{!}} InsideTrade.com |url=https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/us-agrees-wto-talks-china-canada-over-tariffs-invokes-national-security |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=insidetrade.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=May 8, 2025 |title=EU to launch dispute against U.S. tariffs as it sets out 95 billion euros in countermeasures |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/08/european-union-dispute-against-us-tariffs-world-trade-organization.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> However, the United States [[Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization#Paralyzation|has de facto paralyzed]] the WTO since 2019 by blocking new appointments to its [[Appellate Body]]. Without a functioning Appellate Body, no final rulings can be made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Reset of the World Trade Organization's Appellate Body {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/report/reset-world-trade-organizations-appellate-body |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> On March 4, 2025, the US notified the WTO that it would suspend contributions to its budget indefinitely. The US was set to provide about 11% of the WTO's $232&nbsp;million 2024 budget, a fee based on the country's share of global trade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farge |first=Emma |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Exclusive: US pauses financial contributions to WTO, trade sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-suspends-financial-contributions-wto-trade-sources-say-2025-03-27/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250327154204/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-suspends-financial-contributions-wto-trade-sources-say-2025-03-27/ |archive-date=March 27, 2025 |access-date=March 27, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

At least seven cases were filed in American federal courts challenging Trump's authority to impose tariffs under IEEPA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khardori |first=Ankush |date=May 1, 2025 |title=The Supreme Court Could Unleash Chaos on the Economy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/05/01/trump-tariffs-injunction-supreme-court-00319135 |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |date=April 27, 2025 |title=Trump's Tariffs Prompt Wave of Lawsuits as States and Businesses Fight Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/27/us/politics/trump-tariffs-lawsuits.html |access-date=May 7, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Central to each case is the argument that the imposition of tariffs, in the absence of clear congressional authorization, may constitute an overextension of executive power into areas that are traditionally reserved for the legislative branch.<ref name="DS2">{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Dan |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Dozen states sue Trump in bid to block new tariffs |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/23/states-sue-trump-in-bid-to-block-new-tariffs.html |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TE2">{{Cite web |last=Gottlieb |first=Isabel |date=April 17, 2025 |title=The Legal Arguments Challenging Trump's Tariffs: Explained |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/in-house-counsel/the-legal-arguments-challenging-trumps-tariffs-explained |access-date=April 29, 2025 |website=bloomberglaw.com}}</ref><ref name="PC2">{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2025 |title=A CEO with 500 workers explains why he's suing Trump over tariffs: "This path is catastrophic" - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tariffs-economy-trump-ceo-lawsuit-learning-resources-ceo-rick-woldenberg/ |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Several complaints invoke the [[nondelegation doctrine]], asserting that the IEEPA, as applied, grants the executive branch an excessively broad scope of discretion. In addition to constitutional claims, the cases highlight significant economic consequences for states, businesses, and individuals, emphasizing the potential for such executive action to set a precedent for expansive policymaking beyond the intended purpose of emergency economic legislation.<ref name="DS2" /><ref name="TE2" /><ref name="PC2" />

On May 28, 2025, the [[United States Court of International Trade]] (CIT) issued a summary judgement for ''[[V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States]]'' and ''Oregon v. Department of Homeland Security'' and ruled Trump had exceeded his authority under the IEEPA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalljee |first=Jason |date=May 29, 2025 |title=What to know about the court that paused Trump's tariffs |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/05/29/trump-tariffs-blocked-court-vos-selections |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheney |first1=Kyle |last2=Palmer |first2=Doug |date=May 28, 2025 |title=Federal court strikes down Trump's April 2 tariffs |url=https://www.politico.com:443/news/2025/05/28/federal-court-strikes-down-trumps-april-2-tariffs-00373843 |access-date=May 28, 2025 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> According to [[Thomson Reuters]], the CIT found the IEEPA tariffs "illegal because the triggering emergency (fentanyl trafficking and trade deficits) bore no rational connection to the trade measures imposed."<ref name=here>{{Cite web |last=Engelland |first=Bryce |date=2025-08-04 |title=What's the status of tariff litigation, and where may things go from here? |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/corporates/tariff-litigation/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Thomson Reuters Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Learning Resources v. Trump|''Learning Resources v. Trump'']], a Washington D.C. district court went further by holding that the IEEPA does not authorize tariffs at all.<ref name=here/> The rulings were [[Stay of proceedings|stayed]] pending appeal, allowing the tariffs to remain in effect.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schonfeld |first=Zach |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Supreme Court called on to take up legality of Trump's tariffs |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/5355207-supreme-court-trump-tariffs-legality/ |access-date=June 17, 2025 |work=The Hill}}</ref> The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] upheld the CIT’s decision on August 29, 2025, but stayed their ruling until October 14.<ref name="blow">{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/29/trump-trade-tariffs-appeals-court-ieepa.html | title=Most Trump tariffs ruled illegal by appeals court, dealing major blow to trade policy | first1=Kevin |last1=Breuninger | first2=Dan | last2=Mangan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=August 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/08/29/us/appeals-court-trump-tariffs-ruling.html | title=Read the appeals court ruling on Trump's tariffs. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/08/30/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/in-ncla-amicus-win-en-banc-federal-circuit-rules-trumps-emergency-tariffs-are-unlawful/2176274 | title=In NCLA Amicus Win, en Banc Federal Circuit Rules Trump's Emergency Tariffs Are Unlawful | work=[[The Manilla Times]] | date=August 30, 2025}}</ref> The Supreme Court consolidated ''V.O.S. Selections'' and ''Learning Resources'' into a single case on September 9, 2025, as requested by the petitioners Learning Resources, Inc., et al. on September 4, 2025.<ref name=":7" />{{efn|SCOTUS noted that the consolidated case will retain one of the cases' full title (Learning Resources, Inc., et al., v. Trump, President of U.S.) and the docket number No. 24-1287 on September 9, 2025. To differentiate materials from the individual cases, "VIDED" is added to the documents filed for the consolidated case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No. 24-1287 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1287.html |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.supremecourt.gov}}</ref>}}

In October 2025, the [[United States Senate|US Senate]] voted 51–47 to nullify Trump’s global "reciprocal" tariffs on more than 100 countries. The measure followed similar votes to end tariffs on Brazil and Canada. The vote was largely symbolic as the House of Representatives would not take up the resolution due to a new rule blocking tariff-related measures from floor consideration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leingang |first=Rachel |date=2025-10-30 |title=US Senate votes to reject Trump's global tariffs on more than 100 countries |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/30/senate-vote-trump-tariffs |access-date=2025-10-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On November 5, 2025, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the consolidated case of ''Learning Resources v. Trump''.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />  <!-- please expand! -->

==Section 232 tariffs==
===Steel and aluminum tariffs===
On March 12, 2025, the US imposed 25% tariffs on all steel and aluminum imports, aiming to strengthen domestic production.<ref name="Lawder-2025a">{{cite news |last1=Lawder |first1=David |last2=Shalal |first2=Andrea |last3=Renshaw |first3=Jarrett |date=March 12, 2025 |title=Trump's Steel and Aluminum Tariffs Take Effect as U.S.-Canada Trade War Intensifies |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/trumps-steel-aluminum-tariffs-take-effect-us-canada-trade-war-intensifies-2025-03-12/ |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> On April 2, 2025, aluminum tariffs expanded to include empty aluminum [[drink can]]s and canned beer.<ref name=beer>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Amelia |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump administration puts 25% tariff on all canned beer imports, empty aluminum cans |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/02/trump-puts-tariffs-on-canned-beer-imports.html |access-date=April 2, 2025 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> The measures expanded Trump's first-term steel and aluminum tariffs by eliminating all exemptions and raising the aluminum tariff from 10% to 25%.<ref name=Authority/> The administration argued previous exemptions "inadvertently created loopholes that were exploited by China and others with excess steel and aluminum capacity".<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2025 |title=Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Restores Section 232 Tariffs |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-section-232-tariffs/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=The White House}}</ref> Trump also mandated that steel be "melted and poured" and aluminum "smelted and cast" in the US to qualify for duty-free status to prevent tariff circumvention.<ref name="Holland-2025">{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Blenkinsop |first2=Philip |date=February 11, 2025 |title=EU readies response to Trump hikes in steel, aluminium tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/eu-readies-response-trump-hikes-steel-aluminium-tariffs-2025-02-11/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250211161248/https://www.reuters.com/markets/eu-readies-response-trump-hikes-steel-aluminium-tariffs-2025-02-11/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 |work=Reuters }}</ref>

Tariffs on steel and aluminum imports were increased to 50% on June 4, 2025.<ref name=signs/> The UK remained at 25% while it continued to negotiate a trade deal announced the previous month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Donald Trump doubles US steel and aluminium tariffs to 50% |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj3j7z73yv2o |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> On June 12, the White House announced steel tariffs would expand to include a range of major household appliances beginning on June 23, 2025.<ref name=swept/> The tariffs expanded to include 407 additional products on August 19.<ref name=types>{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=2025-08-19 |title=Trump expands 50% steel and aluminum tariffs to include 407 additional product types |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/19/trump-trade-steel-aluminum-tariffs-.html |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the US imported 44% of its aluminum and 26% of its steel.<ref name="ONeil-2025">{{cite news |last1=O'Neil |first1=Shannon K. |last2=Huesa |first2=Julia |date=February 14, 2025 |title=What Trump's Aluminum and Steel Tariffs Will Mean, in Six Charts |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/what-trumps-aluminum-and-steel-tariffs-will-mean-six-charts |access-date=March 13, 2025 |work=Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Canada was its largest supplier of both, accounting for more than half of aluminum<ref name="BBCsteel2">{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Natalie |date=February 11, 2025 |title=Canada's new border measures after U.S. tariff threats |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c360dz384n5o |access-date=February 11, 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> and two-thirds of primary aluminum imports.<ref name="ONeil-2025" /> The US was the world's largest producer of aluminum through 2000 but accounted for less than 2% of the global supply by 2021, largely due to high electricity costs making it [[Competition (economics)|less competitive]] in the global market.<ref name="Congressional-Research-Service-2022">{{cite report |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47294 |title=U.S. Aluminum Manufacturing: Industry Trends and Sustainability |date=October 26, 2022 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=March 13, 2025}}</ref> In 2021, primary aluminum [[Smelting|smelters]] operated at 55% capacity in the US compared to 95% in Canada and 88% globally. The US remained a major producer of less energy-intensive secondary aluminum, but secondary aluminum is less desirable for industries like defense and electronics.<ref name="Congressional-Research-Service-2022" />

===Copper tariffs===
Trump ordered a probe into copper imports in preparation for a [[Section 232]] tariff on the industry on February 25, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Donald Trump orders new tariff investigation into US copper imports |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/25/trump-copper-tariffs-investigation |access-date=July 10, 2025 |agency=Reuters |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In anticipation, metal and mining companies doubled their copper imports.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anushree Ashish |last2=Lv |first2=Amy |last3=Jackson |first3=Lewis |last4=Jackson |first4=Lewis |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Trump copper tariffs set to spark final scramble to get metal across the border |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/goldman-sachs-raises-baseline-tariff-forecast-us-copper-imports-50-2025-07-09/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendoza |first=Sergio |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Cobre chileno en apuro: envíos se apresuran para evitar aranceles de Trump |url=https://www.redimin.cl/cobre-chileno-en-apuro-envios-se-apresuran-para-evitar-aranceles-de-trump/ |access-date=July 22, 2025 |work=REDIMIN |language=es}}</ref> On July 9, Trump announced a 50% tariff on copper imports would take effect on August 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loh |first=Victor |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Trump says 50% tariff on copper will begin Aug. 1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/09/trump-says-50percent-tariff-on-copper-will-begin-aug-1.html |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

The United States consumes around 1.6 million tons of refined copper annually but produces only 1.1 million tons. As of the announcement, no plan had been unveiled to boost domestic production to compensate for the expected shortfall.<ref>{{Cite news |last=San Martín |first=Pablo |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Las seis interrogantes clave frente al arancel de Trump del 50% al cobre |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2025/07/10/1171813/dudas-arancel-trump-cobre.html |access-date=July 13, 2025 |work=[[El Mercurio|Emol]] |language=es}}</ref> The tariffs are anticipated to increase the prices of U.S. products containing copper components.<ref name="los10">{{Cite news |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Los 10 principales impactos de la anunciada alza de aranceles del 50% al cobre por parte de Trump |url=https://www.ex-ante.cl/los-10-principales-impactos-de-la-anunciada-alza-de-aranceles-del-50-al-cobre-por-parte-de-trump/ |access-date=July 11, 2025 |work=[[Ex-Ante (online newspaper)|Ex-Ante]] |language=es}}</ref> Copper producers with major operations in the U.S. include [[Freeport-McMoRan]] and [[Rio Tinto plc|Rio Tinto]].<ref name="los10" /> Rio Tinto, Southwire, and [[Trafigura]]  proposed restricting copper scrap exports instead of penalizing imports, but scrap exporters lobbied against the idea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 14, 2025 |title=EE.UU. confirma que arancel del 50% afectará al cobre refinado |url=https://www.mineriayfuturo.cl/noticias/ee-uu-confirma-que-arancel-del-50-afectara-al-cobre-refinado/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |work=Minería y Futuro |language=es}}</ref>

Chile supplies about 60% of U.S. copper imports, accounting for 11.1% of [[Copper mining in Chile|Chilean copper exports]].<ref name="los10" /><ref>{{Citation |author=((International Copper Study Group)) |title=The World Copper Factbook 2024 |page=53 |url=https://icsg.org/download/2024-09-23-the-world-copper-factbook-2024/?wpdmdl=8185&refresh=67470bf6457501732709366&ind=66f165bba8103&filename=Factbook2024.pdf |access-date=December 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219053900/https://icsg.org/download/2024-09-23-the-world-copper-factbook-2024/?wpdmdl=8185&refresh=67470bf6457501732709366&ind=66f165bba8103&filename=Factbook2024.pdf |archive-date=December 19, 2024 |url-status=live |author-link=International Copper Study Group}}</ref> Chilean state-owned miner [[Codelco]], which sends roughly one-third of its copper exports to the United States, was at first expected to lose significant revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 13, 2025 |title=El plan de Codelco para esquivar el impacto de los aranceles de Trump |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2025/07/13/1172041/codelco-aranceles-cobre-donald-trump.html |access-date=July 21, 2025 |work=[[Emol]] |language=es}}</ref> In Chile, the proposed negative effects include reduced employment or fewer new job opportunities, diminished foreign investment in copper mining, and lower government revenues that could widen the fiscal deficit. A potential upside, however, is a possible increase in global copper prices due to constrained supply.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moscoso |first=Adrian |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Cámara Minera de Chile detalla los impactos inmediatos si se concreta el arancel al cobre |url=https://www.rumbominero.com/peru/noticias/mineria/manuel-viera-camara-minera-de-chile-arancel-al-cobre/ |access-date=July 15, 2025 |work=Rumbo Minero |language=es}}</ref>

Analysts suggest that China, India, and Southeast Asian countries could absorb much of the displaced copper, keeping the global supply-demand balance relatively stable through at least 2030, when new copper mines are expected to come online.<ref name="los10" />

On July 30, 2025, Trump announced that the tariffs would not apply to [[cathode copper]]. Considering that the sale of cathode copper to buyers in the United States represent 11.1% of the value of Chilean copper exports this exception improved the outlook for Chilean mining.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cobre Chileno queda excluido de los aranceles del 50% de Trump |last=Rifo |first=Miguel |date=July 30, 2025 |url=https://www.reporteminero.cl/noticia/noticias/2025/07/eeuu-arancel-50-cobre-chile-exclusion-impacto |access-date=July 30, 2025 |work=Reporte Minero & Energético |language=es}}</ref><ref name=mendoza30j/> This had a particularly good impact for Codelco that is a traditional supplier of cathode copper.<ref name=mendoza30j>{{Cite news |title=Trump excluye cátodos de cobre de aranceles: repercusión en Chile |last=Mendoza |first=Sergio |date=July 30, 2025 |url=https://www.redimin.cl/trump-excluye-catodos-de-cobre-de-aranceles-repercusion-en-chile/ |access-date=July 30, 2025 |work=Redimin |language=es}}</ref>

===Automobile and auto part tariffs===
In January 2025, President Trump announced broad tariffs on Canada and Mexico, threatening the highly integrated North American auto supply chain.<ref name="Domonoske-2025">{{Cite news |last=Domonoske |first=Camilla |date=March 4, 2025 |title=New tariffs drive fears of rising car prices in the U.S. |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/03/nx-s1-5316162/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-cars-auto-industry |access-date=March 27, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Due to decades of free trade agreements including [[USMCA]], factories in the US, Canada, and Mexico grew accustomed to shipping auto parts back and forth multiple times during the manufacturing process.<ref name="Domonoske-2025" /> The three largest US automakers—[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[General Motors]], and [[Chrysler|Stellantis]]—lobbied for exemptions, warning the tariffs would hurt American companies more than foreign competitors.<ref name="Colias-2025">{{cite news |last1=Colias |first1=Mike |last2=Felton |first2=Ryan |last3=Otts |first3=Christopher |date=March 6, 2025 |title=How Tariffs on Canada and Mexico Could Affect Car Prices |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/car-prices-tariffs-canada-mexico-55b57468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250306162826/https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/car-prices-tariffs-canada-mexico-55b57468 |archive-date=March 6, 2025 |access-date=March 6, 2025 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Ford CEO [[Jim Farley (businessman)|Jim Farley]] warned investors, "Long term, a 25% tariff across the Mexico and Canadian border will blow a hole in the US industry that we have never seen."<ref name="Domonoske-2025" /> Trump agreed to delay tariffs on USMCA-compliant vehicles.<ref name="CM"/> Still, non-USMCA compliant brands manufacturing in Canada or Mexico, such as [[BMW]], were affected starting March 4, 2025.<ref name="Colias-2025" /> BMW chose to cover these tariffs until May 1, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2025 |title=BMW Will Cover the Tariff Costs for Cars Built in Mexico Through May 1 |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a64177537/bmw-cars-trump-tariff-price-protection/ |access-date=April 1, 2025 |work=Car and Driver}}</ref>

The USMCA exemption closed on April 3, when Trump imposed a new 25% tariff on all imported cars, including those from Mexico and Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Green |first1=Emily |last2=Ljunggren |first2=Daniel |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Canada, Mexico not subject to new global rates as fentanyl tariff still in place |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-mexico-not-subject-new-global-rates-while-fentanyl-border-order-place-2025-04-02/ |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Economist [[Arthur Laffer]] estimated car prices would increase by $4,711, compared to $2,765 if the USMCA exemption remained available.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2025 |title=Noted economist honored by Trump warns his 25% tariffs could add $4,711 to the cost of a vehicle |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-art-laffer-auto-tariff-warning-ba62f55af070e40e9d6eddf5d8433ad1 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The White House argued the move would boost domestic manufacturing and generate $100&nbsp;billion in tax revenue,<ref name="Boak-2025a">{{Cite web |last=Boak |first=Josh |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Trump places 25% tariff on imported autos, expecting to raise $100&nbsp;billion in tax revenues |url=https://apnews.com/article/autos-tariffs-trump-tax-imports-ford-gm-e53823ef7bbb7b3c46d11eca90aaa638 |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> noting that about 50% of the 16 million cars bought by Americans in 2024 were imported.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zahn |first1=Max |last2=Youn |first2=Soo |last3=Moore |first3=Jack |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Trump announces 25% tariffs on imported cars, ratcheting up global trade war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/trump-announces-new-auto-tariffs-ratcheting-global-trade/story?id=120183740 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=ABC News}}</ref> The same day, Stellantis announced it would temporarily close factories in Canada and Mexico and lay off 900 American employees as it assessed the impact of tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Stellantis pauses Windsor and Mexico auto production, lays off U.S. workers |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-stellantis-pauses-windsor-auto-production-lays-off-us-workers/ |access-date=April 4, 2025 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

Trump announced some relief after US automakers requested more time to move their supply chains.<ref>"[https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-automakers-factories-relief-25a400c98e02c01c8c54502384e267e1 Trump offers automakers some relief on his 25% tariffs, after worries they could hurt US factories]". ''AP News''. April 29, 2025. Retrieved April 30, 2025.</ref> While the 25% tariff extended to auto parts on May 3, Trump exempted parts made in Mexico or Canada that were compliant with the USMCA.<ref name=Confirms>{{cite news |last=Monga |first=Vipal |date=May 1, 2025 |title=U.S. Customs Confirms That USMCA-Compliant Auto Parts Are Exempt From Tariffs |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-tariffs-trade-war-05-01-2025/card/u-s-customs-confirms-that-usmca-compliant-auto-parts-are-exempt-from-tariffs-vwkRBFmgJ6gOqwt6VlsW |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250501202453/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-tariffs-trade-war-05-01-2025/card/u-s-customs-confirms-that-usmca-compliant-auto-parts-are-exempt-from-tariffs-vwkRBFmgJ6gOqwt6VlsW |archive-date=May 1, 2025 |access-date=May 3, 2025 |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company}}</ref> On April 29, he exempted carmakers who pay a 25% on imported cars from paying other tariffs, such as those on steel and aluminum. He also provided a rebate on a proportion of tariffs paid for the next two years.<ref>Swanson, Ana; Ewing, Jack (April 29, 2025). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/29/us/politics/trump-auto-tariffs-executive-order.html Trump Signs Executive Order Walking Back Some Auto Tariffs]". ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2025.</ref> In May, US automakers criticized Trump's trade deal with the UK for making it cheaper to buy a British car than one of their cars assembled in Mexico or Canada using US parts.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Fields |first=Ashleigh |date=May 9, 2025 |title=US automakers rip Trump trade deal with UK |url=https://thehill.com/business/5292037-auto-industry-critics-trump-uk-deal/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Hill}}</ref>

=== Other proposals ===

==== Digital Sales Tax investigation ====
{{See also|Taxation of digital goods}}
On February 21, 2025, Trump issued a presidential memorandum ordering the [[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] (USTR) as well as other officials, including Peter Navarro, to investigate digital service taxes (DSTs) and determine whether to take retaliatory action. A fact sheet accompanying the memo emphasized that the European Union's [[Digital Markets Act]] (DMA) and [[Digital Services Act]] (DSA) would face scrutiny.<ref name=Revives>{{Cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Brooks |last2=Leiter |first2=Michael |last3=Werry |first3=Susanne |last4=Bell |first4=Jacob |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Trump Revives and Expands the Battle Over Digital Services Taxes |url=https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2025/02/trump-revives-and-expands-the-battle-over-digital-services-taxes |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates}}</ref>

DSTs are taxes on revenue from digital services, such as online advertising and selling user data. These taxes allow countries to collect revenue from multinational companies that provide digital services in their jurisdiction.<ref name=Revives/> USTR investigations initiated during Trump's first term led to tariff threats on several countries under authority granted by section 301 of the [[Trade Act of 1974]].<ref name=Digital/> On October 8, 2021, over 135 countries participating in the [[OECD]] negotiations agreed on a two-pillar approach to reform and withdraw DSTs called the "[[Global tax deal]]". The Pillar One deadline was December 31, 2023, but it was subsequently extended to December 31, 2024.<ref name=Revives/> As of January 2025, Trump withdrew from Pillar Two of the agreement, and many countries' DSTs remain in effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Tim |date=January 23, 2025 |title=OECD to 'Keep Working' With US Despite Trump's Rejection of Tax Deal |url=https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/news/oecd-to-keep-working-with-us-despite-trumps-rejection-of-tax-deal/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=Thomson Reuters Tax & Accounting News}}</ref><ref name=Revives/>

==== Pharmaceuticals ====
On April 1, the Commerce department initiated a Section 232 investigation into [[pharmaceuticals]]. According to the [[Federal Register]] filing, the probe targets "both finished generic and non-generic drug products, medical countermeasures, critical inputs such as active pharmaceutical ingredients and key starting materials, and derivative products of those items."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=Angus |date=April 15, 2025 |title=Trump administration launches pharma tariff investigation |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/trump-administration-launches-national-security-investigation-pharmaceuticals-paving-way |access-date=July 8, 2025 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

On July 8, Trump threatened to impose "tariffs at very high rate, like 200%", on imported pharmaceuticals, but said he would "give people about a year, year and a half" to give drugmakers time to adjust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantino |first=Annika Kim |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Trump threatens to impose up to 200% tariff on pharmaceuticals 'very soon' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/08/trump-threatens-pharmaceutical-tariffs-200.html |access-date=July 8, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==== Semiconductors ====
On April 1, the Department of Commerce initiated a Section 232 investigation into ""imports of [[semiconductors]] and semiconductor manufacturing equipment."<ref name="DP">{{Cite news |last1=Muller |first1=Madison |last2=Dlouhy |first2=Jennifer A |date=April 14, 2025 |title=Trump Initiates Chips and Drug Probes, Ahead of More Tariffs |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-14/trump-moves-to-put-tariffs-on-chips-drugs-in-motion |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250414213749/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-14/trump-moves-to-put-tariffs-on-chips-drugs-in-motion |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> On August 6, Trump said he would impose tariffs of "approximately 100% on chips and semiconductors", but would exempt companies that were building or that had committed to build in the United States. Trump referenced [[Apple Inc.]], which had committed to invest $100 billion over four years into US manufacturing, as a possible exclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=August 6, 2025 |title=Trump vows 100% tariff on chips, unless companies are building in the U.S. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/06/trump-tariffs-chips-companies.html |access-date=August 6, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==== Solar panels ====
During his administration, President Joe Biden announced preliminary tariffs of 21.31% to 271.2% on Chinese [[solar panel]] makers with factories in Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand to support American manufacturers complaining of [[Dumping (pricing policy)|dumping]]. The Biden administration raised the alarm over China's high investments in factory capacity for clean energy goods.<ref name="SP">{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2024 |title=US sets tariffs for solar panels from Southeast Asian nations |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-decide-another-round-solar-panel-tariffs-2024-11-29/ |access-date=April 22, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The Commerce Department was expected to set final determinations by April 18, 2025.<ref name="SP" /> In April, under the second Trump administration, the Commerce Department finalized plans with the lowest tariff at 41%. Products from Cambodia faced duties of 3,521% because its producers did not cooperate with the US investigation. The [[International Trade Commission]] will vote on the plans in June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2025 |title=US sets tariffs of up to 3,521% on South East Asia solar panels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ygdv47vlzo |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==== Films ====
In a social media post on May 4, Trump said his administration would begin the process of instituting a 100% tariff on all films "produced in foreign lands". He claimed the [[Cinema of the United States|US film industry]] was dying a "very fast death" due to incentives that other countries offered to draw American filmmakers. He described these incentives as a "national security threat" and the films as "propaganda."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Trump announces 100% tariffs on movies 'produced in foreign lands' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/04/trump-tariffs-foreign-movies |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> US film production has increasingly moved to lower-cost locations overseas, resulting in job losses for American industry workers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |last=Guzman |first=Chad de |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Why Trump's Foreign-Film Tariff Doesn't Make Sense |url=https://time.com/7282543/trump-foreign-film-tariff-international-movie-production-us-hollywood-china/ |access-date=May 5, 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stevens |first1=Matt |last2=Sperling |first2=Nicole |date=April 19, 2025 |title=There's a Feeling We're Not in Hollywood Anymore |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/19/movies/hollywood-filming-overseas.html |access-date=May 5, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On September 29, 2025, Trump announced on Truth Social that he would be imposing a 100% tariff on films made outside of the United States. It is unclear whether this would apply to films that were only partially produced outside the United States (i.e. scenes shot or edited in other countries), and how this would be enforced given films are largely intellectual property, not physical products.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Sriram | first1=Akash | last2=Varghese | first2=Harshita Mary | last3=Sriram | first3=Akash | title=Trump says US to impose 100% tariff on movies made outside the country | work=Reuters | date=September 30, 2025 | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-impose-100-tariff-movies-made-outside-country-2025-09-29/ }}</ref> The announcement also did not state when the tariff would begin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchwald |first=Elisabeth |date=2025-09-29 |title=Trump announces 100% tariff on foreign-made movies {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/29/economy/trump-movie-tariff |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==== Toys ====
US President Donald Trump initially threatened to impose 100 percent tariffs on toy-maker [[Mattel]] after the company said it would diversify its production to other countries, but not the United States. Trump later stated in the Oval Office on May 8, 2025, he also stated that the company won't sell "one toy in the United States", if they did that.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Donald Trump threatens to stop Barbie dolls being sold in US |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-threatens-barbie-100-percent-tariff-2070023 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name=barbie>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/global-trends/us-news-trump-threaten-100-percent-tariffs-barbie-dolls-mattel-manufacturing-us-his-remarks-create-buzz-online/articleshow/121030107.cms |title=Trump gives big threat to stop barbie dolls in the US. His remarks create buzz online |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 9, 2025 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Additionally, President Donald Trump, clearly stated during an interview with [[Meet the Press]], that he did not "think that a 'beautiful baby girl' would possibly need to have 30 dolls" (referring to Mattel's dolls brand, [[Barbie]]). He also added that he thought they could be happy with "three dolls or four dolls" because what U.S. companies "were doing with China was just unbelievable."<ref name=barbie/>

====Lumber and furniture====
On September 29, 2025, Trump announced 10% tariffs on imports of softwood timber and lumber. He also announced 25% tariffs on kitchen cabinets, bathroom vanities, and upholstered furniture. These tariffs will take effect on October 14, 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Dlouhy | first1=Jennifer A. | last2=Seal | first2=Thomas | title=Trump Sets Lumber, Wood Tariffs in Bid to Boost US Industry | work=Bloomberg | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-30/trump-sets-10-tariff-on-softwood-lumber-25-on-cabinets?embedded-checkout=true }}</ref>

== "Reciprocal" tariff policy ==
{{Main|Liberation Day tariffs}}

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright col2right col3right"
|+ {{Anchor|List of  "reciprocal tariffs" by country}}{{Nowrap|% "Reciprocal" tariff rates}}<ref name="reciprocalEO">{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and-persistent-annual-united-states-goods-trade-deficits/ |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=The White House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Orders |first=Executive |date=July 31, 2025 |title=Further Modifying the Reciprocal Tariff Rates |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/further-modifying-the-reciprocal-tariff-rates/ |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Aug 1
! scope="col" | Apr 9
|-
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|Algeria}} || 30|| 30 
|-
| {{flag|Angola}} || 15|| 32 
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || 20|| 37 
|-
|{{Flag|Bolivia}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || 30|| 35 
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}} || 15|| 37 
|-
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|10{{efn|Although the "reciprocal" tariff rate for Brazil remained at 10%, in a separate executive order Trump declared a "national emergency" regarding the "actions of the Government of Brazil" and imposed an additional 40% tariff on some Brazilian exports beginning August 6.}}
|10
|-
| {{flag|Brunei}} || 25|| 24 
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || 19|| 49 
|-
| {{flag|Cameroon}} || 15|| 11 
|-
| {{flag|Chad}} || 15|| 13 
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 10|| 34 
|-
| {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=DRC}} || 15|| 11 
|-
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || 15|| 13 
|-
| {{flag|European Union}} || 15|| 20 
|-
| {{flag|Falkland Islands}} ([[British Overseas Territories|UK]]) || 10|| 41 
|-
| {{flag|Fiji}} || 15|| 32 
|-
| {{flag|Guyana}} || 15|| 38 
|-
|{{Flag|Iceland}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 25{{efn|Although the "reciprocal" tariff rate for India remained at 25%, in a separate executive order Trump imposed an additional 25% tariff effective August 27 as a penalty for India's purchases of Russian oil.<ref name="50 percent">{{cite web|title=Trump slaps 50 percent tariff on Indian goods over imports of Russian oil|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/6/trump-imposes-25-percent-tariff-on-indian-goods-over-russian-oil|website=Al Jazeera|date=August 6, 2025}}</ref>}}|| 26 
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}} || 19|| 32 
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}} || 35|| 39 
|-
| {{flag|Israel}} || 15|| 17 
|-
| {{flag|Ivory Coast}} || 10|| 21 
|-
| {{flag|Japan}} || 15|| 24 
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}} || 15|| 20 
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 25|| 27 
|-
| {{flag|Laos}} || 40|| 48 
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho}} || 15|| 50 
|-
| {{flag|Libya}} || 30|| 31 
|-
| {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || 15|| 37 
|-
| {{flag|Madagascar}} || 15|| 47 
|-
| {{flag|Malawi}} || 15|| 17 
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}} || 19|| 24 
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 15|| 40 
|-
| {{flag|Moldova}} || 25|| 31 
|-
| {{flag|Mozambique}} || 15|| 16 
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}} || 40|| 44 
|-
| {{flag|Namibia}} || 15|| 21 
|-
| {{flag|Nauru}} || 15|| 30
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}} || 15|| 10 
|-
| {{flag|Nicaragua}} || 18|| 18 
|-
| {{flag|Nigeria}} || 15|| 14 
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonia}} || 15|| 33 
|-
| {{flag|Norway}} || 15|| 15 
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 19|| 29 
|-
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}} || 19|| 17 
|-
| {{flag|Serbia}} || 35|| 37 
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}} || 30|| 30 
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}} || 15|| 25 
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 20|| 44 
|-
| {{flag|Switzerland}} || 39|| 31 
|-
| {{flag|Syria}} || 41|| 41 
|-
| {{flag|Taiwan}} || 20|| 32 
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}} || 19|| 36 
|-
| {{flag|Tunisia}} || 25|| 28 
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|15
|10
|-
|{{Flag|Uganda}}
|15
|10
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 10|| 10
|-
| {{flag|Vanuatu}} || 15|| 22 
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}} || 15|| 15 
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}} || 20 || 46 
|-
| {{flag|Zambia}} || 15|| 17 
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || 15|| 18 
|-
| All other non-exempt countries || 10|| 10 
|}

On February 13, 2025, Trump directed his staff to research both monetary and non-monetary [[trade barrier]]s imposed by foreign countries against US exports and to develop custom "reciprocal tariffs" to counter and penalize each one.<ref name="Rappeport 4320252" /> He instructed them to consider factors such as existing tariffs, exchange rates, and trade balances in their analysis. Lutnick said his team would have a plan ready by April 1, 2025.<ref name="Sherman-2025b" /> Trump announced that he would unveil the reciprocal tariffs on April 2, 2025, a date he referred to as "[[Liberation Day tariffs|Liberation Day]]".<ref name="EY-Tax-News-20252">{{cite web |date=March 24, 2025 |title=What to Expect in Washington: March 24 |url=https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2025-0736-what-to-expect-in-washington-march-24 |access-date=March 30, 2025 |website=EY Tax News |publisher=Ernst & Young}}</ref><ref name="Grantham-Philips/AP2">{{cite news |last1=Grantham-Philips |first1=Wyatte |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Trump has dubbed April 2 'Liberation Day' for his tariffs. Here's what to expect |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-reciprocal-tariffs-liberation-day-april-2-86639b7b6358af65e2cbad31f8c8ae2b |access-date=April 1, 2025 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref>

On April 2, 2025, Trump declared a national emergency to address what he described as a "large and persistent US trade deficit" and invoked the [[IEEPA]] to impose a 10% minimum "reciprocal tariff" on nearly all other countries, effective April 5, 2025.<ref name=imposes/> He also announced higher "reciprocal tariffs" for 57 countries and territories would begin April 9.<ref name=calls/> The [[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] (USTR) said the "reciprocal tariffs" aimed to "drive bilateral trade deficits to zero".<ref name=Horrified/> However, even countries with which the US ran a trade surplus, such as Australia, received a tariff of 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Amelia |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Are Tariffs the End of the Australian-U.S. Friendship? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/04/03/australia-trump-tariffs-albanese-norfolk-island/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Federal Reserve]] chairman [[Jerome Powell]] described the tariffs, and their likely economic impact, as "significantly larger than expected."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rugaber |first=Christopher |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Federal Reserve Chief Says Trump Tariffs May Raise Inflation |url=https://time.com/7275021/federal-reserve-chief-says-trump-tariffs-likely-to-raise-inflation/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502112626/https://time.com/7275021/federal-reserve-chief-says-trump-tariffs-likely-to-raise-inflation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zanny Minton Beddoes]], editor-in-chief of ''[[The Economist]]'', called the announcement "the biggest trade policy shock" in history.<ref name="unpacks">{{Cite news |last=Minton Beddoes |first=Zanny |date=April 9, 2025 |title='The Economist' editor unpacks the 'biggest trade policy shock' of Trump's tariffs [16:22-16:39] |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/09/nx-s1-5355907/trump-tariffs-zanny-minton-beddoes |access-date=May 3, 2025 |work=Fresh Air |language=en}}</ref>

The administration's formula for calculating trade barriers simplified to dividing a nation's bilateral trade deficit with the US by the value of its exports to the US. The "reciprocal" tariff rate applied by the US was half of that result.<ref name=Horrified/> Economic experts criticized this formula for being overly simplistic with little relation to trade barriers,<ref name=Horrified/><ref name="WH">{{Cite news |last1=Ackerman |first1=Andrew |last2=Cocco |first2=Federica |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Economists say the way Trump calculated tariffs makes no sense |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/04/03/how-trump-calculated-tariffs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250405170251/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/04/03/how-trump-calculated-tariffs/ |archive-date=April 5, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Messerly |first1=Megan |last2=Desrochers |first2=Daniel |last3=Lefebvre |first3=Ben |last4=Detsch |first4=Jack |date=April 3, 2025 |title='I hope he's right': Markets tumble on tariffs — but Trump isn't flinching |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/03/i-hope-hes-right-markets-tumble-on-tariffs-but-trump-isnt-flinching-00269800 |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=Politico}}</ref> with ''[[The Economist]]'' describing it as "almost as random as taxing you on the number of vowels in your name."<ref>{{Cite news |title=President Trump's mindless tariffs will cause economic havoc |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2025/04/03/president-trumps-mindless-tariffs-will-cause-economic-havoc |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250406061810/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2025/04/03/president-trumps-mindless-tariffs-will-cause-economic-havoc |archive-date=April 6, 2025 |access-date=April 7, 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Economists cited by the USTR said the White House had misinterpreted and incorrectly applied their research.<ref name=justify/> Anson Soderbery, whose work was cited, said his research was meant to discourage exactly the types of policies the White House was implementing.<ref name=justify/>

=== Excluded goods ===
The following goods were not impacted by additional tariffs, including the 10% baseline tariff:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump unveils plan for imposing reciprocal tariffs on trade partners |url=https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/tax/library/trump-unveils-plan-for-imposing-reciprocal-tariffs-on-trade-partners.html |access-date=April 4, 2025 |website=PwC |language=en-us}}</ref>
* All articles subject to [https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-2000-title50-section1702&num=0&edition=2000 50 USC 1702(b)], such as books and other informational materials
* Steel and aluminum products, which were separately impacted by a 25% universal [[Section 232]] tariff
* Automobiles and automobile parts, which were separately impacted by a 25% universal Section 232 tariff
* Copper, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, lumber articles, certain critical minerals, and energy and energy products, some of which were under investigation for Section 232 tariffs
* Any products that become subject to future Section 232 tariffs
* Products from Mexico and Canada compliant with [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]], except for goods targeted by Section 232 tariffs
* Imports from countries subject to Column 2 of the [[Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States|HTSUS]], which at the time were Cuba, North Korea, Russia, and Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Harithas |first1=Barath |last2=Meng |first2=Kyle |last3=Brown |first3=Evan |last4=Mouradian |first4=Catharine |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Liberation Day Tariffs Explained |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/liberation-day-tariffs-explained |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref>
* Smartphones, computers and various electronic parts were exempted on April 11, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bacon |first1=Auzinea |date=April 12, 2025 |title=Smartphones and computers are now exempt from Trump's latest tariffs |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/12/tech/trump-electronics-china-tariffs/index.html |access-date=April 12, 2025 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Market crash and tariff pause ===
{{See also|2025 stock market crash}}

The "reciprocal" tariff announcement led to a global market crash. The [[S&P 500 Index]] fell over 274 points or 4.88%, the [[List of largest daily changes in the S&P 500 Index|second largest daily point loss ever]],<ref name=bear>{{Cite news |last=Conlon |first=Sean |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Small-cap benchmark Russell 2000 becomes first major U.S. stock measure to enter bear market |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/03/small-cap-benchmark-russell-2000-becomes-first-major-us-stock-measure-to-enter-bear-market.html |access-date=April 3, 2025 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> and the [[Nasdaq Composite]] fell over 1,050 points or 5.97%, the [[List of largest daily changes in the Nasdaq Composite|largest point loss in its history.]]<ref name=bear/> Market volatility continued as the 10% base tariff took effect and China began to retaliate.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Egan |first1=Matt |last2=John |first2=Towfighi |last3=Goldman |first3=David |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Extreme volatility sends US stocks on a roller coaster ride as Wall Street is rattled by tariffs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/07/investing/us-stock-market-dow-tariffs |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The bond market also began selling off in a scenario called [[Bond vigilante|bond vigilantism]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bond vigilantes are back raising the spectre of an American face-off |url=https://financialpost.com/investing/bond-vigilantes-back-raise-spectre-american-face-off |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411160955/https://financialpost.com/investing/bond-vigilantes-back-raise-spectre-american-face-off |archive-date=April 11, 2025 |access-date=April 19, 2025 |work=financialpost |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the morning of April 9, the head of [[Foreign exchange market|FX]] at [[Deutsche Bank]] told investors, "We are witnessing a simultaneous collapse in the price of all US assets including equities, the [[US dollar|dollar]]{{nbsp}}… and the [[bond market]]."<ref name="TF">{{Cite news |last=Lawford |first=Melissa |date=April 9, 2025 |title=How Trump was forced to bow to reality of markets meltdown |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2025/04/09/fears-market-armageddon-forced-trump-truss-climbdown/ |access-date=April 11, 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

That afternoon, Trump announced on ''[[Truth Social]]'' that "reciprocal" tariffs above 10%, which had gone into effect that morning, would be paused for 90 days for all countries except China. China's minimum tariff rate was increased to 145%,<ref name="HA" /> while imports from all other countries were sustained at the 10% rate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seal |first1=Dean |title=Trump Authorizes 90-Day Pause on Reciprocal Tariffs |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/trump-authorizes-90-day-pause-on-reciprocal-tariffs-f31d5097?mod=politics_lead_story |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 9, 2025 }}</ref> Other global tariffs on products like cars, steel, and aluminum also remained in effect.<ref name="auto" /> Trump told reporters, "I thought that people were jumping a little bit out of line{{nbsp}}… You know, they were getting a little bit yippy, a little bit afraid".<ref name="auto4" /> He said he had been watching the volatility in the bond market.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lemire |first1=Jonathan |last2=Berman |first2=Russell |date=April 9, 2025 |title=The Art of the Retreat |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/04/deal-trump-tariffs-china/682382/ |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Treasury Secretary [[Scott Bessent]] said the pause was meant to provide time for bespoke negotiations with each country.<ref name="SW2">{{Cite magazine |last=Popli |first=Nik |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Schiff Wants Tariff Pause Investigation Over Insider Trading |url=https://time.com/7276234/trump-tariff-insider-trading-schiff/ |access-date=April 10, 2025 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

Stocks surged within minutes of the pause announcement, with the S&P 500 rising 9.52% for its largest one-day gain since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Hakyung |last2=Melloy |first2=John |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Dow surges 2,900 points, S&P 500 posts biggest gain since 2008 on Trump tariff reversal: Live updates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/08/stock-market-today-live-updates-.html |access-date=April 11, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Eshe |last2=Rennison |first2=Joe |last3=Davis |first3=River Akira |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Stocks Surge as Trump Announces a Delay to Global Tariffs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/08/business/trump-tariffs-stock-markets.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Markets continued to rise in after further policy rollbacks and the S&P 500 set a new all-time high on June 27, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2025 |title=S&P 500 hits an all-time high — rebounding to its level when Trump's second term began |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/markets/sp-500-hits-new-all-time-high-what-to-know-rcna215221 |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Analysts suggested Trump's threats had lost credibility and that [[Trump Always Chickens Out]]; the administration announced only three trade agreements by July. The tariffs were delayed first to August 1<ref name=combats/> and then to August 7, when they finally took effect.<ref name=dozens>{{Cite web |last1=Hale |first1=Erin |last2=McCready |first2=Alastair |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump sets new tariffs on dozens of countries' exports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/1/trump-sets-new-tariffs-on-dozens-of-countries-exports |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="begin-npr">{{cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Trump's broad tariffs go into effect, just as economic pain is surfacing |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/08/07/nx-s1-5495218/trump-tariffs-trade-economy |work=NPR |via=Associated Press}}</ref>

== Other IEEPA tariffs ==

=== Secondary tariffs ===
{{See also|Sanctioning Russia Act}}
"Secondary tariffs" are a new trade policies introduced by the second Trump administration that resemble [[secondary sanctions]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Flatley |first=Daniel |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Trump's Threat of Secondary Tariffs Invents New Trade Weapon |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-25/trump-s-threat-of-secondary-tariffs-invents-new-trade-weapon |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250325102501/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-25/trump-s-threat-of-secondary-tariffs-invents-new-trade-weapon |archive-date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> Unlike primary tariffs, which directly target a specific country, secondary tariffs penalize third-party countries or entities that trade with the targeted nation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kutz |first=Anna |date=March 25, 2025 |title=What are 'secondary tariffs'? Trump says they'll soon hit Venezuela |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5211102-what-are-secondary-tariffs-trump-says-theyll-soon-hit-venezuela/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327192617/https://thehill.com/homenews/5211102-what-are-secondary-tariffs-trump-says-theyll-soon-hit-venezuela/ |archive-date=March 27, 2025 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |work=The Hill}}</ref> On March{{nbsp}}24, following actions such as the [[March 2025 Venezuelan deportations]], Trump signed an [[executive order]] imposing a 25% tariff on nations that purchase oil from [[Venezuela]] at the Secretary of State's discretion.<ref name="Boak-2025b" />

He subsequently threatened secondary tariffs on [[2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap|countries purchasing Russian oil]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suter |first=Tara |date=March 30, 2025 |title=Trump 'very angry' at Putin's remarks on Zelensky |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5222295-trump-angry-putin-russia-ukraine/ |access-date=March 31, 2025 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Michael |last2=Daviesv |first2=Emily |date=July 14, 2025 |title=Trump backs Kyiv in war with Russia with weapons and threats to Moscow |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/07/14/trump-ukraine-weapons-sanctions/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> and on countries that trade with [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatinoglu |first=Dalga |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Secondary tariffs: US wields a powerful tool against Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202503311394 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=iranintl.com}}</ref> In June 2025, a majority of [[119th United States Congress|U.S. senators]] supported secondary sanctions against Russia that would impose 500% tariffs on countries that buy [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]], [[Natural gas in Russia|natural gas]], [[Mining industry of Russia|uranium]] and other exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 2, 2025 |title=US Senate may work on Russia sanctions bill this month |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-senate-may-work-russia-sanctions-bill-this-month-2025-06-02/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>

On August 6, Trump ordered the first "secondary tariff" on [[India]] while citing authority under the IEEPA.<ref name=Open/> Beginning September 17, 2025, Indian exports to the US would face an additional 25% tariff in order to penalize India for buying Russian oil.<ref name=oil/>

=== ''De minimis'' exemption closure ===
The [[De minimis#Duties and taxes on imports|''de minimis'' exemption]] waives standard customs procedures on low-value packages to reduce administrative burdens. [[United States Congress|US Congress]] quadrupled the ''de minimis'' threshold from $200 to $800 in 2016, resulting in an over 1000% increase in shipments claiming the exemption by 2023.<ref name="Hall-2025">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Casey |date=January 23, 2025 |title=What is De Minimis and why did Trump end it as part of China tariffs? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/de-minimis-trade-perk-trump-may-end-china-tensions-rise-2025-01-23/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250123074426/https://www.reuters.com/world/de-minimis-trade-perk-trump-may-end-china-tensions-rise-2025-01-23/ |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Kaye-2025">{{cite news |last=Kaye |first=Danielle |date=February 5, 2025 |title=Trump's Tariffs Target De Minimis Trade Loophole |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/05/business/tariffs-de-minimis-trump-china.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250205190504/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/05/business/tariffs-de-minimis-trump-china.html |archive-date=February 5, 2025 |access-date=March 3, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The US threshold was among the highest globally, over five times the size of the [[European Union]]'s, and used by many companies to send goods to the US without close inspection or taxes.<ref name="Kaye-2025" /> The largest beneficiaries were Chinese [[e-commerce]] companies such as [[Shein]] and [[AliExpress]].<ref name="Hall-2025" /> 

Trump's February 2025 executive orders announcing tariffs on imports from China, Mexico, and Canada initially closed the US ''de minimis'' exemption for imports from all three countries.<ref name="Smith-2025">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Allison |date=February 4, 2025 |title=How Trump's suspension of ''de minimis'' will impact e-commerce companies |url=https://www.modernretail.co/operations/how-trumps-suspension-of-de-minimis-will-impact-e-commerce-companies/ |access-date=February 8, 2025 |work=Modern Retail |publisher=Digiday Media}}</ref> The orders cited authority under the IEEPA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Trump Deploys Novel Use of IEEPA Authority to Impose Sweeping Tariffs on Mexico, Canada, and China |url=https://www.kslaw.com/news-and-insights/president-trump-deploys-novel-use-of-ieepa-authority-to-impose-sweeping-tariffs-on-mexico-canada-and-china |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.kslaw.com |language=en}}</ref> However, Trump quickly reopened the exemption for all three countries to avoid overwhelming [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|US customs officials]].<ref name="CNBC-2025">{{cite news |date=February 7, 2025 |title=Trump delays ending of de minimis trade exemption targeting China |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/07/trump-delays-ending-of-de-minimis-trade-exemption-targeting-china.html |access-date=February 8, 2025 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Karan Deep |date=February 7, 2025 |title=Trump's Tariffs Target De Minimis Trade Loophole |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/02/07/de-minimis-exemption-tariffs/ |access-date=February 8, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher=Nash Holdings}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Garland |first=Max |date=March 3, 2025 |title=Trump delays de minimis' end for Canada, Mexico products |url=https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/de-minimis-canada-mexico-trump-delay/741361/ |access-date=March 3, 2025 |website=Supply Chain Dive |publisher=Industry Dive}}</ref>

On May 2, the exemption closed once more for [[China]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="CE">{{Cite web |title=De minimis shipping from China ending in May, other countries at risk |url=https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/de-minimis-china-trump-elimination-tariffs/744313/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Supply Chain Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> Imports shipped via the [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU), of which [[United States Postal Service|USPS]] is a member, became subject to a duty of 120% of the shipment's value or a flat fee of $200 after June 1. Shipments by all other carriers, such as [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] and [[FedEx]], became subject to all applicable standard duties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Sapna |date=April 16, 2025 |title=Will Americans Eat a $100 Tariff on Shein Packages? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/16/business/tariffs-china-shein-temu.html |access-date=April 21, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Following trade talks, the US cut tariffs on Chinese ''de minimis'' shipments to 54% beginning May 14.<ref name=elated>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Chinese exporters elated by reprieve in US-China trade war |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2025/05/13/chinese-exporters-elated-by-reprieve-in-us-china-trade-war/ |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=The Malaysian Reserve |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=Reflect>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions with the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/05/modifying-reciprocal-tariff-rates-to-reflect-discussions-with-the-peoples-republic-of-china/ |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>

On July 4, 2025, Trump signed the [[One Big Beautiful Bill Act]] which included a provision to eliminate the ''de minimis'' exemption for all countries beginning on July 1, 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Big Beautiful Bill' Would End De Minimis Exemption for Goods from All Countries |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/stock-market-today-dow-sp-500-nasdaq-07-02-2025/card/-big-beautiful-bill-would-end-de-minimis-exemption-for-goods-from-all-countries-hoqkiFw2cKlJqyPCwaYy |access-date=July 7, 2025 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=De minimis exemption slated to end in 2027 {{!}} Supply Chain Dive |url=https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/de-minimis-ends-trump-big-beautiful-bill/751935/ |access-date=July 7, 2025 |website=www.supplychaindive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A few weeks later, Trump imposed an earlier deadline by signing Executive Order 14324. This order, which also cited the IEEPA, ended the ''de minimis'' exemption globally on August 29, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump is Protecting the United States' National Security and Economy by Suspending the De Minimis Exemption for Commercial Shipments Globally |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-is-protecting-the-united-states-national-security-and-economy-by-suspending-the-de-minimis-exemption-for-commercial-shipments-globally/ |access-date=July 31, 2025 |work=The White House}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Annie |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Trump ends de minimis exemption for global low-cost goods |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/30/trump-de-minimis-shipping.html |access-date=July 31, 2025 |work=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> A week before the new closure, international shipping countries across Europe and Asia announced they would suspend deliveries to the United States due to the ambiguity of its new processing regulations.<ref name="Postal">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-23 |title=Postal services in India, Europe to suspend shipment of packages to U.S. over import tariffs - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/european-postal-services-suspend-us-packages-shipment-tariffs/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 

==Trade conflicts by country==
{{Copy edit section|date=August 2025}}

===Canada and Mexico===
{{Main|2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico}}

[[File:President Donald Trump meets with Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney in the Oval Office (54502217369).jpg|thumb|Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
Three weeks after winning reelection, Trump announced a 25% tariff on all goods imported from Canada and Mexico unless they took action against illegal immigration and drug trafficking, particularly [[fentanyl]]. Mexican President [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] and then-Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] sought to de-escalate tensions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=November 28, 2024 |title=Sheinbaum responds to Trump's tariff threats against Mexico |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/28/sheinbaum-trump-mexico-tariffs |access-date=February 4, 2025 |work=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Jessica |date=December 4, 2024 |title=Trump praises 'very productive' Mar-a-Lago meeting with Trudeau |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy8787nxl7do |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> Trudeau noted that less than 1% of illegal border crossings and less than 1% of fentanyl into the US come from Canada,<ref name="Horsley-2025" /> but unveiled a $1.3&nbsp;billion security plan for the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]] on December 16, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada announces new border funding after Trump tariff threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-announces-new-border-funding-after-trump-tariff-threat-2024-12-16/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrich |first=Holly |title=Canada announces new border rules after Trump tariff threat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx5p41696po |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=January 4, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> Despite this, Trump ordered the tariffs to begin February 4, with a reduced 10% rate for Canadian energy products.<ref name="Horsley-2025">{{Cite news |last=Horsley |first=Scott |date=February 1, 2025 |title=Trump imposes new tariffs on imports from Mexico, Canada and China in new phase of trade war |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/01/g-s1-46010/trump-tariffs-mexico-canada-and-china-imports |access-date=February 2, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zahn |first1=Max |last2=Walsh |first2=Kelsey |title=Mexico, Canada respond to Trump's tariffs: 'Difficult times' are ahead |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-set-impose-tariffs-canada-mexico-china/story?id=118306151 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=ABC News}}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]] reported that Trump advisors [[Peter Navarro]] and [[Stephen Miller (political advisor)|Stephen Miller]] led the discussions surrounding the tariffs.<ref name="Donnan-2025">{{Cite news |last=Donnan |first=Shawn |date=February 3, 2025 |title=How Trump's Tariffs Aim a Wrecking Ball at the Economy of the Americas |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2025-02-02/who-wins-in-a-trade-war-how-trump-tariffs-threaten-companies-us-growth |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

Trudeau and Sheinbaum condemned Trump's actions and threatened immediate economic retaliation, but on February 3, the three leaders negotiated a one-month delay on the tariffs. As part of the agreement, Mexico committed to deploying 10,000&nbsp;troops to its border with the United States, while Canada pledged to appoint a "fentanyl czar" and continue implementing the border security plan announced in 2024.<ref name=Feb3Pause>{{Cite news |last1=Psaledakis |first1=Daphne |last2=Lawder |first2=David |last3=Meijer |first3=Bart |date=February 3, 2025 |title=U.S. tariffs on Mexico to be paused for a month, Trump says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-americans-may-feel-pain-trade-war-with-mexico-canada-china-2025-02-03/ |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Trump agrees to pause tariffs on Canada and Mexico after they pledge to boost border enforcement |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china-sheinbaum-trudeau-017efa8c3343b8d2a9444f7e65356ae9 |access-date=February 3, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> In return, Trump pledged to take measures to curb weapons trafficking to Mexico and to collaborate with Canada on a joint anti-crime "strike force".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Caruso-Moro |first1=Luca |last2=Nersessian |first2=Mary |last3=Marfo |first3=Darcas |last4=Lee |first4=Michael |last5=Aiello |first5=Rachel |last6=Hahn |first6=Phil |last7=Chaya |first7=Lynn |last8=Buckley |first8=Charlie |last9=White |first9=Ryan |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Tariffs on Canada delayed for 30 days after talk between Trudeau and Trump |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/article/tariffs-on-canada-delayed-for-30-days-after-talk-between-trudeau-and-trump-live-updates-here/ |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[CTV News]] |last10=Otis |first10=Daniel}}</ref><ref name="Phillips-2025" >{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Donald Trump and Mexican president announce one-month pause in US tariffs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/03/mexican-president-announces-one-month-pause-on-trump-us-tariffs |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

However, on February 27, Trump claimed that "drugs are still pouring into our Country from Mexico and Canada" and reaffirmed his planned tariffs,<ref name="Breuninger-2025"/> leading to their implementation on March 4, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=US tariffs take effect and Mexico, Canada and China retaliate with their own tariffs on the US |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china-643086a6dc7ff716d876b3c83e3255b0 |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> Canada retaliated with 25% tariffs on $20&nbsp;billion ({{CAD|30 billion}}) worth of US goods, with plans to expand to $85&nbsp;billion ({{CAD|125 billion}}),<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sanchez |first1=Fabiola |last2=Gillies |first2=Rob |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Trump's trade war among allies triggers retaliation from Canada and Mexico |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-retaliation-trudeau-sheinbaum-70e067b092a3af72c2eb7ca37d532c91 |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> while Mexico prepared its response for March 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Fabiola |date=March 9, 2025 |title=Tens of thousands of Mexicans rally with president to celebrate US decision to delay tariffs |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-us-tariffs-sheinbaum-trump-8d05ee82f936c8c9bccdde36179a3d5d |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> The ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' warned the tariffs had "the potential to profoundly reshape relations between the US and two of its biggest trading partners, abruptly reversing America's decades-long project of expanding free trade with its allies."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trump-tariffs-usher-in-new-era-of-protectionism-a50a90f1 |title=Trump Tariffs Usher in New Era of Protectionism |last1=Putzier |first1=Konrad |last2=Lahart |first2=Justin |date=March 3, 2025 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=March 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250304055239/https://www.wsj.com/economy/trade/trump-tariffs-usher-in-new-era-of-protectionism-a50a90f1 |archive-date=March 4, 2025 }}</ref>

The onset of the trade war triggered [[stock market]] declines and economic concerns, particularly for [[retailers]] and [[Automotive industry in the United States|car manufacturers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg1jxdpq0qo |title=US Stock Markets Fall Amid Trade War Fears After Trump Tariffs |first=Sunny |last=Khan |date=March 6, 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=March 6, 2025 }}</ref> Lutnick quickly signaled tariff reductions. "The president is listening to the offers from Mexico and Canada. He's thinking about trying to do something in the middle," he said on March 5.<ref>{{cite news |last=Irwin |first=Lauren |date=March 6, 2025 |title=Trump and Lutnick Reach Tariff Compromise |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5177422-trump-lutnick-tariff-compromise/ |access-date=March 6, 2025 |work=The Hill }}</ref> The same day, Trump delayed tariffs on [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]]-compliant automakers.<ref name="Colias-2025" /> The next day, he extended the delay to all USMCA-compliant goods.<ref name="Zahn-2025">{{cite news |last=Zahn |first=Max |date=March 6, 2025 |title=Trump pauses tariffs for some Canadian and Mexican goods |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/stocks-tumble-tariff-fallout-roils-markets/story?id=119508907 |access-date=March 6, 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> While only 50% of Mexican and 38% of Canadian imports were officially compliant in 2024,<ref name="Zahn-2025" /> officials from both countries expected nearly all of their exports to be compliant within weeks after filing the requisite paperwork.<ref name="Martinez-2025" /><ref name="Vieira2025">{{Cite web |last=Vieira |first=Paul |date=March 7, 2025 |title=Canada Expects Nearly All U.S. Exports to Be USMCA Compliant |url=https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow-jones/202503076995/canada-expects-nearly-all-us-exports-to-be-usmca-compliant |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Morningstar, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Canada retained its initial retaliatory tariffs but suspended the planned increase.<ref name="Gillies-2025">{{cite news |last=Gillies |first=Rob |date=March 6, 2025 |title=Canada's Tariffs to Remain Despite Trump Postponing Tariffs on Many Imports from Canada for a Month |url=https://apnews.com/article/trudeau-trump-tariffs-trade-war-58eaa333ef96d4f17965bb7004e6bee7 |access-date=March 6, 2025 |work=Associated Press News }}</ref> Tens of thousands of Mexicans celebrated with Sheinbaum in Mexico City's central plaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Eleanor |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Mexicans celebrate with President Sheinbaum after US tariff delay |url=https://www.euronews.com/business/2025/03/10/mexicans-celebrate-with-president-sheinbaum-after-us-tariff-delay |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=euronews}}</ref>

The USMCA exemption was expected to expire on April 2, but on that day the White House announced it would continue indefinitely.<ref name="CM" /> USMCA-compliant auto parts were also exempted from tariffs.<ref name=Confirms/> However, Trump signed orders imposing 25% tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automobile imports from every country, including Canada and Mexico.<ref name="CM" /> Canada, the US's largest supplier of steel and aluminum, was significantly impacted by these tariffs and retaliated with 25% tariffs on an additional $20.6&nbsp;billion ({{CAD|29.8 billion}}) of US goods on March 13.<ref name="SR" /> On April 9, Canada added a 25% tariff on US-made vehicles not compliant with the USMCA.<ref name="KI">{{Cite web |last=Vieira |first=Paul |title=Canada Says 25% Tariff on U.S. Autos to Kick In Starting Wednesday |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/canada-says-25-tariff-on-u-s-autos-to-kick-in-starting-wednesday-8577fc6d |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 8, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:President_Donald_Trump_greets_Prime_Minister_of_Canada_Mark_Carney_at_the_West_Wing_entrance_of_the_White_House_(54501166317).jpg|thumb|Donald Trump welcoming Mark Carney to the [[White House]] in May 2025]]On April 11, 2025, Trump, threatened Mexico with new tariffs, arguing Mexico had not fulfilled a [[Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande|1944 agreement]] to send 1.75 million acre-feet of water from the [[Rio Grande]] via numerous dams and [[reservoir]]s. Trump said Mexico had only fulfilled 30% of the agreed quota.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cameron |first1=Chris |last2=Mega |first2=Emiliano Rodríguez |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Trump Threatens More Tariffs and Sanctions on Mexico Over Long-Running Water Dispute |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/10/us/politics/trump-mexico-water-dispute.html |access-date=April 11, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="TM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/now-donald-trump-threatens-mexico-with-sanctions-tariffs-this-is-very-unfair-101744344521450.html|title=Now, Donald Trump threatens Mexico with sanctions, tariffs: '...this is very unfair'|work=Hindustan Times |date=April 11, 2025 }}</ref> He added that "Mexico has been stealing the water from Texas Farmers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wehner |first=Greg |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Trump threatens tariffs and sanctions on Mexico for 'stealing' water from Texas farmers |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-threatens-tariffs-sanctions-mexico-stealing-water-texas-farmers |access-date=April 11, 2025 |publisher=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> Sheinbaum said the quota had not been fulfilled due to a "three-year drought" and suggested that an alternative agreement could be reached.<ref name="TM" />

On April 28, [[Mark Carney]] led the Liberal Party to victory in the Canadian federal election, with the party winning enough seats to form a [[Minority governments in Canada|minority government]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |date=April 29, 2025 |title='Trump wanted to break us', says Carney as Liberals triumph in Canadian election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/29/canada-election-result-liberal-win-mark-carney-anti-trump |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The Liberal Party's victory was partly attributed to the [[2025 Canadian boycott of the United States|anti-Trump sentiment]] that had been rising in the country since Trump's tariff impositions.<ref name=":54">{{Cite news |last=Stevis-Gridneff |first=Matina |date=April 29, 2025 |title=Mark Carney Wins New Term as Canada's Prime Minister on Anti-Trump Platform |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/28/world/canada/canada-election-mark-carney-win.html |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last1=Blanchfield |first1=Mike |last2=Djuric |first2=Mickey |date=April 28, 2025 |title=Mark Carney elected Canada's prime minister |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/28/mark-carney-wins-canada-prime-minister-election-00314480 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref>

US steel and aluminum tariffs doubled to 50% on June 4. Carney said Canada was in intense negotiations with the US but preparing reprisals if they failed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tunney |first=Catharine |date=June 4, 2025 |title=Carney says Canada is preparing reprisals if tariff talks with Trump fail |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/carney-trump-steel-aluminum-tariffs-1.7551899 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |work=CBC News}}</ref> At the [[51st G7 summit]], the two countries pledged to work on a deal with the next 30 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ljunggren |first1=David |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Carney says he and Trump are aiming for a Canada-US deal inside 30 days |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/trump-says-tariffs-must-be-part-any-canada-deal-ottawa-pushes-back-2025-06-16/ |access-date=June 17, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> On June 27, Trump threatened to end all trade talks unless Canada removed its new [[digital services tax]]; Canada dropped the tax two days later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jie |first=Lim Hui |date=June 30, 2025 |title=Canada rescinds digital services tax after Trump cuts off U.S. trade talks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/30/canada-rescinds-digital-services-tax-after-trump-cuts-off-us-trade-talks.html |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In July, Trump said he would raise the base tariff on goods from Mexico to 30% and from Canada to 35% beginning August 1.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/07/12/nx-s1-5465577/trump-30-tariffs-eu-mexico |title=Trump announces 30% tariffs against EU, Mexico to begin August 1 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[NPR]] |date=July 12, 2025}}</ref> Mexico received a 90-day delay on new tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurtzleben |first=Danielle |date=2025-07-31 |title=Trump announces 90-day extension of prior trade deal with Mexico |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/07/31/g-s1-80414/trump-mexico-trade-deal-delay |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> The USMCA exemption also continued, excluding 95% of Canadian exports to the US and 75% of Mexican exports from tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Crucial exemption allows majority of Canadian and Mexican goods to be shipped to US without tariffs |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-exemption-969a4cfb03638ce9d6c0ffad2b98b4b1 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On August 22, Carney announced Canada would drop many of their retaliatory tariffs by matching the USMCA exemption in order to jump start trade talks. He claimed that Canada "currently" had the "best" trade deal with the US, and that it was "still better than that of any other country" despite being different from previous American treatment to trade with Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gillies |first1=-Rob |last2=Gillies |first2=Associated Press Rob |last3=Press |first3=Associated |date=2025-08-22 |title=Carney says Canada will match U.S. tariff exemptions under USMCA trade pact |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/carney-says-canada-will-match-u-s-tariff-exemptions-under-usmca-trade-pact |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>

===Asia===
====China====
{{Main|China–United States trade war}}

[[File:President Donald Trump greets Chinese President Xi Jinping before a bilateral meeting at the Gimhae International Airport terminal (54890669668).jpg|thumb|Chinese leader Xi Jinping holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump in Busan, South Korea.]]
During Trump's first term, the US and China traded multiple rounds of escalating tariff and non-tariff trade barriers beginning in January 2018. In January 2020, the two countries signed a "phase one" trade deal, under which China committed to purchasing $200 billion of U.S. goods and services over the next two years.<ref name="UC">{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2025 |title=A timeline of US-China tit-for-tat tariffs since Trump's first term |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-us-tariffs-timeline-trump-xi-1eeed2865dc7b14e23d7eb8069ba41ea |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> China failed to meet this target, ultimately importing even less than it had before the trade war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bown |first=Chad P. |date=February 8, 2022 |title=China bought none of the extra $200 billion of US exports in Trump's trade deal {{!}} PIIE |url=https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2022/china-bought-none-extra-200-billion-us-exports-trumps-trade-deal |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=www.piie.com |language=en}}</ref> President Joe Biden largely maintained and expanded Trump's tariffs during his administration,<ref name="UC" /> and Trump pledged to impose higher tariffs in his second term.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Guzman |first1=Chad de |last2=Ewe |first2=Koh |date=September 11, 2024 |title=Comparing Trump and Harris on China |url=https://time.com/7020042/trump-harris-china-explainer-trade-tariffs-taiwan-war-human-rights/ |access-date=April 27, 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164356/https://time.com/7020042/trump-harris-china-explainer-trade-tariffs-taiwan-war-human-rights/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:2025日中韓経済貿易大臣会合 (cropped).jpg|thumb|China, South Korea, and Japan agreed to strengthen free trade in the face of Trump tariffs on March 30, 2025.]]
In February 2025, Trump declared a national emergency over [[Illegal drug trade in China|Chinese drug-trafficking]] which he used to justify a 10% tariff on all Chinese imports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neuffer |first=Phillip |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Trump eyes 10% China tariff hike by Feb. 1 |url=https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/trump-tariffs-feb-1-china-canada-mexico/737965/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=supplychaindive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Donnan-2025" /> In March, he increased the tariff to 20%.<ref name="Breuninger-2025" />

China retaliated in February with tariffs of 15% on coals and [[liquefied natural gas]] and 10% on oil and agricultural machines and in March with 10-15% tariffs on select US agricultural products.<ref name="Xiao-2025">{{Cite web |last=Xiao |first=Josh |date=February 3, 2025 |title=China Hits Back at Trump With Tariffs on US Goods, Google Probe |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-04/china-probes-google-moments-after-trump-s-tariffs-enter-effect |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250209210103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-04/china-probes-google-moments-after-trump-s-tariffs-enter-effect |archive-date=February 9, 2025 |access-date=April 3, 2025 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref name="NPR-2025">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=China slaps extra tariffs of up to 15% on imports of major U.S. farm exports |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/04/g-s1-51892/china-tariffs-u-s-farm-exports |access-date=March 4, 2025 |publisher=NPR |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Although these measures were modest in comparison to the US tariffs, China also retaliated with a variety of non-tariff trade barriers.<ref name="Mason-20252">{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Hunnicutt |first2=Trevor |last3=Krolicki |first3=Kevin |date=February 4, 2025 |title=Trump in no hurry to talk to Xi amid new tariff war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-tariffs-chinese-imports-take-effect-after-trump-reprieves-canada-mexico-2025-02-04/ |access-date=February 4, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2025 |title=Forget tariffs — Beijing is already choking off US exports on the sly |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/12/china-trade-war-exports-00287123 |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> ''Politico'' reported that from the start of 2025 China implemented "an array of bureaucratic blocks and tricky third-party sales deals" halt or curtail the direct imports of major US commodities including beef, poultry, and liquefied natural gas.<ref name="FT" /> Retaliatory measures included [[Chinese government sanctions#Sanctions announced by the Ministry of Commerce (Unreliable Entities List)|blacklisting American companies]], adding [[export control]]s to metals like [[tungsten]], and revoking export licenses for US firms.<ref name="Xiao-2025" /><ref name="Mason-20252" /><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=China hits US soybean firms, halts lumber imports as it steps up retaliation against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-suspends-soybean-imports-three-us-firms-halts-log-imports-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> China decreased imports of American oil by 90%, turning to Canadian oil instead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2025 |title=China Pivots From US to Canada for More Oil as Trade War Worsens |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-16/china-pivots-from-us-to-canada-for-more-oil-as-trade-war-worsens |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> On March 30, 2025, China, [[South Korea]], and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years to discuss goals for a [[China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|trilateral free trade agreement]] and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 30, 2025 |title=China, South Korea and Japan agree to strengthen trade ties in response to Trump tariffs |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250330-china-south-korea-and-japan-agree-to-strengthen-free-trade |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name="reuters2025china">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=April 1, 2025 |title=China, Japan, South Korea will jointly respond to US tariffs, Chinese state media says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250331222358/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Beijing |quote=Japan and South Korea are seeking to import semiconductor raw materials from China, and China is also interested in purchasing chip products from Japan and South Korea, the account, Yuyuan Tantian, said in a post on Weibo.}}</ref>

On April 2, the US added a 34% "reciprocal tariff" on most Chinese imports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wile |first=Rob |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Goods imported from China now face a 54% tariff rate — and possibly higher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/goods-imported-china-are-now-facing-54-tariffs-rate-rcna199401 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> China matched with a tariff of 34% on American goods, effective April 10, 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Juliana |date=April 4, 2025 |title=China imposes 34% reciprocal tariffs on imports of US goods in retaliation for Trump's trade war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/04/business/china-us-tariffs-retaliation-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and suspended negotiations regarding [[Restrictions on TikTok in the United States|the sale of TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |last3=Hax |first3=Carolyn |last4=Allison |first4=Natalie |last5=Stein |first5=Jeff |last6=Birnbaum |first6=Michael |last7=Rampell |first7=Catherine |last8=Singletary |first8=Michelle |last9=Lynch |first9=David J. |date=April 4, 2025 |title=The White House had a TikTok deal. Trump's China tariff wrecked it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250404225812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> China also began requiring special licenses to export six [[Rare-earth element|heavy rare-earths]], 100% of which were refined in China, and [[rare-earth magnet]]s, 90% of which are produced in China.<ref name="WI">{{Cite news |last=Bradsher |first=Keith |date=April 13, 2025 |title=China Halts Critical Exports as Trade War Intensifies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/13/business/china-rare-earths-exports.html |access-date=April 14, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The rare earths, difficult to substitute, are critical to a range of high-tech goods, including batteries, weapons, and medical devices.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China has a weapon that could hurt America: rare-earth exports |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/04/10/china-has-a-weapon-that-could-hurt-america-rare-earth-exports |access-date=April 14, 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> China was slow to develop the export licenses and halted all exports in the meantime.<ref name="WI" />

Trump raised the tariffs by an additional 50%, bringing the baseline tariff on Chinese imports to 104%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Revell |first=Eric |date=April 8, 2025 |title=White House says Beijing missed deadline to lift retaliatory tariffs, US to hike China tariffs to 104% |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/white-house-says-china-missed-deadline-lift-retaliatory-tariffs-us-hike-china-tariffs-104 |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US}}</ref> China added an additional 50% as well, bringing their baseline tariff on American goods to 84%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=April 9, 2025 |title=China hikes tariffs on U.S. goods to 84%, as EU also retaliates against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-tariffs-84-percent-retaliatory-tariff-us-products-trump-104/ |access-date=April 14, 2025 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> The US then raised to 145%, and on April 11, China raised to 125%. The [[Ministry of Finance (China)|Chinese Finance Ministry]] said China would ignore any further US tariff increases, stating, "Even if the U.S. continues to impose higher tariffs, it will no longer make economic sense and will become a joke in the history of world economy."<ref name="csb" />

On April 21, CEOs of major US retailers warned Trump that the escalating trade war would lead to visible price increases and product shortages within two weeks. Trump began to soften his tone.<ref name=shift>{{Cite web |last=Berkowitz |first=Marc Caputo,Ben |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Trump deploys abrupt tone shift amid market slump |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/23/trump-economy-tariffs-china-powell |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> On April 22, Trump stated that tariffs on Chinese imports would "come down substantially, but it won't be zero".<ref name="WT" /> Two days later, Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesman [[Guo Jiakun]] said China and the US had "not conducted consultations or negotiations on tariffs."<ref name="WT">{{cite news |title=China tells Trump: If you want trade talks, cancel tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dglmm5j52o |work=www.bbc.com |date=April 24, 2025}}</ref> When asked to respond, Trump said the US had been meeting with China as recently as that morning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorgan |first=Michael |date=April 25, 2025 |title=Trump says China's Xi called him amid ongoing confusion over trade talks |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-says-chinas-xi-called-him-amid-ongoing-confusion-over-trade-talks |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref>

By May 2, China had exempted approximately $40 billion worth of American goods from tariffs and the United States had exempted about $102 billion worth of Chinese imports, based on 2024 import volumes.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=May 2, 2025 |title=China's Stealth Tariff Exemptions May Amount to a Quarter of US Imports |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-02/china-s-stealth-exemptions-may-amount-to-a-quarter-of-us-imports |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250502100142/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-02/china-s-stealth-exemptions-may-amount-to-a-quarter-of-us-imports |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Both countries had expressed a willingness to engage in negotiations aimed at reducing tariffs, but the Chinese government asked the U.S. to eliminate its tariffs first. As previously planned, the U.S. terminated the ''de minimis'' exemption for Chinese imports the same day.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Danielle |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Stock Market Rebounds Amid Tariff Concerns |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/business/stock-market-recovery-trump-tariffs.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250502184225/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/business/stock-market-recovery-trump-tariffs.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=May 2, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

On May 6, officials from the US and China planned to start talks over trade conflicts in [[Switzerland]]. [[He Lifeng]], the [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Vice Premier]], [[Scott Bessent]], the US Treasury Secretary, and [[Jamieson Greer]], the US Trade Representative, attended the talks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tariffs: US and China to start talks over trade war this week |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rgrejkvmjo |access-date=May 7, 2025 |work=www.bbc.com |date=May 7, 2025}}</ref>

On May 12, officials from the US and China agreed to drastically reduce for 90 days the tariff rates, from 145% to 30% and 125% to 10% respectively, while further negotiations are held.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gan |first1=Nectar |last2=Bacon |first2=Auzinea |last3=Liu |first3=Juliana |date=May 12, 2025 |title=US and China agree to drastically roll back tariffs in major trade breakthrough |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/12/business/us-china-trade-deal-announcement-intl-hnk |access-date=May 12, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> The US also cut tariffs on Chinese shipments valued below the ''de minimis'' threshold of $800 from 120% to 54%.<ref name=elated/> On June 11, Trump declared the trade deal "done", although China downplayed the deal as a framework representing the "first meeting".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yiu |first1=Karson |last2=Brennan |first2=David |date=June 12, 2025 |title=China appears to downplay US trade deal Trump said was 'done' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/china-appears-downplay-us-trade-deal-trump/story?id=122763770 |access-date=June 13, 2025 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

A proposed US sanctions bill in early July threatened a 500% tariff on countries that traded with the Russian Federation, including China, proposed by US Senator [[Lindsey Graham]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2025 |title=Will the US really impose 500% tariffs on India and China for trading with Russia? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/us-500-percent-tariffs-india-china-russia-trade-ukraine-sanctions-13902276.html |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

In July 2025, [[Bloomberg News]] reported that Trump has softened his hardline tone on China to ensure a summit with [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]], aiming to push for a trade agreement between America and China.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trump Softens Tone on China to Secure Xi Summit, Trade Deal|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-16/trump-softens-tone-on-china-to-secure-xi-summit-and-a-trade-deal|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=July 16, 2025|accessdate=July 16, 2025}}</ref>

On July 29, U.S. and China had agreed to extending a pause in tariffs for 90 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=US and China agree to work on extending the tariff pause deadline in trade talks in Stockholm |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-us-agree-extend-tariff-pauses-after-constructive-124163619 |access-date=July 31, 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

On October 30, after Trump met Xi Jinping in [[Busan]], South Korea, Trump announced he would cut tariffs on China. U.S. cuts tariffs on fentanyl from 20% to 10%, and the total combined tariff rate on China down from 57% to 47%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boak |first1=Josh |last2=Megerian |first2=Chris |title=Trump cuts tariffs on China after meeting Xi in South Korea |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-xi-china-trade-war-4c19a752c97828246c08f60f0dc54c79 |access-date=31 October 2025 |work=AP News |date=29 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

====India====
{{see also|2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis}}
[[File:P20250213MR-0996.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
In February 2025, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the White House to negotiate tariffs and advance a deal aimed at doubling bilateral trade with the US to $500&nbsp;billion by 2030.<ref name="Kumar-2025">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |last2=Acharya |first2=Shivangi |date=March 3, 2025 |title=India's trade minister heads to US for talks as Trump tariffs loom, officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-trade-minister-heads-us-talks-trump-tariffs-loom-officials-say-2025-03-03/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250303072108/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-trade-minister-heads-us-talks-trump-tariffs-loom-officials-say-2025-03-03/ |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |access-date=March 3, 2025 |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> India's trade-weighted average tariff was 12%, compared to the United States' 2.2%, leading to Trump repeatedly calling the country ''tariff king'' and ''a'' ''big abuser'' of trade ties.<ref name="Singh-2025">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sarita Chaganti |last2=Ahmed |first2=Aftab |last3=Kumar |first3=Manoj |date=March 25, 2025 |title=India eyes tariff cut on more than half of US imports to shield its exports, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-eyes-tariff-cut-23-bln-us-imports-shield-66-bln-exports-sources-say-2025-03-25/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250325080048/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-eyes-tariff-cut-23-bln-us-imports-shield-66-bln-exports-sources-say-2025-03-25/ |archive-date=March 25, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2025 |title=Trump tariffs: Agriculture is centre stage US-India trade showdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c204q6n0lzvo |access-date=April 2, 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> 

The US was India's largest export market and analyses projected that any reciprocal tariff measures would cause India significant economic harm.<ref name="TT">{{Cite web |last=Inamdar |first=Nikhil |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Trump tariffs: How will India navigate a world on the brink of a trade war? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39jn2ldyrko |access-date=April 5, 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> An internal Indian analysis estimated that reciprocal tariffs would affect 87% of its total exports to the US, valued at $66 billion. India estimated increases of 6% to 10% in tariffs on items such as pearls, mineral fuels, and machinery and believed its pharmaceutical and automotive exports would see the highest impact.<ref name="Singh-2025" />

To address Trump's trade concerns, in February 2025 India reduced tariffs on motorcycles and whiskey, pledged to review additional tariffs, and offered to increase US energy and defense equipment imports.<ref name="Kumar-2025" /> The following month, [[Reuters]] reported that India was open to lowering or eliminating tariffs on 55% of its imports from the US which were currently facing tariffs ranging from 5% to 30%. India warned the offer was contingent on relief from reciprocal tariffs and said decisions were not final.<ref name="Singh-2025" />

The US announced a 27% "reciprocal" tariff on Indian goods beginning April 9.<ref name="TT" /> India signaled that it would negotiate with the United States rather than pursue retaliatory tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web | last1=Srivastava | first1=Shruti |title=India Seeks US Trade Talks, Signaling No Retaliatory Tariffs | website=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=April 6, 2025 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-06/india-to-focus-on-trade-deal-avoids-retaliation-on-us-tariffs?embedded-checkout=true}}</ref> After the US delayed the tariff, the US Treasury Secretary said "India would be one of the first trade deals we sign" on April 29, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2025 |title=Donald Trump Tariffs News Live Updates: China brushes off US tariff threats, vows to safeguard jobs and growth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/donald-trump-tariffs-news-live-updates-china-xi-jinping-us-stock-market-canada-india-uk-import-taxes-harvard-university/liveblog/120711833.cms |access-date=April 29, 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> On July 1, Trump said the two countries were nearing a deal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2025 |title='Deal with much less tariffs': Trump on India-US trade agreement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/donald-trump-us-india-trade-deal-tariffs-10101057/ |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

However, as of July 30, no deal had been finalized. The US announced a 25% "reciprocal tariff" on Indian goods would begin August 1 and warned of an additional, unspecified penalty in response to [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|India's purchases of Russian oil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Trump to hit India with 25% tariffs - plus 'penalty' for trade with Russia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz71w1dgl84o |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> India said it would continue to buy Russian oil,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |date=August 2, 2025 |title=India Will Buy Russian Oil Despite Trump's Threats, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/02/world/asia/india-russia-oil-trump-threats.html |access-date=August 4, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and on August 4, Trump said he would "substantially" raise tariffs on Indian goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dlouhy |first=Jennifer A |date=August 4, 2025 |title=Trump Says US to Hike India's Tariffs Over Russian Oil Buys |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-04/trump-says-us-to-hike-india-s-tariffs-over-russian-oil-purchases |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250804174151/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-04/trump-says-us-to-hike-india-s-tariffs-over-russian-oil-purchases |archive-date=August 4, 2025 |access-date=August 4, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref> On August 6, Trump ordered a 25% "secondary tariff" on India as a penalty for its trade with Russia, bringing total base tariffs to 50% starting August 27.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=US to levy another 25% tariff on India imports {{!}} Supply Chain Dive |url=https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/trump-india-tariffs-increase-25-percent/756952/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.supplychaindive.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Journalist [[Fareed Zakaria]] and former U.S. Ambassador to India [[Kenneth I. Juster]] criticized Trump’s steep tariffs on India as a major setback in U.S.-India relations. Zakaria noted the move reversed decades of bipartisan progress and placed India in the highest tariff category, alongside countries like Syria, while Pakistan received lower tariffs despite its ties to China. Juster highlighted India's indignation, particularly after Trump’s claim of mediating an India-Pakistan ceasefire, which New Delhi rejected. He warned the tariffs, affecting 20% of Indian exports, would raise costs for U.S. consumers. [[Nikki Haley]] also cautioned that weakening ties with India would undermine efforts to counter China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-15 |title=Opinion {{!}} Trump's biggest foreign policy mistake |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/08/15/trump-india-tariffs-insults-mistake/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Juster |first=Kenneth I. |title=Will Trump's India Tariffs Affect a Critical U.S. Partnership? {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/will-trumps-india-tariffs-affect-critical-us-partnership |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=Nikki Haley: To Counter China, Rebuild U.S.-India Relationship {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/nikki-haley-trump-needs-rebuild-us-india-relationship-opinion-2114995 |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> In late August 2025, the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats criticized Trump’s 50% tariffs on India, calling them harmful to Americans and a "sabotage" of U.S.-India ties. They questioned why India, not China, was targeted. “It’s almost like it’s not about Ukraine at all," the committee remarked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Why India, not China?: US Democrats panel slams Donald Trump's 50% tariffs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/why-india-not-china-us-democrats-panel-slams-donald-trump-s-50-tariffs-101756345952417.html |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-28 |title='It's not about Ukraine at all': Democrats say Trump's tariffs sabotaging US-India relationship; move 'hurting Americans' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/its-not-about-ukraine-at-all-democrats-say-trumps-tariffs-sabotaging-us-india-relationship-move-hurting-americans/articleshow/123554479.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, [[John Bolton]] criticized Trump’s tariffs on India in a similar tone, calling the measures as inappropriate and questioned why similar measures were not imposed on countries like China, Turkey, or Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=John Bolton slams ex-boss over India-Pakistan peace claims: 'Trump tariffs inappropriate' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/john-bolton-slams-ex-boss-over-india-pakistan-peace-claims-trump-tariffs-inappropriate-101757729716412.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Jeffrey Sachs]] called the tariffs on Indian goods a strategic error, warning they would harm U.S. interests, isolate the country, and push India closer to [[BRICS]]. He urged India to diversify its partnerships, questioning U.S. reliability as a long-term ally. He dubbed the move "Stupidest Tactical Move".<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Economist Slams Trump, Tariffs On India Will Backfire |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/us-economist-slams-trump-tariffs-on-india-will-backfire |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |date=2025-08-21 |title="Stupidest Tactical Move": Top US Economist Jeffrey Sachs Slams Trump Tariffs On India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/top-us-economist-jeffrey-sachs-slams-trumps-50-percent-india-tariffs-great-unifier-of-brics-9129413 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title='Go with China, join RCEP': Economist Jeffrey Sachs tells India as Trump's 50% tariff kicks in - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/go-with-china-join-rcep-economist-jeffrey-sachs-tells-india-as-trumps-50-tariff-kicks-in-491283-2025-08-27 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> 

On August 30, the Indian Trade Minister [[Piyush Goyal]] stated that India would not ''bow down'' to the United States and would instead focus on expanding into new markets. He affirmed India’s openness to free trade agreements while emphasizing the country's resolve to maintain a strong and independent trade policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India will not 'bow down' to US after steep tariffs, trade minister says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/30/india-will-not-bow-down-to-us-after-steep-tariffs-trade-minister-says |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

====Israel====
[[File:The White House - 54437645928.jpg|thumb|Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump imposed a 17% import duty on Israeli goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lior |first1=Gad |last2=Edelson |first2=Daniel |last3=York |first3=New |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump announces sweeping tariffs, slaps Israeli imports with 17% duty under new US trade policy |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/syvliqsaje |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=Ynetnews |language=en}}</ref> On April 3, 2025, Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich would meet with another minister to decide a course of action.<ref name="LG">{{Cite web |last=O'Boyle |first=Brendan |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Trump tariffs: List of global responses and countermeasures |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/trump-tariffs-draw-global-promises-counter-measures-2025-04-03/ |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> By April 7, 2025, Israel had offered to remove tariffs on all US goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Adam |last2=Fowers |first2=Alyssa |last3=Shapiro |first3=Leslie |last4=Verde |first4=Amaya |last5=Ovide |first5=Shira |last6=Stein |first6=Jeff |last7=Gregg |first7=Aaron |last8=Telford |first8=Taylor |date=April 7, 2025 |title=A few governments offer to end all tariffs on U.S. in response to Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/04/07/zero-tariffs-proposal-us-trade-war/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

On April 8, 2025, [[Israeli prime minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] visited Donald Trump to discuss multiple topics including tariffs. The US president declined to remove the 17% on Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Trump doesn't give Israel a break on tariffs despite Netanyahu visit |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/07/trump-netanyahu-visit-tariff-deal |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>

====Japan====
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2025}}[[File:Ishiba with Trump in the Oval Office February 2025 4.jpg|thumb|Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
After receiving a 25% tariff on cars and car parts and a 24% tariff on other goods exported to the United States, Japan's [[Nikkei 225|Nikkei 225 stock market index]] fell by 7.8% on April 7, which was the third-largest single-day loss in its history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Nikkei plunges in third-biggest daily loss ever amid Trump tariff concerns |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/04/07/markets/nikkei-trump-tariffs-markets/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> Since Japan is an export-heavy economy and Japan's large automotive sector depends on the United States for 20% of its total exports, Trump's new tariffs had a sizeable effect on the Japanese economy. Analysts estimate that the tariffs could decrease Japan's GDP by 0.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poidevin |first=Olivia Le |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Japan could lose $17 billion in car exports due to US tariffs, says UN trade agency |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/japan-could-lose-17-billion-car-exports-due-us-tariffs-says-un-trade-agency-2025-04-04/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CO">{{Cite web |last=Kihara |first=Leika |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Japan will ask US to cut tariffs but results won't come 'overnight', PM Ishiba says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/japan/japan-will-ask-us-cut-tariffs-results-wont-come-overnight-pm-ishiba-says-2025-04-07/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

[[File:米国の関税措置に関する総合対策本部.jpg|thumb|Members of the Second Ishiba Cabinet convene to discuss U.S. tariff policy.]]
Prime Minister [[Shigeru Ishiba]] said tariffs were "extremely disappointing and regrettable."<ref name="CO" /> On April 7, Ishiba talked with Donald Trump by phone, asking the president to reconsider, but could not negotiate any concessions.<ref name="JR">{{Cite web |last1=Tang |first1=Francis |last2=Ninivaggi |first2=Gabriele |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Japan responds to Trump's tariffs with a polite phone call and request |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/04/07/japan/politics/ishiba-trump-talk-tariffs/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> Trump later wrote "He is sending a top team to negotiate!" on [[Truth Social]].<ref name="JR" />

[[File:President Donald Trump meets with the Japanese Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy Ryosei Akazawa and delegation in the Oval Office (54458836179).jpg|thumb|Japanese Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy Ryosei Akazawa holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]

Various talks were held since then, however on May 5, 2025, the United States announced their refusal of "Japan's full exemption" from not only a 10% "reciprocal" tariff, but also its country-specific tariff of 24%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=U.S. rejects Japan's exemption from "reciprocal" tariffs |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2025/05/7f50bb4801c0-update1-us-rejects-japans-exemption-from-reciprocal-tariffs.html |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Kyodo News+ |date=May 5, 2025 }}</ref>

As July 9's deadline approached, on July 2, 2025, Trump threatened Japan to raise Japan's country-specific tariff to 35%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2025 |title=Donald Trump threatens Japan with tariff up to 35% as deadline looms |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgeqrd0e9j7o |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On July 23, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that the United States had reached a new trade agreement with Japan. As part of the deal, a 15% tariff will be imposed on Japanese goods entering the U.S. market. This figure is notably lower than the 20% default tariff rate set under Trump's broader "reciprocal tariff" framework, which would have taken effect on August 1 for countries without trade deals.

In exchange, Japan has agreed to increase market access for American agricultural products and ease non-tariff barriers affecting U.S. technology exports.

====Pakistan====
{{main|Pakistan–United States trade deal}}

In July 2025, Pakistan and the U.S. reached a trade deal that resulted in a reduction in reciprocal tariffs and assistance from the U.S. with the development of Pakistan's oil reserves.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Munir |date=31 July 2025 |title=Pakistan and US reach a trade agreement to develop oil reserves and reduce tariffs |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-washington-trade-deal-oil-reserves-development-b891d26a9047cba4c13f098be7e068d1 |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

====Philippines====

[[File:2025-07-22 – PBBM receives high praise from U.S. President Donald J. Trump (01).jpg|thumb|Filipino President Bongbong Marcos holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2025}}
The Philippines was assigned a 17% tariff, the second‑lowest among ASEAN nations.

As early as before April 2025, effects of the tariffs were discussed nationwide. The [[Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Philippine Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] notified that industries such as food processing and semiconductors and energy-related goods could have been hit the worst.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barro II |first=Dexter |title=Trump tariffs threaten Philippine SMEs with higher costs—PCCI |url=https://mb.com.ph/8/4/2025/sm-es-brace-for-extra-costs-fueled-by-us-tariffs}}</ref>

Upon the implementation of April 2 tariffs, reactions were mixed.

Philippine Trade Secretary [[Cristina Aldeguer-Roque]] stated that the Philippines supported a coordinated ASEAN action, but never expressed a need for any counter-tariffs.

The [[Philippine Economic Zone Authority]], [[Sergio Ortiz-Luis Jr.|Sergio Ortiz‑Luis Jr]] and [[George Barcelon]] welcomed the tariffs, stating that the fact that the tariffs were lower than in most countries in ASEAN would mean that the Philippines would be more competitive and a more attractive place for foreign investments, especially due to the presence of the 2024 "CREATE MORE" incentives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayeng |first=Raffy |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Phl backing collective response vs new U.S. import duties |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/04/07/phl-backing-collective-response-vs-new-us-import-duties |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monzon |first=Alden M. |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Toll turmoil: How Philippine industries navigate Trump's trade tempest |url=https://business.inquirer.net/524510/toll-turmoil-how-filipino-industries-navigate-trumps-trade-tempest |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref>

According to Special Assistant [[Frederick Go]], starting from April 10, 2025, the Philippines initiated a series of negotiations in an aim to lower the tariffs imposed on them furthermore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayeng |first=Raffy |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Phl to negotiate US-imposed tariffs — SAP Go |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/04/10/phl-to-negotiate-us-imposed-tariffs-sap-go |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Despite the initially proposed tariffs towards the Philippines being 17%, the Trump administration, in a letter to [[Bongbong Marcos]], on July 9, 2025, stated the tariffs would be increased to 20%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chi |first=Cristina |title=Trump sets 20% US tariffs on Philippine goods, says relations not 'reciprocal' in letter to Marcos |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2025/07/10/2456970/trump-sets-20-us-tariffs-philippine-goods-says-relations-not-reciprocal-letter-marcos |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref>

On July 22, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump and Philippine President Bongbong Marcos announced a new bilateral trade agreement following a meeting at the White House. Under the deal, the United States will impose a 19% tariff on Philippine exports, slightly lower than the originally proposed 20%. In return, the Philippines has agreed to eliminate all tariffs on American goods, including automobiles and industrial products.

The agreement is part of Trump's broader "reciprocal tariffs" initiative, which aims to reduce trade deficits by leveraging tariff pressure. In 2024, the U.S. recorded a trade deficit of nearly $4.9 billion with the Philippines. With this agreement, the Philippines joins countries like Indonesia and Japan in securing more favorable tariff rates under Trump's new trade framework.

====Singapore====
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed a 10% tariff on all goods coming from Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 8, 2025 |title=US tariffs on Singapore disappointing; situation needs rational, pragmatic approach: WP |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/us-tariffs-on-singapore-disappointing-situation-needs-rational-pragmatic-approach-wp |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> At an address to the [[Singapore Parliament]] on April 8, [[Prime Minister of Singapore]] [[Lawrence Wong]] stated "what the U.S. is doing now is not reform" and "it is rejecting the very system it created." He also stated that "these measures will accelerate the fracturing of the global economy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/world-suffers-if-us-china-relations-fray-with-tariffs-pm-wong|title=World suffers if US-China relations fray with tariffs: PM Wong|author=Tay Hong Yi|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=April 8, 2025|access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> He also announced the creation of a national task force to support businesses and workers affected by the tariffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-task-force-monitor-impact-us-trump-tariffs-lawrence-wong-5050896|title=Trump tariffs: Singapore to form task force to help businesses and workers, says PM Wong|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|author=Tang See Kit|date=April 8, 2025|access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref>

On April 8, 2025, the Singaporean prime minister's office stated that it would not retaliate on U.S. tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Cherine Wong |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Ministerial Statement by PM Lawrence Wong on the US Tariffs and Implications |url=https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Ministerial-Statement-by-PM-Lawrence-Wong-on-the-US-Tariffs-and-Implication |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Prime Minister's Office Singapore |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, a new task force on US tariffs, composed of Singapore's economic agencies, as well as the [[Singapore Business Federation]], [[Singapore National Employers Federation]] and the [[National Trades Union Congress]], was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-new-task-force-trump-tariffs-focus-communication-information-sharing-gan-kim-yong-5051426 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=www.channelnewsasia.com |title=New task force on US tariffs to focus on engaging businesses and workers, sharing information: Gan Kim Yong }}</ref> The task force held its first meeting on April 16, 2025, and was chaired by [[Gan Kim Yong]] alongside other political figures such as [[Desmond Lee (Singaporean politician)|Desmond Lee]], [[Josephine Teo]], [[Tan See Leng]], [[Chee Hong Tat]], [[Lim Ming Yan]], [[Ng Chee Meng]] and [[Tan Hee Teck]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Task force on US tariffs includes five ministers; will develop immediate and long-term strategies |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-task-force-us-tariffs-ministers-strategies-5066546 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

Singaporean diplomatic efforts following Trump's delay of the tariffs saw requests from Singapore to relieve pharmaceutical exports while also seeking greater access to advanced semiconductor and AI technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Tariffs and Chips: Singapore's Talks with the U.S. |url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/tariffs-and-chips-singapores-talks-with-the-u-s/ |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=ASEAN Business News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite efforts, Deputy Prime Minister Gan Kim Yong, on July 3, 2025, announced that there was a very real chance that the tariffs would stay intact up until the end of the second Trump administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2025 |title=Singapore's DPM warns companies that US tariffs may stay after Trump |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/761270?prefer_reader_view=1&prefer_safari=1 |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref>

====South Korea====
[[File:President Donald Trump hosts a bilateral meeting with President Lee Jae-myung of the Republic of Korea (54747516672).jpg|thumb|South Korean President Lee Jae-myung holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs of 25% on South Korea. With this, the South Korean government announced emergency support for its auto industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea's acting president calls for talks with US over tariffs |website=[[Reuters]] |date=April 3, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-koreas-acting-president-orders-emergency-measures-over-us-tariffs-2025-04-02/ |last1=Park |first1=Ju-min |last2=Lee |first2=Jihoon }}</ref> On April 8, 2025, South Korea's acting president, [[Han Duck-soo]] called for negotiation rather than retaliation.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mike Valerio |author2=Gawon Bae |author3=Yoonjung Seo |author4=Jessie Yeung |date=April 8, 2025 |title=CNN Exclusive: This Asian leader is taking a very different approach from China over Trump's tariff war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/08/asia/south-korea-acting-president-han-interview-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Trump said that he discussed the tariffs with Han in a phone call and South Korea's finance minister will be meeting with US Trade Representative [[Jamieson Greer]] for negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heavey |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Jihoon |last3=Park |first3=Ju-min |title=Trump optimistic after call about tariffs with South Korea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-trade-minister-says-considering-measures-boost-us-imports-2025-04-08/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=April 8, 2025}}</ref> On April 3, Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Cho Tae-yul]] met with Marco Rubio and expressed deep concern over the reciprocal tariff measures and asked him to take into account South Korea's investment performance in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2025 |title=조태열, 美에 "상호관세 깊은 우려...대미투자 실적 고려해달라" |url=https://www.news1.kr/politics/diplomacy-defense/5742350 |work=News1 |language=Korean}}</ref>

On April 16, 2025, Vietnam's [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)|foreign ministry]] said that South Korea and Vietnam are seeking to raise bilateral trade to $150 billion by 2030, in a "more balanced and sustainable manner", as they swear co-operation following Trump's tariffs, regardless of "Trump's walk back".<ref name="KV">{{Cite news |date=April 16, 2025 |title=South Korea, Vietnam pledge cooperation as US tariffs loom |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/global-trends/south-korea-vietnam-pledge-cooperation-as-us-tariffs-loom/articleshow/120328981.cms |access-date=April 17, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

On May 1, 2025, South Korean Industry Ministry officials announced they had traveled to Washington on May 7 for "technical discussions" with U.S. Trade Representative,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/south-korea-officials-heading-to-washington-for-talks-over-us-tariffs/ar-AA1DSWWb |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> after Trump called "trade talks" with South Korea a first-order priority.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Stacey |first1=Kiran |last2=Courea |first2=Eleni |last3=O'Carroll |first3=Lisa |date=April 29, 2025 |title=Trump 'makes trade deal with UK second-order priority' in blow to ministers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/apr/29/trump-makes-trade-deal-with-uk-second-order-priority-in-blow-to-ministers |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

South Korea and the U.S. continued to hold discussions and negotiations in Washington D.C from June 22 to 27, but failed to reach a breakthrough or a deal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dong-young |first=Kim |date=July 2, 2025 |title=US set to impose new tariffs on Korean goods as steel, automobile exports stumble |url=https://www.ajupress.com/view/20250702103642198 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=AJU PRESS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yonhap |date=June 28, 2025 |title=Seoul official notes uncertainty over whether Trump tariff pause will be extended for S. Korea |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10519684 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}</ref>

An executive order signed in March which consisted of additional tariffs, was delayed to May 7, 2025. Said tariff targeted a broad array of Korean goods not previously subject to levies.<ref name=":5" />

On July 30, Trump announced a trade deal with South Korea was accomplished, which stated to imposes 15% tariffs on South Korea goods since August 1.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchwald |first1=Elisabeth |title=Trump announces trade agreement with South Korea ahead of August 1 tariff deadline {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/07/30/business/us-south-korea-trade-deal |work=CNN |date=July 30, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
[[File:The White House - 54371663219.jpg|thumb|President Trump announced that TSMC is set to invest in the U.S..]]
On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump announced a "reciprocal tariff" of 32% on Taiwanese goods,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Trump announces 32% tariff on imports from Taiwan – Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202504030001 |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Focus Taiwan – CNA English News |language=en-US}}</ref> but excluded semiconductor products, the island's primary exports.<ref name="Taiwan NYT">{{cite news |last1=Tobin |first1=Meaghan |title=Trump's Tariffs Don't Apply to Chips, but Taiwan Remains Wary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/business/trump-tariffs-taiwan-chips.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=April 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406111431/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/business/trump-tariffs-taiwan-chips.html |archive-date=April 6, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Trump had previously criticized Taiwan for gaining an unfair dominance in the semiconductor industry and not spending enough on its own defense.<ref name="Taiwan NYT" /> Taiwan's government called the tariffs "unreasonable" but chose not to retaliate, instead offering to increase imports from the US and remove all tariffs on American goods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Amy |title=Trump tariff global reaction – country by country |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/03/donald-trump-global-trade-tariff-rates-by-country-breakdown-asia |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=April 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan hopes for quick agreement with US on tariffs, stocks swoon again |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taiwan-hopes-quick-agreement-with-us-tariffs-issue-2025-04-09/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=April 9, 2025}}</ref>
[[File:2025年4月7日行政院長卓榮泰與立法院朝野黨團代表共同針對美國關稅政策議題會商.jpg|thumb|Representatives from the Executive Yuan and legislative caucuses across party lines convene to discuss U.S. tariff policy.]]
The new tariffs exacerbated public concerns over the level of support from the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=特朗普关税: 台积电千亿投资却换来美国32%高关税 台湾能否早上谈判桌考验"友谊"和筹码 |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/c4g728r49e4o/simp |work=BBC News 中文 |date=April 7, 2025 |language=zh-hans}}</ref> The [[Kuomintang]] said that the tariffs were a heavy blow to president [[Lai Ching-te]]'s policy of depending on the US to counter China and castigated the government's unpreparedness and ineffective response.<ref>{{cite news |title=美对台加税32% 国民党: 打脸赖清德"依美抗中"政策 |url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20250403-6111724 |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=Lianhe Zaobao |date=April 3, 2025 |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> On April 7, [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] [[Cho Jung-tai]] convened a meeting at the [[Executive Yuan]] with [[Legislative Yuan|legislative]] caucus leaders across party lines to discuss the potential impacts of the US tariff hike on Taiwan. During the meeting, Premier Cho expressed appreciation for their participation and emphasized that the government had completed assessments on both macroeconomic and sector-specific levels. He presented a NT$88 billion plan and urged collaboration between the executive and legislative branches to expedite budget review and implementation, stabilize the economy, and support industries through the challenges ahead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=行政、立法共同會商因應美國關稅政策 全力穩定國家經濟及產業發展|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/e08fa77c-c9d4-4f12-868b-3c735baea4b0 |website=ey.gov.tw |date=April 7, 2025 |language=zh |access-date=April 8, 2025}}</ref>

Even after Trump's "walk back", [[Kao Shien-quey]], deputy head of the [[National Development Council (Taiwan)|National Development Council]], stated that if the tariffs were ever to be fully re-implemented, Taiwan's manufacturing sector would be likely to see a 5 percent drop in production value.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2025 |title=U.S. tariffs could cut Taiwan manufacturing production by 5%: NDC - Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202504170018 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News |language=en-US}}</ref>

On June 10, 2025, the "[[American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan]]" urged Washington to cancel its import taxes on Taiwanese goods, calling for further negotiations to be held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2025 |title=AmCham urges removal of tariffs on Taiwan, more high-level visits - Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202506100010 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The first round of U.S-Taiwanese negotiations ended on May 1, 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2011 |title=行政院全球資訊網 |url=https://english.ey.gov.tw/Page/61BF20C3E89B856/fbba9b28-bd8c-4c69-91fc-840bbc269a78 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=2.16.886.101.20003 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> whilst the second round of negotiations ended on June 26, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=China (Taiwan) |first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of |date=June 30, 2025 |title=Taiwan concludes 2nd round of trade talks with US |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/economics/top-news/271552/taiwan-concludes-2nd-round-of-trade-talks-with-us |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Taiwan Today |language=en}}</ref>


On August 1, Trump announced that a preliminary trade agreement had been reached with Taiwan, under which a 20% reciprocal tariff would be imposed on Taiwanese goods exported to the United States.<ref name="t857">{{cite web | last=BBC中文記者 | first=呂嘉鴻 - | title=特朗普宣布對台徵收20%關稅 台灣業者為何表達憂慮 | website=Yahoo News | date=2025-08-01 | url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B5%E6%94%B620-%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94%E6%86%82%E6%85%AE-082849012.html | language=zh | access-date=2025-08-01 | archive-date=2025-08-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802035051/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E5%AE%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B5%E6%94%B620-%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94%E6%86%82%E6%85%AE-082849012.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The measure is set to take effect on August 7. Taiwan’s Office of Trade and Economic Affairs stated that further negotiations with the U.S. would continue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=經貿辦：台灣關稅稅率降幅大 8／7不會是談判截止日 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20250806004007-260407 |website=中時新聞網 |date=2025-08-06 |language= |last= |access-date=}}</ref> However, since Taiwan must also pay the existing Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) tariffs for each industry, the effective rate will be “20% + N.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=台灣關稅20％＋N是什麼？一圖看各產業疊加稅率，4大行業首當其衝「市場優勢不再」 |url=https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/11059983 |website=風傳媒 |language=zh-Hant-TW |last= |access-date=2025-08-19 |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823222903/https://www.storm.mg//lifestyle/11059983 |url-status=live }}</ref> The additional tariffs could deal a severe blow to Taiwan’s traditional industries, as well as its agricultural and fishery products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=疊加關稅衝擊 傳產恐重傷 產業外移與大規模失業潮成隱憂 |url=https://money.udn.com/money/story/5612/8928955 |website=經濟日報 |language=zh-Hant-TW |access-date=2025-08-19 |archive-date=2025-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822045730/https://money.udn.com/money/story/5612/8928955 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=美對等關稅採疊加計算 傳產、紡織、農漁業恐受衝擊 |url=https://news.pts.org.tw/article/764829 |website=公視新聞網 |date=2025-08-09 |language=zh-Hant |last= |access-date=2025-08-19 |archive-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810210209/https://news.pts.org.tw/article/764829 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Vietnam====
On February 10, 2025, Trump renewed a 25% tariff on all steel imports originally imposed during his first term and increased aluminum tariffs from 10% to 25%. While other countries had previously received exemptions, Vietnam had not, meaning its steel and aluminum exports were already subject to U.S. tariffs. The hike in aluminum tariffs further strained Vietnamese industries and exporters.<ref name="VE">{{Cite web |last=Minh |first=Ethan |date=March 17, 2025 |title=How Trump 2.0 Tariffs May Impact Vietnamese Exports |url=https://sourcevietnam.com/blog/how-trump-tariffs-impact-vietnamese-exports |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=SourceVietNam |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vietnam's large trade surplus in goods with the US made it a target for reciprocal tariffs.<ref name="VE" /> On March 13, 2025, trade minister [[Nguyễn Hồng Diên]] arranged a meeting with Lutnick and Greer to try to secure a bilateral trade agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Uyen |first1=Nguyen Dieu Tu |last2=Stevens |first2=Francesca |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-13/vietnam-chases-us-deals-as-top-official-flies-to-meet-trump-team|title=Vietnam Chases US Deals as Top Official Flies to Meet Trump Team|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=March 13, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2025 |title=Vietnam hopes to stop Trump's US tariffs with trade talks |url=https://vietnam-aujourdhui.info/2025/03/13/vietnam-hopes-to-stop-trumps-us-tariffs-with-trade-talks/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Le Viêt Nam, aujourd'hui |language=fr-FR}}</ref> He ended up receiving [[Marc Knapper]], a US Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador, on March 14.<ref name="thương">{{Cite web |last=Thương |first=Bộ Công |date=February 14, 2025 |title=Minister of Industry and Trade Nguyen Hong Dien received Mr. Marc E. Knapper, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United ... |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-truong-cong-thuong-nguyen-hong-dien-tiep-ngai-marc-e-knapper-dai-su-dac-menh-toan-quyen-hop |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=vietnam.vn |language=en}}</ref> Knapper reassured him that the US tariff measures were not aimed at Vietnam and were meant to promote fair trade and American workers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lan |first=Tuyết |date=February 14, 2025 |title=US Ambassador: The tax is not aimed at Vietnam |url=https://news.laodong.vn/kinh-doanh/dai-su-my-viec-ap-thue-khong-nham-toi-viet-nam-1463020.ldo |access-date=April 13, 2025 |work=Lao Dong}}</ref>

On April 2, 2025, Trump presented with a 46% reciprocal tariff on Vietnam, shocking Vietnamese exporters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2025 |title='Shocking': US tariffs worse than feared for Vietnamese exporters |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250403-shocking-us-tariffs-worse-than-feared-for-vietnamese-exporters |access-date=April 7, 2025 |publisher=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Vietnamese leaders tried to approach Trump diplomatically to find an agreement to remove the tariffs or to delay them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reyes |first=Ronny |date=April 6, 2025 |title=50 nations reached out to negotiate tariffs with US: Lutnick |url=https://nypost.com/2025/04/06/us-news/50-nations-have-reached-out-to-negotiate-tariffs-with-us-lutnick/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Vietnam's top leader, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]] [[Tô Lâm|To Lam]], asked Trump to delay the imposition of tariffs for at least 45 days on April 5, with little result.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ngo |first1=Tung |last2=Wee |first2=Sui-Lee |date=April 6, 2025 |title=Vietnam Urges United States to Delay Imposing Tariffs On It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/06/world/asia/vietnam-trump-tariff-delay.html |access-date=April 7, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Vietnam then offered to eradicate all US import tariffs, but Peter Navarro shot down the deal, saying "it's the non-tariff cheating that matters".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pound |first=Jesse |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Peter Navarro says Vietnam's 0% tariff offer is not enough: 'It's the nontariff cheating that matters' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/07/peter-navarro-says-vietnams-0percent-tariff-offer-is-not-enough-its-the-non-tariff-cheating-that-matters.html |access-date=April 7, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange|VN Index]] fell by 7% after the announcement of the tariffs, practically the biggest [[Stock market crash|crash]] ever since the establishment of the Vietnamese stock market.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump's tariffs will pummel Vietnam |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/04/07/trumps-tariffs-will-pummel-vietnam |access-date=April 7, 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

On April 15, 2025, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] on [[State visits by Xi Jinping to Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia|a visit to Hanoi]] claimed that "China's mega market is always open to Vietnam" and urged Vietnam to resist "U.S unilateral bullying" and uphold free and open trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gan |first=Nectar |date=April 14, 2025 |title=China urges Vietnam to resist 'unilateral bullying' as Xi tries to rally region in face of Trump tariffs |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/14/asia/china-xi-southeast-asia-visit-trump-tariffs-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Trump responded, "That's a lovely meeting. Meeting like, trying to figure out, 'How do we screw the United States of America?'".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snell |first=Govi |title=As Trump threatens tariffs, Vietnam scrambles to avert economic disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/4/17/as-trump-threatens-tariffs-vietnam-scrambles-to-avert-economic-disaster |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

On April 16, 2025, Vietnam's foreign ministry said that South Korea and Vietnam are seeking to raise bilateral trade to $150 billion by 2030, in a "more balanced and sustainable manner", as they swear cooperation following Trump's tariffs, regardless of "Trump's walk back".<ref name="KV" /> Groundbreaking began on a $1.5&nbsp;billion previously announced Trump Organization golf resort near Hanoi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump Organization eyes multi-billion-dollar projects in Vietnam amid tariff risks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-organization-eyes-multi-billion-dollar-projects-vietnam-amid-tariff-risks-2025-03-28/ |last=Guarascio |first=Francesco |date=March 27, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The first round of negotiations occurred on May 7,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Báo VietnamNet |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/vietnam-u-s-begin-first-tariff-negotiations-on-may-7-2397798.html |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=VietNamNet News |language=vietnamese}}</ref> whilst a second round of negotiation took place on May 19, led by Nguyen Hong Dien.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vietnam and US engage in second round of tariff negotiations |url=https://vir.com.vn/vietnam-and-us-engage-in-second-round-of-tariff-negotiations-128742.html}}</ref>

In June 2025, the Trump administration heavily pressured Vietnam to "cut its reliance on Chinese industrial goods imports", stating that the administration was interested in Vietnam-based factories to reduce their use of materials and components from China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Pressuring Vietnam to Downgrade Economic Ties With China: Report |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/06/us-pressuring-vietnam-to-downgrade-economic-ties-with-china-report/ |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Trump administration sent Vietnam a "long" list of "tough" requests on June 3, 2025, during tariff talks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2025 |title=US made 'tough' requests to Vietnam in trade talks: sources |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/usa/us-made-tough-requests-vietnam-trade-talks-sources-1159851 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Negotiations, following the "long list", went on until July 2, 2025, seven days before Trump's initial July deadline. Vietnam and the U.S. reached an agreement on tariffs that day after Donald Trump threatened to raise tariffs on foreign goods by more than 20%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US wants Vietnam to pay higher tariff based on foreign content |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-02/us-wants-vietnam-to-pay-higher-tariff-based-on-foreign-content}}</ref><ref name=Shock>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Jason W. |last2=Jin |first2=Yao “Henry” |last3=Ortega |first3=David L. |date=26 June 2025 |title=Shock and Awe: A Theoretical Framework and Data Sources for Studying the Impact of 2025 Tariffs on Global Supply Chains |journal=Journal of Supply Chain Management |language=en |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=3–15 |doi=10.1111/jscm.12350 |issn=1745-493X |doi-access=free}}</ref> This "loose deal" put a stop to the 46 percent tariff on Vietnam. In return, Vietnam promised to let a wider range of U.S. goods into its market that it had previously blocked and to cut down on the flow of Chinese goods that are sent through Vietnam to the U.S.<ref name=Shock/>

However, later on in July, whilst the U.S President called the deal as "finite" and "sealed" as it was, Vietnam Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Phạm Thu Hằng|Pham Thu Hang]] stated that both parties were still in ongoing talks as to define certain aspects that were not clear upon the presumed "signing of the deal". Vietnam's insecurity about the deal arose following Howard Lutnick's statement which described Vietnam as "just a pathway of China to us", instilling fear that Vietnamese goods could face harsher rates than Chinese‑made items, which, as of July 2025, faced an average rate of 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam says tariff deal not final, after Trump's claim |url=https://www.mitrade.com/insights/news/live-news/article-3-967083-20250717 |access-date=July 18, 2025 |website=www.mitrade.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Africa===

====Nigeria====
During Trump's first term, [[Nigeria]] continued to benefit from the [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]], a US trade initiative established in 2000 to improve economic relations with [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan]] African countries by providing duty-free access to the US market for eligible nations.<ref name="UA">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-africa-trade-programme-under-threat-trump-tariffs-2025-04-03/ |title=The US-Africa trade programme under threat from Trump tariffs |author=Dludla |first1=Nqobile |last2=Peyton |first2=Nellie | editor-first1=Olivia | editor-last1=Kumwenda-Mtambo | editor-first2=Gareth | editor-last2=Jones |work=[[Reuters]] |date=April 3, 2025}}</ref> However, analysts were quick to notice that Nigeria was one of 48 nations with whom the United States maintained a trade imbalance. In 2024, Nigeria exported $5.29 billion in commodities to the United States while receiving $3.88 billion, resulting in a $1.4 billion trade surplus for Nigeria, making it a likely target of Trump's renewed foreign tariff policies.<ref name="UA" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Trump Tariffs: Nigeria one of 48 countries that has trade deficits with the US |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/02/03/trump-tariffs-nigeria-one-of-48-countries-that-has-trade-deficits-with-the-us/ |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 2, Trump announced a 14% tariff on Nigerian goods.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/trump-imposes-14-tariff-on-nigerian-exports-to-us/ |last=Venley |first=Nanji Nandang |title=Trump imposes 14% tariff on Nigerian exports to US | work=ICIR |date=April 3, 2025}}</ref> The Nigerian government avoided retaliation. Instead, Trade Minister [[Jumoke Oduwole]] said Nigeria would contact the WTO to find a mutually beneficial solution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Beloved |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Nigeria reacts to Trump's tariffs, avoids retaliation |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/786203-nigeria-reacts-to-trumps-tariffs-avoids-retaliation.html |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Despite pledging not to retaliate, the minister did highlight the risks for AGOA and the Nigerian oil industry, whilst also stating this development had the chance to boost Nigeria's non-oil exports as well as meeting global standards and improving market acceptance into more economies across the globe. She also emphasized the urgent need to enhance intra-African trade through the [[African Continental Free Trade Area]] (AfCFTA). Since Nigeria relies on crude exports for 90% of its foreign exchange, immediate consequences were apparent with [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] selling nearly $200 million to support the [[Nigerian naira|naira currency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eboh |first=Camillus |date=April 6, 2025 |title=Nigeria sells dollars to support currency after Trump tariffs shock |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/nigeria-sells-dollars-support-currency-after-trump-tariffs-shock-2025-04-06/ |access-date=April 6, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

On April 12, 2025, the Federal Government set up a subcommittee to assess the direct and indirect impact of the recent trade tariffs announced by the United States on Nigeria's economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tunji |first=Sami |date=April 12, 2025 |title=FG forms panel to assess economic impact of US tariffs |url=https://punchng.com/fg-forms-panel-to-assess-economic-impact-of-us-tariffs/#google_vignette |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> On this regard, on April 16, [[Manufacturers Association of Nigeria]] (MAN) said the 14 percent tariff imposed on Nigerian exports to the United States of America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AriseNews |date=April 16, 2025 |title=MAN Warns US Tariffs May Wipe Out ₦2 Trillion in Nigerian Agricultural Exports Annually |url=https://www.arise.tv/man-warns-us-tariffs-may-wipe-out-%E2%82%A62-trillion-in-nigerian-agricultural-exports-annually/ |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Arise News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over time, as the impact of US tariffs started to sink in Nigeria, there were multiple reactions; Some, such as Nigerian billionaire [[Aliko Dangote]] saw some benefits from the tariffs due to the fact that their economic rivals were often facing even higher tariffs than Nigeria's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Muyiwa |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Dangote comfortable with impact of Trump's tariffs on urea exports |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dangote-comfortable-with-impact-of-trumps-tariffs-on-urea-exports/ |access-date=July 3, 2025 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2025, it was estimated that Nigeria's US exports plummet by $527m from the year prior, mostly caused by Trump's tariffs. This worsened especially after Trump's threat of an additional 10 per cent tariff on countries aligned with the BRICS economic bloc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Our |date=July 13, 2025 |title=Nigeria's US exports plummet by $527m amid rising trade tensions |url=https://punchng.com/nigerias-us-exports-plummet-by-527m-amid-rising-trade-tensions/ |access-date=July 14, 2025 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref>

====South Africa====

[[File:President Donald Trump meets with President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa (54537776189).jpg|thumb|South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]

After Trump announced a 25% tariff on all imported steel and aluminum, major exporters in South Africa were palpably affected by the onset of tariffs,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ginindza |first=Banele |title=South African steel and aluminium exporters brace for potential 25% US tariff |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/south-african-steel-and-aluminium-exporters-brace-for-potential-25-us-tariff-de8b9715-b787-41e7-bf7b-01a96d7061bd? |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Independent Online|location=South Africa |language=en}}</ref> leading the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of Southern Africa (SEIFSA) condemning the U.S. tariff hike and warning of negative impacts on local manufacturing, as well as calling on the South African government to take immediate action.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://seifsa.co.za/seifsa-initial-report-on-the-impact-of-united-states-tariffs-on-the-metals-and-engineering-sector-update-2/ | title=SEIFSA INITIAL REPORT ON THE IMPACT OF UNITED STATES TARIFFS ON THE METALS AND ENGINEERING SECTOR – UPDATE 2 | work=SEIFSA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/us-tariffs-expected-to-have-significant-impact-on-metals-engineering-sector-seifsa-warns-2025-08-04 | title=US tariffs expected to have significant impact on metals, engineering sector, Seifsa warns | first=Darren | last=Parker | work=Engineering News | date=4 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.africanmining.co.za/2025/08/06/seifsa-initial-report-on-the-impact-of-united-states-tariffs-on-the-metals-and-engineering-sector-update-2/ | title=SEIFSA initial report on the impact of united states tariffs on the metals and engineering sector – update 2 | work=African Mining | date=August 6, 2025}}</ref>

Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs of 31% on South Africa on April 2, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US tariffs threaten 35,000 citrus jobs in South Africa, farmers say |website=[[Reuters]] |date=April 8, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-tariffs-threaten-35000-citrus-jobs-south-africa-farmers-say-2025-04-08/}}</ref> This move, according to the government of South Africa, effectively nullified the benefits African countries enjoy under U.S. trade initiative the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2025/south-africa-says-trumps-tariffs-cancel-out-agoa-trade-initiative/|title=South Africa says Trump's tariffs cancel out AGOA trade initiative | work=[[CNBC]] |date=April 4, 2025}}</ref> On April 4, 2025, South Africa's government announced that it would not retaliate and would instead negotiate exemptions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa not planning to retaliate over Trump's tariffs |work=Reuters |date=April 4, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africa-says-trumps-tariffs-effectively-nullify-agoa-benefits-2025-04-04/ |last1=Dludla |first1=Nqobile |last2=Acharya |first2=Bhargav |last3=Dludla |first3=Nqobile |last4=Acharya |first4=Bhargav }}</ref>

After the reciprocal tariffs were announced, [[Parks Tau|Trade and Industry Minister Parks Tau]] stated that South Africa would start planning to diversify its export markets, targeting regions in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and within Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/04/trade-and-industry-minister-says-sa-plans-to-cast-net-wider-after-trump-hikes-tariffs |last=Mntambo |first=Nokukhanya |title=Trade and Industry Minister says SA plans to cast net wider after Trump hikes tariffs |website=EWN | date=April 4, 2025}}</ref> Another immediate consequence was the postponing of the sale of gems from [[Petra Diamonds]]' [[Cullinan, South Africa|Cullinan Mine]], due to uncertainty caused by the tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamasmie |first=Cecilia |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Petra Diamonds delays sale amid US tariffs uncertainty |url=https://www.mining.com/petra-diamonds-delays-sale-amid-us-tariffs-uncertainty/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=MINING.COM |language=en-US}}</ref>

On May 21, 2025, Trump met [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] in the White House, where the SA President proposed a deal in which South Africa would buy [[Liquefied natural gas|liquified natural gas]] from the U.S for 10 years, in exchange for a quota of duty-free exports for a small section of highly subsidized foreign-owned multinationals. After the meeting, [[Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]] told the press that South Africa would be allowed to annually export 40,000 vehicles, 385 million kg of steel, and 132 million kg of aluminum to the US without facing tariffs. The deal was criticized the deal as infeasible and financially unsound, noting that roughly 90% of AGOA exports are generated by just 5% of heavily‐subsidised, foreign‐owned multinationals and that the deal would jeopardize South Africa's energy security and industrial development, effectively supporting foreign corporates over national interests.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Pavan |date=June 3, 2025 |title=South Africa's proposed trade deal with the US shows the ineptitude of the "comprador presidency", says Tshepo Kgadima : Peoples Dispatch |url=https://peoplesdispatch.org/2025/06/03/south-africas-proposed-trade-deal-with-the-us-shows-the-ineptitude-of-the-comprador-presidency-says-tshepo-kgadima/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621163229/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2025/06/03/south-africas-proposed-trade-deal-with-the-us-shows-the-ineptitude-of-the-comprador-presidency-says-tshepo-kgadima/ |archive-date=June 21, 2025 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |work=Peoples Dispatch |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Dispatch |url=https://allafrica.com/list/aans/post/af/pubkey/publisher:editorial:00012067.html |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The "May 21 deal" was still being discussed in early July, right before Trump's deadline, asking for the deadline to be pushed furthermore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa seeks extension of Trump tariff deadline to pursue trade deal |url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/south-africa-seeks-extension-of-trump-tariff-deadline-to-pursue-trade-deal-285858/ |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Mozambique |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2025 |title=South Africa Pushes for Extension of US Tariff Deadline {{!}} Africa.com |url=https://africa.com/south-africa-pushes-for-extension-of-us-tariff-deadline/ |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=africa.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Despite the deadline being pushed to August 1, 2025, it was confirmed by Trump that the U.S would tariff South Africa by 30%, prompting critics from Ramaphosa and members of parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Trump's tariffs: South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa opposes 'unilateral' move |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpqn4w45dj3o |access-date=July 14, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In the month of July 2025, it was speculated that the tariffs proposed for August 1, 2025, would drastically hit the agricultural sector of South Africa, specifically South African [[Citrus|citrus fruit]] plantations, along with [[wine]], [[soybean]]s, [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]] and [[beef]]. In the [[Citrus Growers Association]] it was estimated that there would be a loss of 35,000 jobs, and that the tariffs would target all farmers in South Africa from all ethnic backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roelf |first=Wendell |date=July 10, 2025 |title=US tariffs on South Africa set to hit white farmers Trump has embraced |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-tariffs-south-africa-set-hit-white-farmers-trump-has-embraced-2025-07-09/ |access-date=July 14, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> The [[South African Reserve Bank]] in an interview with [[Radio 702|local radio station 702]] stated that a total of 100,000 jobs (from various sectors) were at risk from Trump tariffs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 2025 |title=Trump's tariffs put 100,000 jobs at risk in South Africa, central bank chief says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/trumps-tariffs-put-100000-jobs-risk-south-africa-central-bank-chief-says-2025-07-16/ |access-date=July 18, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

====West African nations====
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=500
| image1 = P20250709DT-0027 President Donald Trump Participates in a Multilateral Lunch with African Leaders.jpg
| image2 = P20250709DT-0102 President Donald Trump Participates in a Multilateral Lunch with African Leaders.jpg
| image3 = P20250709DT-0161 President Donald Trump Participates in a Multilateral Lunch with African Leaders.jpg
| image4 = P20250709DT-0183 President Donald Trump Participates in a Multilateral Lunch with African Leaders.jpg
| footer = Trump with the presidents of Gabon (''top-left''), Mauritania (''top-right''), Guinea-Bissau (''bottom-left'') and Liberia (''bottom-right'')
}}On July 9, 2025, President Donald Trump hosted the leaders of five [[West African]] nations ([[Gabon]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Liberia]], [[Mauritania]], and [[Senegal]]) at the White House for a luncheon focused on trade and economic cooperation. During the meeting, Trump reaffirmed the United States' commitment to strengthening economic ties with these countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aziz Diédhiou |first1=Abdou |last2=Akínpẹ̀lú |first2=Yūsuf |last3=Drenon |first3=Brandon |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Why Trump invited five African leaders to the White House |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ygqenwx78o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709164112/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ygqenwx78o |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

This meeting is widely seen as a signal of a shift in U.S. trade policy towards Africa, illustrating that the Trump administration's tariff strategy is not solely based on economic considerations but also on geopolitical and supply chain factors. The United States seeks to enhance cooperation with West Africa to counterbalance the growing influence of China and the European Union in the region while positioning these countries as potential future partners.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==== Zimbabwe ====
On April 2, 2025, Trump imposed 18% tariffs on Zimbabwe as part of its "reciprocal tariffs" policy.<ref name="CBSNews09042025">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2025 |title=See the full list of reciprocal tariffs by country from Trump's "Liberation Day" chart - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-reciprocal-tariffs-liberation-day-list/ |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On April 6, 2025, Zimbabwe became the first country to scrap tariffs on all US goods. The president of Zimbabwe, [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]], has stated that the move was made to foster a positive relationship with Donald Trump's government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2025 |title=Zimbabwe to scrap tariffs on US goods in goodwill gesture to Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62xqel9l18o |access-date=April 9, 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Europe===
====Belarus and Russia====
{{see also|Russian Customs Tariff}}
[[File:P20250815DT-0906 President Donald Trump meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin at Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska.jpg|thumb|Russian president Vladimir Putin holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump in Anchorage, Alaska.]]
Russia joined the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2012, requiring all other members to grant it [[Most favoured nation|most favored nation]] (MFN) tariff rates.<ref name="H42">B. Hoekman, ''The WTO: Functions and Basic Principles'', 42</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, the [[G7]] countries and their allies moved to revoke MFN status from Russia and block Belarus from joining the WTO.<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S, EU, allies block Belarus' bid to join WTO |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/us-eu-allies-block-belarus-bid-join-wto-2022-03-24/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222145730/https://www.reuters.com/business/us-eu-allies-block-belarus-bid-join-wto-2022-03-24/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United States and Others to Revoke Most-Favored-Nation Status from Russia |url=https://www.bakerlaw.com/insights/united-states-and-others-to-revoke-most-favored-nation-status-from-russia/ |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=BakerHostetler |language=en}}</ref> After the United States congress voted to sever normal trade relations with Russia and Belarus, the countries became subject to "Column 2" rates in the [[Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gresser |first=Ed |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Trade Fact of the Week: America's 'non-MFN' tariffs on natural resources are usually low |url=https://www.progressivepolicy.org/trade-fact-of-the-week-americas-non-mfn-tariffs-on-natural-resources-are-usually-low/ |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=The Progressive Policy Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="RR">{{Cite web |last=Franck |first=Thomas |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Congress votes to revoke Russia's 'most favored nation' trade status, sends bill to Biden |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/07/senate-votes-to-strip-russia-of-most-favored-nation-trade-status.html |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Column 2 rates, as created by the [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]], are significantly higher than normal and average about 20% overall.<ref name="RR" /> President Joe Biden further increased rates on a variety of Russian goods in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Legal Authorities and Related Actions |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48052 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Russia added the US to their "[[unfriendly countries list]]" in 2021 and imposed countersanctions in response to US measures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The effect of Russian unfriendly-country list and import ban: Gravity framework test |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372432486 |access-date=April 30, 2025}}</ref>

Trump did not include Russia or Belarus in his "reciprocal tariff" policy announced April 2, 2025.<ref name="HE" /><ref name="RE" /> The White House explained that existing sanctions on the country had "already rendered trade between the two countries as zero."<ref name="HE">{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=White House explains why Russia not included in Trump's new tariffs |url=https://www.newsweek.com/white-house-explains-why-russia-not-included-trumps-new-tariffs-2054548 |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="RE">{{Cite news |last=Kurmanaev |first=Anatoly |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Russia's Escape From Trump's Tariffs Raises Questions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/03/business/economy/russia-us-tariffs-trump.html |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> US trade with Russia in 2024 was estimated at $3.5 billion, a tenth of the $35 billion from 2021 before it invaded Ukraine.<ref name="Ravid">{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Dave |last2=Ravid |first2=Barak |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump's tariffs list is missing one big country: Russia |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/02/trump-tariffs-russia-ukraine-ceasefire |access-date=April 3, 2025 |work=Axios}}</ref> In an interview with [[Izvestia]] on April 9, Deputy Prime Minister [[Alexei Overchuk]] reiterated that that Russia had no significant trade with the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/politika/23632159|title=Оверчук: момент для введения Трампом пошлин "выбран идеально"|website=TACC}}</ref>

Trump threatened "secondary sanctions" on imports from countries buying [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]], saying, "That would be that if you buy oil from Russia, you can't do business in the United States. There will be a 25 percent tariff on all oil, a 25 to 50-point tariff on all oil."<ref>{{cite news |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Why is Trump 'very angry' with Putin and who will secondary tariffs hurt? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/31/why-is-trump-very-angry-with-putin-and-who-will-secondary-tariffs-hurt |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

On April 1, 2025, Senator [[Lindsey Graham]] introduced S. 1241, the [[Sanctioning Russia Act]], a bipartisan U.S. Senate bill to impose comprehensive sanctions and trade restrictions on the Russian Federation if it refuses to negotiate peace with [[Ukraine]], violates a peace agreement, or launches a new military invasion. The bill mandates sanctions on Russian officials, financial institutions, state-affiliated entities, and energy sectors; bans U.S. investments in Russia; blocks Russian access to U.S. markets and financial systems; imposes tariffs of at least 500% on Russian imports and a "secondary tariff" of 500% on countries importing Russian oil, gas, or uranium. The bill also includes provisions for cutting off Russian entities from international financial messaging services and prohibits uranium imports from Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen. Graham |first=Lindsey [R-SC |date=April 1, 2025 |title=Text - S.1241 - 119th Congress (2025-2026): Sanctioning Russia Act of 2025 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1241/text |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

On July 14, 2025, Trump threatened to impose 100% tariffs on Russia if there was no peace deal with Ukraine within 50 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump admin live updates: Trump threatens 100% tariffs on Russia |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/trump-admin-live-updates/?id=123730069 |access-date=July 14, 2025 |work=ABC News |date=July 14, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> On July 29, this deadline was reduced to "10 or 12 days".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Macaskill |first1=Andrew |last2=Shalal |first2=Andrea |date=July 28, 2025 |title=Trump sets new deadline of 10 or 12 days for Russia to act on Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-sets-new-deadline-10-or-12-days-russia-act-ukraine-2025-07-28/ |access-date=July 31, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, U.S.-Russia relations showed signs of renewed engagement following a [[2025 Russia–United States Summit in Alaska|meeting between Presidents Trump and Putin in Alaska]], where both reportedly expressed interest in economic cooperation. Concurrently, [[ExxonMobil]] and [[Rosneft]] secretly outlined a roadmap to resume joint operations at the [[Sakhalin-I|Sakhalin-1]] project, contingent on progress in Ukraine peace talks. Senior Vice President Neil Chapman led Exxon’s discussions with Rosneft CEO [[Igor Sechin]], while CEO [[Darren Woods]] discussed the company’s possible return with Trump at the White House and received a "sympathetic hearing" from the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wallace |first1=Joe |last2=Paris |first2=Costas |last3=Leary |first3=Alex |last4=Eaton |first4=Colin |title=Exclusive {{!}} Exxon Held Secret Talks With Rosneft About Going Back to Russia |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/exxon-rosneft-russia-oil-talks-f524e81f |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 26, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====European Union====
[[File:President Donald Trump and Ursula Von der Leyen.jpg|thumb|Ursula Von der Leyen holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump.]]
Before his second inauguration, Trump threatened to impose tariffs on the [[European Union]] (EU) unless it reduced its trade surplus with the US by increasing imports of American cars, agricultural products, and oil and gas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Isidore |first=Chris |title=Trump to Europe: Buy more of our oil and gas or face tariffs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/20/economy/trump-europe-oil-and-gas-tariffs/index.html |work=CNN Business |publisher=Cable News Network |date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] pointed out that while the US ran a trade deficit with the EU in goods, it was offset by a trade surplus in services.<ref name="EU">{{cite news |last=Rankin |first=Jennifer |title=Tariffs: EU's 'carrot and stick' policy under Trump presidency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/16/tariffs-eu-carrot-and-stick-policy-donald-trump-presidency |work=The Guardian |date=January 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> 
[[File:President Donald J. Trump holds a bilateral meeting with French President Emmanuel Macron (54350966064).jpg|thumb|French President Emmanuel Macron holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
On February 2, 2025, Trump told reporters he planned to impose tariffs on the [[European Union]] "pretty soon". Some EU leaders threatened immediate retaliation while others expressed concerns about [[2021–2023 inflation surge|reigniting global inflation]].<ref name="Armstrong-2025">{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Rory Elliott |date=February 3, 2025 |title=EU leaders vow to fight back if Trump imposes tariffs |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/02/03/eu-leaders-vow-to-fight-back-if-trump-imposes-tariffs |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Euronews}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/european-leaders-warn-pain-transatlantic-trade-war-2025-02-03/ | title=Transatlantic trade war would hurt both sides, European leaders warn | work=Reuters | date=February 3, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As Trump's trade war looms, EU leaders prepare to retaliate |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/with-trumps-trade-war-threats-eu-leaders-prepare-to-retaliate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215103131/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/with-trumps-trade-war-threats-eu-leaders-prepare-to-retaliate/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |website=Euractiv}}</ref> "We have to do everything to avoid this totally unnecessary and stupid tariff war," said Polish Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]].<ref name="Armstrong-2025" /> On February 4, 2025, EU trade ministers met in [[Warsaw]] to discuss Trump's threats.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU prepares to hit Big Tech in retaliation for Donald Trump's tariffs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7303e57e-67ca-477a-8d00-8d5213f7120c |work=Financial Times |publisher=The Financial Times Ltd. |date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> On February 7, the EU proposed lowering tariffs on car imports from 10% to closer to the US' 2.5% rate and to increase purchases of American liquefied natural gas and military equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU to offer lower tariffs on US cars |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bed348ee-3e05-47f6-8a83-563286b8b99e |work=Financial Times |publisher=The Financial Times Ltd. |date=February 6, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] met with Trump on February 25 and encouraged him to concentrate on China instead of initiating a trade war with the EU.<ref name="Leali-2025">{{cite web | last=Leali | first=Giorgio | title=Macron to Trump: Make trade war with China, not with us | website=Politico | date=February 25, 2025 | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-donald-trump-make-trade-war-china-not-us/ | access-date=March 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="The-Times-of-India-2025">{{cite web | title=Emmanuel Macron: 'You cannot have trade wars with China, Europe at the same time': Macron warns US, urges strong role in Ukraine peace | website=The Times of India | date=February 25, 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/you-cannot-have-trade-wars-with-china-and-europe-at-the-same-time-macron-warns-us-urges-strong-role-in-ukraine-peace/articleshow/118542915.cms | access-date=March 4, 2025}}</ref><ref name="France-24-2025">{{cite web | title=Macron attempts to avert trade war at Trump meeting as EU prepares tariff response | publisher=France 24 | date=February 25, 2025 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/business/20250225-macron-attempts-to-avert-trade-war-at-trump-meeting-as-eu-prepares-tariff-response | access-date=March 4, 2025}}</ref>
[[File:President Donald Trump attends the Friends of Ireland Luncheon in honor of Taoiseach Micheál Martin (54386907160).jpg|thumb|U.S. President Donald Trump and Irish Prime Minister Micheál Martin had lunch together following their meeting at the White House.]]After Trump's global steel and aluminum tariffs took effect on March 12, the EU announced a two-phase retaliatory plan targeting €26 billion in US imports to begin April 1.<ref name="Shalvey-2025">{{cite news |last=Shalvey |first=Kevin |date=March 12, 2025 |title=EU Announces $28&nbsp;Billion Countermeasures Against Trump's Steel Tariffs |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/eu-announces-28-billion-countermeasures-trumps-steel-tariffs/story?id=119702601 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> Trump condemned a proposed tariff on American whiskey and threatened to respond with 200% tariffs on European alcohol.<ref name="NBC-News-2025">{{cite news |date=March 13, 2025 |title=Trump threatens 200% tariff on EU wine and liquor, says world is 'ripping us off' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-threatens-200-tariff-eu-booze-tax-us-whiskey-rcna196192 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> The EU postponed their retaliation, and ultimately dropped all plans to tariff alcohol after lobbying from Ireland, Italy, and France—major exporters of wine and spirits.<ref name="Bishop-2025">{{Cite web |last1=Kiderlin |first1=Sophie |last2=Amaro |first2=Silvia |date=March 20, 2025 |title=EU Delays Implementing First Retaliatory Tariffs on US Goods to Middle of April |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/20/eu-delays-first-retaliatory-tariffs-on-us-goods-to-mid-april.html |access-date=March 20, 2025 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rankin |first1=Jennifer |last2=O'Carroll |first2=Lisa |date=April 8, 2025 |title=EU drops plans to hit American bourbon with retaliatory tariffs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/apr/08/eu-drops-plans-to-hit-american-bourbon-with-retaliatory-tariffs |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

After the US imposed a 25% tariff on imported cars and threatened a 20% "reciprocal tariff" on all European goods on April 9, EU members approved a reduced retaliatory package of 25% tariffs on €21 billion worth of US imports beginning April 15.<ref name="RT">{{Cite news |last=Rankin |first=Jennifer |date=April 9, 2025 |title=EU to impose retaliatory 25% tariffs on US goods from almonds to yachts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/09/eu-to-impose-retaliatory-25-tariffs-on-us-goods-from-almonds-to-yachts |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The sole dissenting member was Hungary, whose prime minister, [[Viktor Orbán]], was one of Trump's strongest supporters.<ref name="RT" /> After Trump suspended his "reciprocal" tariff, the EU delayed retaliation again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=EU delays metal tariffs retaliation as Trump targets China |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-weighs-90-day-pause-of-its-response-to-trumps-metals-duties/ |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-GB}}</ref> European Commission President [[Ursula von der Leyen]] warned of increased measures if negotiations failed,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2025 |title=EU head tells FT it could tax US Big Tech if tariff talks fail |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/global/eu-head-tells-ft-it-could-tax-us-big-tech-if-tariff-talks-fail |access-date=April 11, 2025 |website=The Business Times |language=en}}</ref> and on May 8 the EU increased its proposed retaliation to nearly €100 billion worth of US goods.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU takes aim at US planes, autos in €100B counterstrike against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-ready-fresh-100-billion-counterstrike-donald-trump-tariffs/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=POLITICO |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>

The US and the EU struggled to negotiate, and on May 12, Trump described the EU as "nastier than China."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Trump: The EU is 'nastier than China' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/trump-eu-nastier-than-china/ |access-date=August 4, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref> On May 23, after complaining that trade negotiations have stalled, Trump proposed a "straight 50% tariff on the European Union" starting from June 1.<ref name="breun">{{Cite web |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=May 23, 2025 |title=Trump recommends 50% tariff on European Union starting June 1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/23/trump-recommends-50percent-tariff-on-european-union-starting-june-1.html |access-date=May 23, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The Stoxx Europe 600 index fell 1.7 per cent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wheatley |first=Jonathan |date=May 23, 2025 |title=Trump plans to impose 50% tariff on EU imports from next month |url=https://www.ft.com/content/db77bfd3-b67b-4931-bd5b-386552b350ce |access-date=May 23, 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Two days later, after a call with von der Leyen Trump announced that the tariff would be delayed to July 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=May 25, 2025 |title=Trump delays 50% tariffs on EU to July 9 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/25/trump-50percent-tariffs-eu-july-9.html |access-date=May 25, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The EU offered a variety of financial and non-financial concessions, including accepting a 10% blanket tariff, but Trump rejected it and, on July 12, sent the EU a letter threatening a 30% tariff on its goods beginning August 1.<ref name="guardian0712">{{cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |date=July 12, 2025 |title=Donald Trump announces 30% tariffs on goods from the EU and Mexico |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jul/12/trump-tariffs-eu-mexico |access-date=July 12, 2025 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Deepens>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/us-eu-trade-deal-avoids-tariff-war-deepens-european-dependence |last=Matthijs |first=Matthias |title=U.S.-EU Trade Deal Avoids a Tariff War, but Deepens European Dependence | work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] | date=July 30, 2025}}</ref> The EU worried about a no-deal scenario and met with various Japanese and Chinese officials to improve other relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2025 |title=The EU flies to Japan in search of new markets |url=https://www.efanews.eu/item/52336-the-eu-flies-to-japan-in-search-of-new-markets.html |access-date=July 22, 2025 |website=www.efanews.eu |language=EN}}</ref><ref name=Deepens/>

On July 27, the US and the EU announced a deal in which the US would impose a 15% tariff—more than triple the average 4.8% that European goods had faced before Trump took office.<ref name=Deepens/> According to an executive order signed by Trump, 15% would be the minimum tariff and goods tariffed above that would stay at their current rate. However, the EU insisted the deal was all-inclusive and expected additional executive orders to reduce the tariff for all goods to a maximum of 15%. "If the U.S. administration does not stick to that, we have the means to react to that," said a European official.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Strupczewski |first1=Jan |last2=Payne |first2=Julia |date=August 5, 2025 |title=EU still expects turbulence in trade relations with US |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/eu-still-expects-turbulence-trade-relations-with-us-2025-08-05/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250805104801/https://www.reuters.com/business/eu-still-expects-turbulence-trade-relations-with-us-2025-08-05/ |archive-date=August 5, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Trump said the EU would buy $750 billion worth of U.S. energy and invest an additional $600 billion into the US.<ref name=six>{{Cite web |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=August 4, 2025 |title=EU will delay planned U.S. tariffs for six months to allow for trade talks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/04/trump-eu-trade-tariffs.html |access-date=August 4, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> However, the EU stressed that the agreement was not legally binding<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2025 |title=EU-US tariff deal not finished yet, say Europeans unhappy with Trump's terms |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgp5q4x4nzo |access-date=August 4, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and could not enforce the $600 billion commitment because the money would come from private companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2025 |title=EU admits it can't guarantee $600B promise to Trump |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eus-600bn-us-investment-will-come-exclusively-from-private-sector/ |access-date=August 4, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:President Donald Trump poses for a photo with Prime Minister Gahr Store of Norway (54475967533).jpg|thumb|Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]

On April 24, 2025, [[Norwegian Prime Minister]] [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] and Finance Minister [[Jens Stoltenberg]] convened with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House to engage in discussions concerning trade tariffs and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2025 |title= Norway tamed Trump at home|url=https://www.newsinenglish.no/2025/04/24/norway-tamed-trump-at-home/ |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=NewsInEnglish.no |language=en}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
[[File:Starmer-Trump bilateral 2025-02-27-17-54.jpg|thumb|British Prime Minister Keir Starmer holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
The United States ran a trade surplus with the United Kingdom in 2024 and assigned the UK its lowest "reciprocal tariff" rate of 10%. However, the US was the UK's largest export market for cars and second largest for steel products, and the UK was hit hard by Trump's 25% tariffs on these sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desrochers |first=Daniel |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Poll shows big problem for Trump's trade deal: It's Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/09/trump-distrust-us-uk-trade-deal-poll-00337503 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UK trade with the United States - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/uktradewiththeunitedstates2023/2023 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

In March 2025, the UK chose not to retaliate against the US metal tariffs.<ref name="Lawder-2025a" /> Chancellor [[Rachel Reeves]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] said there were ongoing discussions to reduce the UK's Digital Services Tax (DST) to avoid further trade friction. Introduced in 2020, the UK DST levies a 2% tax on large digital firms, primarily impacting American tech companies and generating approximately £800 million annually. The [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] criticized the proposal, describing it as a "tax handout to Elon Musk, Zuckerberg, and other US tech barons," and advocated for raising the rate to 6% instead.<ref name="wwwbbccom-2025">{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2025 |title=UK considers big tech tax changes to appease Donald Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8j0dgym8w1o |access-date=March 25, 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Prior to the reciprocal tariff announcement, the UK submitted a draft proposal offering to lower its DST in exchange for reduced US tariffs on steel, aluminum, and cars, but did not secure a deal.<ref name=":4" /> The government began researching retaliatory tariffs and solicited input from British businesses on the least domestically harmful options.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 3, 2025 |title=UK teases retaliatory tariffs on US goods |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/trump-tariffs-uk-retaliatory-goods-import-export-liberation-day-trade/ |work=Politico}}</ref>

On April 15, 2025, Vice President JD Vance said there was a "good chance" a US–UK trade deal could be reached.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2025 |title='Good chance' of US trade deal with UK, says Vice-President Vance |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly1j4yg872o |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, by April 29, US officials reportedly viewed talks with the UK as a secondary priority.<ref name=":4" /> On May 5, 2025, President Trump threatened to impose 100% tariffs on foreign-made films, posing a serious threat to the UK's film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duell |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Donald Trump hits movies made in the UK with 100% tariffs |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-14678755/Donald-Trump-foreign-movies-UK-tariffs-Hollywood.html |access-date=May 6, 2025 |website=Mail Online}}</ref> Prime minister [[Keir Starmer]] faced renewed pressure to negotiate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Michael |last2=Helmore |first2=Edward |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Trump's foreign film tariffs could 'wipe out' UK movie industry, ministers told |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/may/05/fears-trump-foreign-film-tariffs-wipe-out-uk-movie-industry |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[File:President Donald Trump announcing a trade agreement with the United Kingdom (54507052107).jpg|thumb|Trump announced he had reached the first trade deal with the United Kingdom.]]

On May 8, Trump announced he had reached the first trade deal of his second administration with the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Trump hails framework of U.K. trade deal, but 10% tariffs will remain on some items - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-uk-trump-starmer-major-trade-deal/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Under the framework, the US would eliminate tariffs on British airplane parts and metals up to a quota and reduce tariffs on 100,000 cars from 25% to 10%. In return, the UK would eliminate tariffs on US [[Ethanol fuel|ethanol]] and allow up to 13,000 metric tons of US beef—up from a previous cap of 1,000 tons at a 20% tariff.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=July 16, 2025 |title=Trump says Indonesia to pay 19% tariffs, buy 50 Boeing jets under trade deal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jul/16/trump-says-indonesia-to-pay-19-tariffs-buy-50-boeing-jets-under-trade-deal |access-date=July 16, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The deal did not alter the UK's food safety standards, leaving [[Growth hormone#Agricultural use|hormone-treated]] US beef ineligible for import, and it did not modify the UK's DST or 10% tariff on American cars.<ref name=":8" />

[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends the G7 Summit in Canada (54594328961).jpg|thumb|U.S. President Donald Trump and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer held bilateral talks during the G7 Summit.]]

While US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer said other countries should consider the framework as a model and that it was "the exact type of deal we should be making", analysts described the deal as a "very small win" that kept the 10% minimum tariff largely in place.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=May 8, 2025 |title=U.S.-U.K. trade deal: From Ford to McLaren, steel to beef, impact to be limited, says freight CEO |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/08/trump-us-uk-trade-deal-import-export-impact.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]] described it as "better than nothing but it's not much," criticizing the Labour government for settling rather than pursuing a broader free trade agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Talks with US over digital services continue, says PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ld568v5j4o |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> US automakers criticized the deal for making it cheaper to import a car from the UK than one of their cars assembled in Mexico or Canada using US parts.<ref name=":9" /> The deal was finalized at the [[51st G7 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Trump signs order confirming parts of UK-US tariff deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy8gxp7dvepo |access-date=June 17, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
[[File:President Donald Trump greets Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the West Wing Lobby entrance of the White House (54875144201).jpg|thumb|Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]
On February 4, 2025, [[Jim Chalmers|Treasurer Jim Chalmers]] addressed concerns regarding potential U.S. tariffs on Australian imports, mentioning that whilst he did not rule out the possibility of imposing counter-tariffs if Trump targeted Australia, he preferred to avoid retaliatory measures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 4, 2025 |title='That's not our preference': Treasurer plays down trade war retaliation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-04/jim-chalmers-donald-trump-trade-war-tariffs/104894286? |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

After the announcement of a 25% tariff on steel and aluminum, [[Anthony Albanese|Prime Minister Anthony Albanese]] engaged in discussions with Trump to achieve some kind of exemption, which ended up with a statement from the White House that expressed concerns about Australia allegedly disregarding past commitments to restrain aluminum exports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 10, 2025 |title=Albanese says exemption from US metal tariffs 'under consideration' — as it happened |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-11/federal-politics-live-blog-feburary-11/104921486? |access-date=April 9, 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Despite Albanese's efforts, the U.S. officially imposed a 25% tariff on Australian steel and aluminum, leading to him calling it an "unjustified" action, however confirming that Australia would not retaliate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2025 |title=Australia won't retaliate against 'unjustified' U.S. tariffs, prime minister says |url=https://www.gpb.org/news/2025/03/12/australia-wont-retaliate-against-unjustified-us-tariffs-prime-minister-says |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Georgia Public Broadcasting |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, Trade Minister [[Don Farrell]] continuously attempted to achieve some kind of exemption through negotiations, but to no avail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Australia again makes its case for US tariffs exemption |url=https://theqldr.com.au/politics/2025/03/18/us_aust-51/? |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The Queenslander}}</ref>

Trump imposed a 10% tariff on Australia as part of the "reciprocal tariffs" on April 2, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shahar Hameiri |title=Trump's tariffs explained |url=https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2025/04/trumps-tariffs-explained |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The University of Queensland |language=en}}</ref> On April 3, 2025, Albanese stated that he would negotiate with the United States to remove tariffs and would not impose reciprocal tariffs as he believed that trade wars are a race to the bottom.<ref name="LG" /> He released a five-point strategy to mitigate the damage to impacted industries. The strategy includes a $50 million assistance package to help industries like beef exports find new customers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-04-03/albanese-outlines-five-point-plan-trump-tariffs-election-2025/105131590 | title=Albanese outlines five-point plan to respond to Trump's tariffs |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=April 3, 2025}}</ref> On April 9, 2025, Australia declined an offer to 'join hands' on Trump's tariffs by China's ambassador to Australia, [[Xiao Qian (diplomat)|Xiao Qian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Australia declines China's offer to 'join hands' on Trump tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy663nl3yxo |access-date=April 11, 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

After Trump announced a 100% tariff on films produced outside the United States, as early as May 6, 2025, the Australian government called the tariffs "unjustified", leading to considerations to re-open "trade talks" with the EU, which had collapsed in 2023 when the sides could not reach an agreement on Australian agricultural exporters' access to the European market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian govt to make case that US tariffs on foreign films 'unjustified' |website=The Siasat Daily |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=May 6, 2025 |url=https://www.siasat.com/australian-govt-to-make-case-that-us-tariffs-on-foreign-films-unjustified-3217031/ |access-date=May 6, 2025}}</ref>

====Fiji====
On February 4, 2025, [[Ministry of Commerce, Trade, Tourism and Transport (Fiji)|Fiji's Minister for Trade]], [[Manoa Kamikamica]], said that, while it was premature to determine the effects on [[Fiji]] as a result of the 25% tariffs imposed on Canada, Mexico, and China, there were concerns that this was the first step toward a global trade war that would also engulf Fiji, fearing that Fiji could become one of Trump's future targets.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://pina.com.fj/2025/02/04/fiji-watching-u-s-tariff-moves-with-concern/ |title=Fiji watching U.S tariff moves with concern |work=Pacific Islands News Association |date=February 4, 2025}}</ref> However, on February 19, 2025, Acting Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Professor [[Biman Prasad]], suggested that the tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China will not affect Fiji, and might instead bring benefits to Fiji, saying that "countries like Fiji could see cheaper goods flowing through the Pacific as these nations look to offload excess capacity".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/business/tariffs-no-problems-acting-pm/ | first=Shania Shayal | last=Prasad |title=Tariffs no problems: Acting PM |work=[[Fijian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=February 19, 2025}}</ref> Prasad added three days later that Fiji's economic fundamentals had improved during the last two years and affirmed that the administration did not see any immediate risks that may disrupt its economic prospects.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/economy-strong-tariff-war-no-impact/ |last=TABUREGUCI |first=DIONISIA |title=Economy strong, tariff war no impact |work=[[Fiji Times]] |date=February 21, 2025}}</ref> Even so, Fijian analysts continued to speculate that the increased price of imported aluminum and steel could impact the Fijian economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2025 |title=Tariff Trouble: How Trump's Trade Policy Could Impact Fiji's Economy |url=https://fijiglobalnews.com/tariff-trouble-how-trumps-trade-policy-could-impact-fijis-economy/? |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=FijiGlobalNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 2, Trump announced "reciprocal tariffs" on Fiji amounting to 32%, despite the Fijian government imposing less than 2% import duties on average on all U.S. imports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fijian Government |url=https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/News/RESPONSE-TO-THE-RECENT-RECIPROCAL-TARIFF-ANNOUNCED |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403130224/https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/News/RESPONSE-TO-THE-RECENT-RECIPROCAL-TARIFF-ANNOUNCED |archive-date=April 3, 2025 |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=The Fijian Government |language=ru-En |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sitiveni Rabuka|Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka]] admitted that his government was not ready for Trump's 'reciprocal tariffs' and was caught by surprise.<ref name="FH">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Fiji have been slapped with the highest US tariffs in the Pacific |url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/regional/fiji/fiji-have-been-slapped-with-the-highest-us-tariffs-in-the-pacific/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Cook Islands News |language=en}}</ref> Regarding his possible plans, he said that, "The world is bigger than the United States" and that Fiji would have to look at new sources of imports and new markets for their exports.<ref name="FH" /> The immediate effects of such tariffs hit products such as [[Fiji Water]], [[kava]], [[dalo]] and [[turmeric]], which are amongst the biggest exported products from Fiji towards the USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiji exports to the US like Fiji Water, kava, dalo and turmeric to be hit hard with increase in the 32% tariffs |url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Fiji-exports-to-the-US-like-Fiji-Water-kava-dalo-and-turmeric-to--be-hit-hard-with-increase-in-the-32-tariffs-4fr5x8/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=fijivillage |language=en}}</ref> Fiji's Finance Minister said that the 32 percent tariff by the Trump administration – the highest in the Pacific – is unfair, while a government spokesperson said he did not understand how the region threatens the American economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Fiji And Other Pacific Nations Decry 'Unfair And Disappointing' US Tariffs |work=Scoop News |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO2504/S00127/fiji-and-other-pacific-nations-decry-unfair-and-disappointing-us-tariffs.htm |access-date=April 9, 2025}}</ref> On April 10, 2025, following Trump's "walk back", Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade Kamikamica announced that a meeting with United States Trade Representatives was set to happen the following week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiji Set for Tariff Talks Next Week |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2025/04/11/fiji-set-for-tariff-talks-next-week/ |access-date=April 11, 2025 |website=fijisun.com.fj |language=en-US}}</ref>

On May 11, 2025, Fiji was confirmed to be amongst the list of nations that the U.S. would engage talks regarding tariffs with.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CHAND |first=ANISH |date=May 11, 2025 |title=Fiji amongst 20 countries to have a first go at trade talks with US |url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/fiji-amongst-20-countries-to-have-a-first-go-at-trade-talks-with-us/ |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=The Fiji Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, Manoa Kamikamica stated that Fiji was committed to working with the USA on the tariff negotiations and achieve a win-win outcome for both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=fijivillage |title=Fiji's Ministry of Trade strategically ahead in the queue for tariff talks with the US |url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Fijis-Ministry-of-Trade-strategically-ahead-in-the-queue-for-tariff-talks-with-the-US-x8fr45/ |access-date=May 20, 2025 |website=www.fijivillage.com |language=en}}</ref>

On July 9, 2025, Manoa Kamikamica confessed that an actual detailed agreement may not be possible in the short term.<ref>{{Cite web |last=fijivillage |title=Positive signs for Fiji as tariff talks continue ahead of extended August 1 deadline |url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Positive-signs-for-Fiji-as-tariff-talks-continue-ahead-of-extended-August-1-deadline-xr54f8/ |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=www.fijivillage.com |language=en}}</ref>

The 32% tariff on Fiji was modified to 15%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IB |first=Reporter |date=2025-08-04 |title=Tariff reduction for Fiji |url=https://islandsbusiness.com/news-break/tariff-reduction-for-fiji/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Islands Business |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Latin America and the Caribbean===
==== Brazil ====
[[File:26-10-2025 - Presidente da República, Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, durante Encontro com o Presidente dos Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, durante o 47ª Cúpula da Associação de Nações do Sudeste Asiático.jpg|thumb|Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump in Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia.]]
The US has consistently run trade surpluses with Brazil since 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchwald |first=Elisabeth |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Trump threatens 50% tariffs on Brazil if it doesn't stop the Bolsonaro 'witch hunt' trial {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/09/economy/tariff-letters-trump |access-date=July 31, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> with one of $253 million in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayres|first=Marcela|title=Brazil's trade surplus shrinks by nearly a quarter in 2024 on rising imports|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-trade-surplus-shrinks-by-nearly-quarter-2024-rising-imports-2025-01-06/}}</ref> Nonetheless, Trump criticized the country for being a "tremendous tariff maker" and pledged to impose tariffs on its exports.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 28, 2025|title=Trump calls China, India, and Brazil "tremendous tariff-makers," vows to protect US interests|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/trump-calls-china-india-and-brazil-tremendous-tariff-makers-vows-to-protect-us-interests/articleshow/117634021.cms?from=mdr|access-date=April 9, 2025|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Brazilian president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] vowed to reciprocate.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lisandra Paraguassu|author2=Gabriel Araujo|title=Brazil's Lula vows to reciprocate potential Trump tariffs, makes market-friendly remarks|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-lula-says-petrobras-free-decide-fuel-price-tweaks-2025-01-30/}}</ref> However, following Trump's 25% tariffs on steel and aluminum, Brazilian Institutional Affairs Minister [[Alexandre Padilha]] said that Brazil would not retaliate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valorinternational.globo.com/foreign-affairs/news/2025/02/12/government-rejects-trade-war-says-us-isnt-aiming-at-brazil.ghtml|title=Government rejects trade war, says U.S. isn't aiming a Brazil|website=Valor International|first1=Fabio|last1=Murakawa|first2=Ruan|last2=Amorim|first3=Guilherme|last3=Pimenta|first4=Stella|last4=Fontes|date=February 12, 2025|accessdate=April 16, 2025}}</ref>

On April 2, 2025, Donald Trump imposed the base 10% tariff on Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazil may emerge as winner from sweeping US tariffs, economists say|website=[[Reuters]]|date=April 3, 2025|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-may-emerge-winner-sweeping-us-tariffs-economists-say-2025-04-03/|last1=Ayres|first1=Marcela}}</ref> The reaction from Brazilian exporters was mixed. Coffee exporters saw an opportunity to send more [[Coffea canephora|robusta beans]] to the US due to international rivals being initially hit with heavier charges,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Samora|first=Roberto|date=April 9, 2025|title=Brazil coffee exporters glimpse opportunity amidst US tariffs|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/trade/exports/insights/brazil-coffee-exporters-glimpse-opportunity-amidst-us-tariffs/articleshow/120114934.cms|access-date=April 9, 2025|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> while other companies, such as [[Embraer]], worried over rising complexity and costs for their US customers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-sg/money/other/brazil-s-embraer-says-new-us-tariffs-will-add-complexity-and-costs-to-jets/ar-AA1CxuP1|access-date=April 27, 2025|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

On April 3, 2025, Brazil's government stated that it would explore options including involving the World Trade Organization. The [[Brazilian National Congress]] passed a "Trade Reciprocity Law", enabling the government to respond to potential unilateral trade measures imposed against Brazilian goods and services.<ref name="LG"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 14, 2025|title=Brazil adopts reciprocity law in response to Trump's trade war|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/economia/noticia/2025-04/brazil-adopts-reciprocity-law-response-trumps-trade-war|access-date=April 17, 2025|website=Agência Brasil|language=en}}</ref> By May 2025, according to statements released by [[Ministry of finance|Brazilian Finance Minister]] [[Fernando Haddad]], Brazil and the United States were negotiating the terms of an understanding on tariffs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atungwu|first=Matthew|date=May 5, 2025|title=Tariffs: Brazil, US negotiating terms of understanding|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/05/tariffs-brazil-us-negotiating-terms-of-understanding/|access-date=May 6, 2025|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>

On July 9, 2025, Trump announced that the United States would impose a 50% tariff on Brazilian goods. He criticized the criminal prosecution of former Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], accused Brazil of being an unfair trading partner, and claimed the tariff was still less than what the U.S. needed for a "level playing field"—despite the US trade surplus with Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Al Jazeera Staff|title=Trump singles out Brazil for 50 percent tariffs, citing political motives|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/9/trump-singles-out-brazil-for-fifty-percent-tariffs-citing-political-motives|access-date=July 10, 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> This led to comparisons with [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|federal prosecution of Donald Trump]] involving the [[Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal|scandal with Stormy Daniels]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Salvador|first=Susana|date=July 11, 2025|title=Trump volta a defender Bolsonaro: "um homem bom"|url=https://www.dn.pt/internacional/trump-volta-a-defender-bolsonaro-um-homem-bom|access-date=July 12, 2025|website=Diário de Notícias|language=pt}}</ref> and Trump's [[Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump|eligibility]] after [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 9, 2025|title=Trump volta a defender Bolsonaro nas redes sociais: 'Caça às bruxas'|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2025/07/09/trump-bolsonaro-redes-sociais.ghtml|access-date=July 12, 2025|website=G1|language=pt-br}}</ref> versus [[Ineligibility of Jair Bolsonaro|Bolsonaro's ineligibility]] after [[8 January Brasília attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 10, 2025|title=Lula diz que Bolsonaro deve assumir responsabilidade porque concorda com tarifas de Trump|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2025/07/lula-diz-que-bolsonaro-deve-assumir-responsabilidade-porque-concorda-com-tarifas-de-trump.shtml|access-date=July 12, 2025|website=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt-BR}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow            = 3
| total_width       = 350
| image1            = P20230814AS-0367 (cropped).jpg
| image2            = Foto oficial de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (ombros) denoise.jpg
| image3            = Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2019 (cropped).jpg
| footer            = [[Paul Krugman]] (left) criticized Donald Trump's tariff on Brazilian goods, arguing it was meant to help "another wannabe dictator", while the stance of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] (center) was praised by [[Joseph Stiglitz]] (right), who stated the Brazilian president stood up to Trump and "has defended his country's sovereignty".
}}

[[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize]]–winning economist [[Paul Krugman]] criticized the tariff announced by Trump. In a piece titled "Trump's Dictator Protection Program",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Krugman|date=July 9, 2025|title=Trump's Dictator Protection Program|url=https://paulkrugman.substack.com/p/trumps-dictator-protection-program|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716085549/https://paulkrugman.substack.com/p/trumps-dictator-protection-program|archive-date=July 16, 2025|work=[[Substack]]}}</ref> Krugman described the move as evil and megalomaniacal, stating it would be reason enough to impeach the president. He argued Trump is using the massive tariff hike for political purposes, to help "another wannabe dictator".<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 10, 2025|title=Paul Krugman critica Trump por tarifa de 50% aplicada ao Brasil: 'Maligna e megalomaníaca'|trans-title=Paul Krugman criticizes Trump for 50% tariff imposed on Brazil: 'Evil and megalomaniacal'|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/07/10/paul-krugman-tarifa-trump-brasil.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710220250/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2025/07/10/paul-krugman-tarifa-trump-brasil.ghtml|archive-date=July 10, 2025|work=[[G1 (website)|g1]]|language=Portuguese}}</ref> Fellow Nobel Prize–winning economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]] stated in an article titled "Brazil's Brave Stand Against Trump"<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stiglitz|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Stiglitz|date=July 28, 2025|title=Brazil's Brave Stand Against Trump|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/brazil-president-lula-standing-up-to-trump-by-joseph-e-stiglitz-2025-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728115831/https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/brazil-president-lula-standing-up-to-trump-by-joseph-e-stiglitz-2025-07|archive-date=July 28, 2025|work=[[Project Syndicate]]}}</ref> on [[Project Syndicate]] at the end of July that Brazilian president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], by refusing to submit to United States intimidation, "has defended his country's sovereignty" not only in trade but also in the regulation of [[Big Tech|American-controlled tech platforms]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pugliese Vellani|first=Isabella|date=July 29, 2025|title=Brasil se recusa à intimidação dos EUA e reafirma compromisso com democracia, diz Nobel de Economia|trans-title=Brazil refuses United States intimidation and reaffirms commitment to democracy, says Nobel Prize–winning economist|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/economia/tarifaco-trump-joseph-stiglitz-brasil-compromisso-democracia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730095449/https://www.estadao.com.br/economia/tarifaco-trump-joseph-stiglitz-brasil-compromisso-democracia/|archive-date=July 30, 2025|work=[[Estadão]]|language=Portuguese}}</ref> Stiglitz argued world leaders should follow Lula da Silva's lead in standing up to Trump's "bullying".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Braun|first=Julia|date=July 29, 2025|title=Líderes deveriam fazer como Lula e reagir com coragem a bullying de Trump, diz Nobel de economia|trans-title=Leaders should follow Lula's example and respond with courage to Trump's bullying, says Nobel Prize–winning economist|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cnv7jyr04z5o|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730100049/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cnv7jyr04z5o|archive-date=July 30, 2025|work=[[BBC News Brasil]]|language=Portuguese}}</ref>

On July 30, however, Trump exempted several Brazilian exports, notably airplanes, aeronautical components, iron ore, aluminium, natural gas, orange juice, fertilizers, petroleum and lumber. Other main Brazilian exports to the US were not exempted and could face tariffs, such as coffee, fruits (mangos, pineapples and cocoas) and meats.<ref name=escaparam>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Tarifaço de Trump: os produtos brasileiros que escaparam de novas taxas |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/c0r7gewdpvjo |access-date=July 31, 2025 |website=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-br}}</ref> He also extended the tariffs implementation deadline to August 6, not August 1, as he previously stated.<ref name=escaparam/> After signing off on the tariffs but including a long list of exceptions covering nearly 700 products, Brazilians adopted the phrase [[Trump Always Chickens Out]] (TACO) to mock the American president; the acronym became one of the seven most-used terms on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) that week.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampaio |first=Henrique |date=July 31, 2025 |title=Sabe o que é 'TACO'? Entenda o meme que brasileiros adotaram para ironizar recuos de Trump |trans-title=Do you know what 'TACO' is? Understand the meme Brazilians adopted to mock Trump's backdowns |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/link/cultura-digital/sabe-o-que-e-taco-entenda-o-meme-que-brasileiros-adotaram-para-ironizar-recuos-de-trump-nprei/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731205932/https://www.estadao.com.br/link/cultura-digital/sabe-o-que-e-taco-entenda-o-meme-que-brasileiros-adotaram-para-ironizar-recuos-de-trump-nprei/ |archive-date=July 31, 2025 |work=[[Estadão]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Granchi |first=Giulia |date=July 31, 2025 |title=Como surgiu o meme do 'TACO', usado agora por brasileiros para provocar Trump |trans-title=How did the 'TACO' meme originate, now used by Brazilians to mock Trump? |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cg502ye9dqqo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801083453/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cg502ye9dqqo |archive-date=August 1, 2025 |work=[[BBC News Brasil]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref>

In August 2025, China authorized 183 Brazilian companies to export coffee under a five-year agreement, aiming to boost imports amid rising domestic demand. The move followed the U.S. imposition of a 50% tariff on Brazilian coffee, which supplies about 30% of U.S. imports. As a result, prices rose sharply for American roasters, forcing many to raise consumer prices or absorb losses. While China offered Brazilian producers alternative buyers and greater visibility, the market was not expected to fully replace U.S. demand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diaz |first=Jaclyn |date=2025-07-21 |title=U.S. coffee drinkers and businesses will pay the price for Trump's Brazil tariffs |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/07/21/nx-s1-5470131/us-coffee-prices-brazil-trump-tariffs |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=China opens door to Brazilian coffee as US slaps on new tariff |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3320739/china-opens-door-brazilian-coffee-us-slaps-new-tariff |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

[[Oliver Stuenkel]], associate professor at the School of International Relations in São Paulo, stated that Brazil’s President Lula initially hoped to maintain a multi-alignment approach without provoking U.S. tariffs and resisted turning BRICS into an anti-Western bloc. However, faced with U.S. tariff pressures, Lula shifted toward diversifying Brazil’s international partnerships and strengthening [[BRICS]]. [[Matias Spektor]], professor of politics and international relations at [[Fundação Getulio Vargas]], observed that China has emerged as a significant beneficiary of the U.S. tariffs on Brazil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=2025-08-27 |title=Trump tariffs are reshaping old alliances as the global south plots its own path |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/27/trumps-tariffs-trade-war |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On 14 September 2025, Following the sentencing of former Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro|Jair Messias Bolsonaro]] to 27 years and 3 months in prison, Brazil risks facing 200% tariffs from the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=MAGA sees Brazil as a harbinger for Trump's US – Bolsonaro's trial proves them wrong |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/09/12/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-verdict-analysis-trump-intl-latam |access-date=14 September 2025 |agency=cnn.com |publisher=cnn.com |date=14 September 2025}}</ref> [[The New York Times|''The New York Times'']] published articles pointing to how Brazil now serves as more of a democracy than the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nicas |first1=Jack |date=2025-08-29 |title=Brazil's Democratic Quandary: How to Prosecute a President |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/29/world/americas/brazil-president-bolsonaro-lula-trial.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-15 |title=New York Times: Brazil serves as example of democracy to US |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2025-09/new-york-times-brazil-serves-example-democracy-us |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Agência Brasil |language=en}}</ref>

====Colombia====
On January 26, 2025, [[Colombia–United States relations#21st century|a dispute arose between Colombia and the US]] after Colombian president [[Gustavo Petro]] refused to allow the landing of two US military aircraft carrying [[Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump|deported]] Colombian nationals.<ref name="NBC-News-2025a">{{cite news |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Trump announces retaliatory measures after Colombia blocks military deportation flights from U.S. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/colombia-turns-away-deportation-flights-rcna189335 |access-date=January 26, 2025 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Petro called the treatment of deportees on military flights undignified and said he would accept deportation flights on civilian planes.<ref name="Stewart-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Phil |last2=Griffin |first2=Oliver |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Trump imposes tariffs, sanctions on Colombia after it refuses deportation flights |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombias-petro-will-not-allow-us-planes-return-migrants-2025-01-26/ |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> In response, Trump ordered retaliation against Colombia and its officials,<ref name="Stewart-2025" /> including 25&nbsp;percent tariffs that would increase to 50&nbsp;percent in one week if Petro did not reverse his position.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Glatsky |first1=Genevieve |last2=Romero |first2=Simon |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Trump Hits Colombia With Tariffs in Feud Over Military Deportation Flights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/26/world/americas/colombia-us-deportation-flights.html |access-date=January 26, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Petro responded by ordering a 25&nbsp;percent tariff on the US that would also increase to 50&nbsp;percent.<ref name="Stewart-2025" /> Hours later, the US said Colombia had agreed to "unrestricted acceptance" of deportees, including on military aircraft.<ref name="cnn20250126-2330">{{cite news |date=January 26, 2025 |title=White House backs off on tariffs on Colombia after agreement on 'unrestricted acceptance' of migrants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/26/politics/colombia-tariffs-trump-deportation-flights/index.html |access-date=January 27, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Colombia said it would "continue to receive" deported Colombians and would guarantee them "dignified conditions".<ref name="NBC-News-2025a" />

====El Salvador====
[[File:The White House - 54452406354.jpg|thumb|El Salvadoran president Nayib Bukele holds talks with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House.]]

On April 2, 2025, President Trump announced a 10% reciprocal tariff on imports from [[El Salvador]], marking a significant shift in U.S. trade policy towards the country. The tariff was presented as part of Trump's broader strategy to enforce what he calls "fair and balanced trade" with smaller economies.<ref name="CBSNews09042025"/> Interestingly, just two days later, El Salvador's President, [[Nayib Bukele]], publicly welcomed the measure, describing it as a "great idea" and emphasizing the importance of long-term over short-term economic considerations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2025 |title=The Americas React to Trump's Reciprocal Tariffs |url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/americas-react-trumps-reciprocal-tariffs |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=AS/COA |language=en}}</ref>

===Other unions===
====BRICS====
In November 2024 and again in January 2025, Trump attempted to threaten [[BRICS]] countries saying they would face 100% tariffs if they attempted to replace the US dollar as a [[reserve currency]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shakil |first=Ismail |title=Trump repeats tariffs threat to dissuade BRICS nations from replacing US dollar |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/trump-repeats-tariffs-threat-dissuade-brics-nations-replacing-us-dollar-2025-01-31/ |work=Reuters |date=January 31, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2025}}</ref>

====Eurasian Economic Union====
As of April 3, 2025, according to [[Kommersant]]'s source in the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], which regulates the import duties of the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] countries, they are unlikely to change – this is a well-established opinion. "The Union as a whole is not significantly affected by the tariff increase, most countries will be subject to a duty of 10%, which in the new realities can be considered the [[most favourable treatment]]". At the same time, Russia itself has sufficient freedom to impose unilateral restrictive measures, which often happened after 2022. If Russia finds itself hit by other countries raising duties in response to a US import tariff hike, it will still have the option to respond accordingly.<ref name="kommersant.ru">{{cite web |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Трамп, который хлопнул |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7624548}}</ref>

==Impacts==
{{see also|Trade war|Economic sanctions|Dedollarisation|SWIFT#Alternatives|l4=Alternatives to SWIFT|BRICS}}

===United States===

====Economic impacts====
[[File:RichmondfedAETRgraph.png|thumb|A graph of average effective tariff rate by industry in the United States, as calculated by analysts at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond]], as of April 9, 2025]]
Although Trump's first-term economic policy featured lower and more targeted tariffs with many exceptions, he promised higher rates, broader impacts, and few exceptions in his second term.<ref name="Sherman-2025a2">{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Natalie |date=February 5, 2025 |title=Here's how Trump's tariffs could impact you and your wallet |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/05/nx-s1-5284991/trump-tariffs-higher-prices-inflation-mexico-canada-china |access-date=February 11, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Trump Has Said 'No Exceptions' to His Tariffs. Will That Last? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/10/business/economy/trump-tariffs-exceptions.html |access-date=March 19, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to the [[Tax Foundation]], the first Trump administration imposed tariffs on approximately $380&nbsp;billion worth of imports. Comparatively, the second Trump administration imposed tariffs of at least 10% on $2.3 trillion of US goods imports, or 71% of goods imports, by May 2025.<ref name="York-20252">{{Cite web |last1=York |first1=Erica |last2=Durante |first2=Alex |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Tracking the Economic Impact of the Trump Tariffs |url=https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/trump-tariffs-trade-war/ |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Tax Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> A study published in the [[Journal of Supply Chain Management]] estimated that U.S. importers paid $19.3 billion in duties in April 2025 (about 3.5 times the average monthly duties collected at the peak of the 2018-19 trade war).<ref name=Shock/>

At the start of Trump's second term, confusion over rapidly fluctuating tariff levels and other economic policies created significant uncertainty for businesses and economists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neuman |first=Scott |date=March 11, 2025 |title=As Trump downplays economic fears, this data shows people feel differently |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/11/nx-s1-5323098/trump-economy-uncertainty-tariffs-confidence |access-date=March 19, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John |date=March 10, 2025 |title=Will Trumpian Uncertainty Knock the Economy Into a Recession? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-financial-page/will-trumpian-uncertainty-knock-the-economy-into-a-recession |access-date=March 19, 2025 |magazine=The New Yorker |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> As noted in April 2025 by [[Zanny Minton Beddoes]], editor-in-chief of ''[[The Economist]]'', it was not clear whether Trump viewed tariffs as a tactic to negotiate better trade deals with foreign countries or if "he primarily wants to have a kind of 19th-century view, where the U.S., in his view, prospered behind a high tariff wall".<ref name=unpacks/> Importers rushed shipments to avoid tariffs, particularly in passenger vehicles and pharmaceuticals.<ref name=Shock/> 

In 2024, the year prior to Trump's inauguration, the US GDP grew by 2.8%.<ref name="Cohen-20252">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Patricia |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Trump's Trade War Will Slow Global Economic Growth, OECD Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/17/business/trump-trade-war-global-economy.html |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In March 2025, the Federal Reserve lowered its 2025 US GDP forecast from 2.1% to 1.7%,<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 2025 Fed Meeting: Interest Rates Kept Steady, Slower Economic Growth Projected|website= J.P. Morgan |url=https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/fed-meeting-march-2025 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> while the OECD projected a decline to 2.2% in 2025 and 1.6% in 2026.<ref name="Cohen-20252" />

In June 2025, the Federal Reserve further reduced its 2025 US GDP expectations to 1.4%. It also expected [[Personal consumption expenditures price index|PCE]] to increase to 3.1% in 2025, higher than its March forecast of 2.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Yun |date=June 18, 2025 |title=Fed sees its preferred inflation gauge topping 3% this year, higher than previous forecast |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/18/federal-reserve-dot-plot-and-economic-projection-june-2025.html |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Chairman Jerome Powell stated that while Trump had eased concerns by backing away from some of the high tariffs announced on his "Liberation Day", the committee had begun to notice price increases attributable to tariffs and expected more over the course of the summer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawder |first=David |date=June 18, 2025 |title=Fed's Powell says he expects to see more tariff-driven price hikes in coming months |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/feds-powell-says-he-expects-see-more-tariff-driven-price-hikes-coming-months-2025-06-18/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, [[inflation]] in the United States increased slightly as companies passed on the cost of tariffs to consumers. The consumer price index (CPI)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aratani |first=Lauren |date=2025-08-12 |title=US prices continued rise in July as Trump tariffs impact consumer costs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/aug/12/inflation-cpi-trump-tariffs |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> which tracks a basket of goods and services, rose by 2.9% year-on-year, the highest level since January<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer Price Index Summary - 2025 M08 Results |url=https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en-us}}</ref>. The core consumer price index (Core CPI), which excludes energy and food prices, remained steady at 3.1% following an increase in July.

Despite the uptick in inflation, Wall Street expressed optimism that the Federal Reserve would lower interest rates at its board meeting. The Federal Reserve faced pressure from President Donald Trump to reduce rates, though analysts suggested that the decision was more likely to be influenced by concerns about a weakening labor market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aratani |first=Lauren |date=2025-09-11 |title=US inflation rises in August as firms pass Trump tariffs cost on to consumers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/sep/11/us-inflation-august-trump-tariffs |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The first-quarter earnings report revealed that automakers, airlines, and consumer goods importers were the most affected by tariff threats, according to Reuters. Additionally, there were cost increases due to tariffs on aluminum and electronics, including semiconductors. The HBS Pricing Lab reported seasonal price declines across both U.S.-made and imported goods through early March, indicating a decrease in imports.<ref>{{cite web |title=What has been the impact of Trump's tariffs so far? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/7/31/what-has-been-the-impact-of-trumps-tariffs-so-far |website=aljazeera}}</ref>

An October 2025 study from S&P Global found that companies are expected to spend at least $1.2 trillion more in 2025 than previously projected, with researchers calculating that two-thirds of the "expense shock," more than $900 billion, would be absorbed by Americans. Last month, the Yale Budget Lab estimated that the tariffs would cost households roughly $2,400 more a year.<ref>{{cite news |title='Empty shelves, higher prices': Americans tell of cost of Trump's tariffs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/19/trump-tariffs-us-consumers}}</ref> Corporate earnings had the most significant impact. Global companies flagged more than $35 billion in tariff-related costs while heading into third-quarter earnings season.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawder |first=David |date=2025-11-03 |title=Supreme Court cannot stop all of Trump's tariffs. Deal with it, officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/supreme-court-wont-stop-trumps-tariffs-deal-with-it-officials-say-2025-11-03/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==== Revenues ====
Trump's second term tariffs led to a record amount of money from customs and excise taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-11 |title=Tracking the money Trump's tariffs are bringing in |url=https://www.politico.com/interactives/2025/trump-tariff-income-tracker/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.politico.com |language=en}}</ref> By July 2025, tariffs had raised $108 billion in net revenue in the previous nine months, compared to $392 billion in corporate tax and $3.648 trillion in income tax, and comprised 5% of federal revenue compared to 2% historically.<ref name=top>{{Cite web |last1=Lawder |first1=David |date=July 11, 2025 |title=US customs duties top $100 billion for first time in a fiscal year |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/trumps-tariff-collections-expected-grow-june-us-budget-data-2025-07-11/ |access-date=July 11, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] reported that tariff [[Tax incidence|incidence]] in May 2025 had fallen about 40% on US consumers, 40% on US businesses, and 20% on foreign exporters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Casselman |first=Ben |date=July 16, 2025 |title=The Economy Seems Healthy. Were the Warnings About Tariffs Overblown? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/16/business/tariffs-recession-economists.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In April 2025, Trump suggested tariff revenues may eventually replace income taxes, at least for those making less than $200,000 per year,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump claims tariffs could 'eliminate' income tax for Americans making under $200,000 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/trump-claims-tariffs-could-eliminate-100600194.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622162947/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/trump-claims-tariffs-could-eliminate-100600194.html |archive-date=June 22, 2025 |access-date=June 24, 2025 |work=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Bailey |date=April 22, 2025 |title=Trump says tariff revenue could replace income taxes: Why economists disagree |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2025/04/22/trump-tariffs-replace-income-taxes-economists/83196923007/ |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> but estimates of Trump's tariff policies projected their revenue would cover less than 25% of that cost<ref>{{Cite web |last1=York |first1=Erica |last2=Li |first2=Huaqun |date=April 28, 2025 |title=Trump Floats Replacing Income Tax with Tariffs |url=https://taxfoundation.org/blog/trump-income-tax-tariff-proposals/ |access-date=June 24, 2025 |website=Tax Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> and even less if import volumes fall.<ref name="unpacks" />

As of October 25th, Customs & Excise Taxes had raised 302.2 billion in gross revenue, year to date, and represented 7.3% of federal revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Model |first=Penn Wharton Budget |date=2025-04-03 |title=Real-Time Federal Budget Tracker |url=https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2025/4/3/real-time-federal-budget-tracker |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Penn Wharton Budget Model |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Unemployment rate ====
Economic analysts forecast that tariffs imposed during the Trump administration could push the unemployment rate to recession levels. Since importing companies bear the cost of tariffs, which can raise business costs, one way to control expenses is by cutting jobs. Federal data indicate that the manufacturing sector lost a net total of 14,000 jobs in May and June combined. A report from the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] states that hiring in manufacturing plants in May slowed to its weakest pace since 2016, during the [[Barack Obama]] era, dropping even below the rate seen during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Egan |first1=Matt |title=Trump's shock-and-awe tariffs haven't fueled a manufacturing jobs boom |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/07/11/business/jobs-trump-tariffs-manufacturing |website=CNN |date=11 July 2025}}</ref> Manufacturing job openings—a key indicator of future employment—have decreased by about 100,000 since the start of the Trump presidency. In a related development, automaker [[Stellantis]] announced on April 3rd that it would temporarily lay off 900 employees, citing the President's tariffs as a contributing factor. Research from the [[Congressional Budget Office]] estimates that, excluding the effects of retaliatory tariffs, the unemployment rate could rise to 4.7% or higher by the end of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Malinsky |first1=Gili |title=Trump tariffs 'will increase the unemployment rate to recessionary levels,' says economist |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/08/trump-tariffs-job-market-impact-will-mostly-be-negative-economists-say.html |website=CNBC |date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Additional Information About the Economic Outlook: 2025 to 2035 |url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61189#:~:text=maximum%20sustainable%20rates).-,The%20Labor%20Market,average%20age%20of%20the%20population. |website=Congressional Budget Office |date=January 2025}}</ref>

==== Agriculture sector ====
In September 2025, China halted purchases of U.S. soybeans in retaliation for increased tariffs imposed by the Trump administration, significantly impacting the American soybean market. Previously the largest buyer, with $12.6 billion in purchases the year before, China imposed retaliatory tariffs in May and turned to suppliers such as Argentina and Brazil. As a result, U.S. soybean exports fell by 23% year-over-year, and sales to China dropped to zero at the start of the peak marketing season. The disruption led to lower prices, storage shortages due to oversupply, and financial strain on American farmers, prompting political pressure for a resolution and efforts to diversify export markets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=China Bought $12.6 Billion in U.S. Soybeans Last Year. Now, It's $0. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/business/china-soybean-sales-farmers.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=China signals that purchases of US soybeans hinge on tariff removal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-signals-that-purchases-us-soybeans-hinge-tariff-removal-2025-09-25/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> With China halting soybean purchases and exports declining, unsold crops had to be stored, leading to shortages of grain bins and forcing some farmers to sell other crops early or pay additional fees for commercial storage. Financial strain deepened as farm bankruptcies, which had risen 55% the previous year, continued to increase in early 2025. The president of the [[American Soybean Association]] said the situation meant some farmers were “so far at the end of their rope” that they were unable to meet their financial obligations.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |last2=Seger |first2=Andrew |last3=Robertson |first3=Nicky |last4=Herb |first4=Jeremy |date=2025-09-20 |title='Tidal wave of problems': With harvest here, Trump's trade war pushes some US farmers to the brink |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/09/20/politics/us-farmers-trump-tariffs-dire-consequences |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=CNN}}</ref> A recent poll shows his approval rating among rural Americans has fallen from 59 percent in August to 47 percent in October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump policies spur economic anxiety in US Republican heartland: 'Tariffs are affecting everything' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/02/trump-economic-agenda-republican-heartland-tariffs}}</ref>

====Political challenges====
Senators [[Chuck Grassley]] and [[Maria Cantwell]] introduced the bipartisan [[Trade Review Act|Trade Review Act of 2025]], proposing amendments to the law aimed at [[separation of powers]] and closing legal loopholes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgat |first=Casey |title=Trump has seized unprecedented tariff powers. What Congress could do. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/congress-tariff-power-over-trump-5f38665b |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=Barron's |language=en-us}}</ref> However, the law has not yet reached a consensus. [[Senate Majority Leader]] [[John Thune]] referred dismissively, "I don't think that has a future."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Zachary B. |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Analysis: Congress gave presidents power over tariffs. They could aways take it back |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/08/politics/tariffs-trump-power-constitution-congress/index.html |access-date=April 10, 2025 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> A similar bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. [[Don Bacon]], who stated, "The Constitution clearly gives the authority for taxes and tariffs to Congress. Our Founders created checks and balances for a reason," urging Congress to reclaim its responsibility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=U.S. Rep. Don Bacon proposes taking back Congress's tariff power from Trump |url=https://www.aol.com/u-rep-don-bacon-proposes-000017944.html |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=AOL |language=en-US}}</ref>

Lawmakers were also frustrated with how the world learned of Trump's decisions—through a social media platform operated by [[Trump Media & Technology Group|Trump's company]], instead of through federal administration officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Relief sweeps Capitol Hill after Trump's tariff U-turn |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/09/trump-tariffs-pause-relief-congress-gop-00281973 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> Democratic Senator [[Adam Schiff]] called on Congress to investigate whether Trump had engaged in suspicious [[insider trading]] or [[market manipulation]] when he abruptly announced and paused the tariffs.<ref name="SW2"/> The media described the US economy, the government's handling of the jobs and retirement savings of millions of Americans, and the US's standing in global security, as having encountered an unprecedented crisis of trust because of the Trump administration's unrestrained behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Analysis: Trump's day of tariff mayhem contains a scary lesson for his second term |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/10/politics/trump-tariffs-china-recession-bond-market-navarro-bessent/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc |access-date=April 10, 2025 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Colby |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Bond Sell Off Raises Questions About U.S. Safe Haven Status |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/09/business/economy/bonds-tariffs-safe-haven.html |access-date=April 10, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

''[[Roll Call]]'' described the details of Trump's tariffs as intentionally vague and without specifics in order to grant the president greater powers. When specifically asked for more details about his trade deal with the European Union during an interview with [[CNBC]], Trump stated that "Yeah, well, there are no details," and that "The details are $600 billion to invest in anything I want. Anything. I can do anything I want". [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]] professor [[Michael Gerhardt]] described Trump's "they gave me" mindset as "quite problematic", and Senate Democrats criticized the vagueness of his details as injecting uncertainty into the economy. [[Robert Z. Lawrence]], writing for the [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]], described Trump's stated reason for enacting tariffs as becoming "unmoored from their original justification" and being used primarily as leverage to extract concessions based on the president's whims.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bannett|first=John T.|date=August 6, 2025|title='A gift': How Trump builds power for himself with 'no details' trade deals |work=[[Roll Call]]|url=https://rollcall.com/2025/08/06/trump-trade-deals-executive-power/|access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref> According to a survey conducted by Morning Consult for the Century Foundation, six in 10 Americans hold the Trump administration responsible for the rising cost of living.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump to blame for high cost of living, Americans say in new poll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/aug/01/trump-inflation-cost-of-living-poll}}</ref>

===China===
[[Nomura Holdings]] estimated that eliminating the US ''de minimis'' exemption for Chinese goods "would slow Chinese export growth by 1.3&nbsp;percentage points and GDP growth by 0.2&nbsp;point".<ref name="Hall-2025" /> When the US Congress raised the ''de minimis'' limit from $200 to $800 in 2016, they sparked a surge in US imports of cheap Chinese goods.<ref name="Hall-2025" /> A 2023 US [[Select or special committee (United States Congress)|House Select Committee]] report estimated that "nearly half" of all ''de minimis'' shipments originated from China. Chinese e-commerce companies [[Temu]] and [[Shein]], estimated to comprise more than 30% of daily ''de minimis'' exemptions to the US, onboarded more sellers with a physical presence in the US and expanded their distribution facilities beyond China, to mitigate the impact of losing the exemption.<ref name="CNBC-2025" /><ref name="Smith-2025" /> In response to the threat of tariffs, Chinese e-commerce groups have bought up significant amounts of storage space at warehouses within the US, accounting for a fifth of new leases in the third quarter of 2024. This change in business strategy has in turn boosted the fortunes of Chinese logistics management firms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Chinese importers' tactic for beating US tariffs: pile it high |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3d3be51-da2c-4f65-afcb-535234350c0e |access-date=May 5, 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

On February 7, 2025, Trump suspended closing the exemption for China until the Secretary of Commerce notified him that adequate systems to process and collect tariff revenue were in place.<ref name="CNBC-2025" /> The exemption is expected to be closed again on May 3, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Closes De Minimis Exemptions to Combat China's Role in America's Synthetic Opioid Crisis |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-closes-de-minimis-exemptions-to-combat-chinas-role-in-americas-synthetic-opioid-crisis/ |access-date=April 2, 2025 |website=The White House}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2025}}

=== India ===
On 3 September 2025, Indian government reportedly reduced GST on hundreds of goods to increase consumption and avoid the potential impact of [[Tariffs_in_the_second_Trump_administration#India|tariffs imposed by Trump administration]].<ref name="p683">{{cite web |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=2025-09-04 |title=GST: India makes ACs, tea, school supplies cheaper to mitigate shock of US tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2jljlnw19o |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=BBC Home}}</ref> However, the Indian finance minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman|Nirmala Sitaraman]] and cabinet minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw|Ashwini Vaishnav]] stated that the tariffs had nothing to do with the GST reductions with latter stating that the reforms were being prepared for one and a half years prior to the announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Finance Minister clarifies GST reforms not linked to US tariffs |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/india-finance-minister-clarifies-gst-reforms-not-linked-to-us-tariffs-1756997776974 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title='GST reforms not dictated by external factors': Ashwini Vaishnaw amid US tariffs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gst-reforms-not-dictated-by-external-factors-ashwini-vaishnaw-amid-us-tariffs-101757206416013.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> BMI, a [[Fitch Solutions]] company, stated that the GST reforms could help offset the economic impact of tariffs and projected that India would remain one of Asia’s fastest-growing emerging markets, with GDP growth expected to stay above 6% through the decade. Fitch Ratings also affirmed India’s sovereign rating at 'BBB' with a stable outlook and expected the tariffs to have a limited effect on overall growth.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GST Reforms May Offset Donald Trump's Tariff Impact: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gst-reforms-may-offset-donald-trumps-tariff-impact-report-9173223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830204320/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gst-reforms-may-offset-donald-trumps-tariff-impact-report-9173223 |archive-date=August 30, 2025 |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other countries===
In Singapore, [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Minister for Trade and Industry]] [[Gan Kim Yong]], along with Senior Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]], expressed concerns that the tariffs could affect economic growth and the cost of living. Gan stated in a press briefing that authorities were monitoring the situation and would implement measures if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump tariffs: DPM Gan warns of 'rough waters'; Singapore reassessing growth forecast |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/trade-minister-gan-kim-yong-says-singapore-disappointed-us-donald-trump-reciprocal-tariffs-5042211 |website=CNA |access-date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=US tariffs could set off global trade war, dampen S'pore's economic growth: DPM Gan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/singapore-disappointed-with-tariffs-will-engage-us-to-clarify-calculations-dpm-gan |website=The Straits Times |access-date=April 3, 2025 |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Analysts in Singapore noted that while the tariffs posed a risk of trade slowdown, they could also make Singapore a more attractive source of imports for American buyers seeking alternatives to higher-taxed suppliers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump tariffs: Singapore economy could be hit hard by trade slowdown but there may be a silver lining, say analysts |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/trump-tariffs-trade-slowdown-singapore-benefits-5041671 |website=CNA |access-date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In response to Trump's vehicle tariffs, some automobile companies suspended exports to the U.S., including [[Audi]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], and [[Land Rover]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Massive car company stops all US imports |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/motoring/motoring-news/lamborghini-prepares-major-us-tariff-threat/news-story/3d269665a1a6307d7d241beab9a9b282 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |work=news}}</ref>

[[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]], owned by [[Tata Motors]], had paused US exports following Trump's 25% Auto Tariffs and Shares of [[Tata Motors]] fell,<ref>Tata Motors pauses Jaguar Land Rover exports to the US following Trump Tariffs https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/tata-motors-jaguar-land-rover-to-pause-us-car-exports-amid-trumps-tariff-war/articleshow/120010955.cms?from=mdr</ref> however, following Trump's trade deal with the UK, [[Tata Motors]] had resumed [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], and [[Land Rover]] exports to the US and Shares of Tata Motors increased<ref>Tata Motors resumes [[Jaguar Land Rover]] exports to the US following Trump's trade deal with the UK https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/jaguar-land-rover-resumes-car-exports-to-us-post-trump-tariff-pause-report-125050300614_1.html</ref> however the [[Land Rover Discovery]] and [[Land Rover Defender (L663)]] are manufactured in [[Slovakia]] which is part of the [[European Union]] and Trump has imposed 30% Tariffs on the [[EU]].

On April 5, 2025, Japanese video game manufacturer [[Nintendo]] announced it would delay pre-orders for its upcoming [[Nintendo Switch 2|Switch 2]] console from their initial date of April 9 in the United States, citing economic uncertainty due to the tariffs. However, the console's planned U.S. release date of June 5 remained unchanged.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Nintendo Delays Switch 2 Pre-Order Date in the U.S. to Assess Impact of Trump's Tariffs |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-delays-switch-2-pre-order-date-in-the-us-to-assess-impact-of-trumps-tariffs |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, Trump said that the tariffs on Mexico are intended to reduce the U.S. trade deficit with Mexico and force the country to secure its border with the United States against [[illegal immigration into the United States|illegal immigration]] and [[fentanyl]] smuggling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaye |first=Danielle |date=February 1, 2025 |title=Here's What to Know About Trump's Tariffs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/business/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203162720/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/01/business/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china.html |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[opioid epidemic in the United States|opioid crisis in the United States]] is largely fueled by drugs smuggled from Mexico; approximately 98% of fentanyl entering the U.S. comes from Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Devlin |first1=Kayleen |last2=Ma |first2=Yi |date=March 4, 2025 |title=How does fentanyl get into the US? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg93nn1e6go |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> During the first months of 2025, Mexico stepped up its fight against narcotraffic and immigration following Trump's statements on the subject. In particular, Mexico handed over 29 major cartel prisoners to US authorities in February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Can Latin America Find Consensus in the Age of Trump? |first=Catherine |last=Osborn |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=March 6, 2025 |access-date=March 7, 2025 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/03/06/mexico-tariffs-oas-election-aid-trump-latin-america/}}</ref>

In [[2025 Canadian federal election|Canada]], [[2025 Australian federal election|Australia]] and [[2025 Singaporean general election|Singapore]] where they held their own elections within a week, economic fear by the tariffs caused increase support for their respective incumbent governments among the voters with Canada's and Australia's Opposition Leaders losing their seats and one of two opposition parties in Singapore losing all their seats.<ref name="Rudderhma 2025">{{cite web |last=Rudderham |first=Hannah |date=April 29, 2025 |title=Close races, Trump and 2-party support: Political scientists react to federal election results |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/federal-election-political-science-two-party-1.7521498 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="Australia FE">{{cite news|date=May 2, 2025|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cevdw14r1mgt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503112907/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cevdw14r1mgt|archive-date=May 3, 2025|url-status=live|title=Australian opposition party reeling after Albanese's landslide election win|website=BBC News|access-date=May 3, 2025|editor-first=Gavin|editor-last=Butler}}</ref><ref name="Singapore GE">{{Cite news |date=May 4, 2025 |title=GE2025: Results signal voters' trust in PAP to steer Singapore through uncertainty, say analysts |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ge2025-pap-the-clear-choice-to-steer-singapore-through-uncertainty-say-analysts |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Straits Times |language=en }}</ref>

==Summary table==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="6" |Enacted US tariffs
|-
! Tariff
!Announced!! Effective !! Status !! Notes !! Ref
|-
|50% tariff on steel<ref name="q751">{{cite web |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Adjusting Imports of Steel Into the United States |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/18/2025-02833/adjusting-imports-of-steel-into-the-united-states |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> and aluminum<ref name="u470">{{cite web |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Adjusting Imports of Aluminum Into the United States |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/18/2025-02832/adjusting-imports-of-aluminum-into-the-united-states |access-date=April 3, 2025 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> products
|February 10, 2025
|March 12, 2025;
Increased June 4, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
* On April 4, 2025, the aluminum tariff expanded to include canned beer and empty aluminum cans.<ref name=beer/><ref>{{Federal Register|90|14786}}</ref>
* On June 4, 2025, tariffs doubled from 25% to 50%.<ref name=signs/>
* On June 23, 2025, steel tariffs expanded to include household appliances like washing machines and refrigerators.<ref name=swept/>
* On August 19, 2025, tariffs expanded to include 407 additional products including construction materials and furniture.<ref name=types/>
|<ref name="BBCsteel2" /><ref name="Lawder-2025a" />
|-
|50% tariff on copper
|July 8, 2025
|August 1, 2025
|{{Yes|In effect}}
|
* Applies to semi-finished and copper intensive items such as pipes and electrical components.
* Excludes raw input material copper cathode, copper ores, concentrates and scraps.
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Trump says 50% tariff on copper will begin August 1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/09/trump-says-50percent-tariff-on-copper-will-begin-aug-1.html |website=CNBC|access-date=July 9, 2025|first1=Kevin|last1=Breuninger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Jenni |date=July 31, 2025 |title=Trump's 50% copper tariff includes a major exemption. That won't halt price rises |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/31/why-us-copper-tariff-exemption-wont-fully-ease-price-rises.html |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|25% tariff on automobiles
|March 26, 2025
|April 3, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
|<ref name="Boak-2025a" />
|-
|25% tariff on auto parts
|March 26, 2025
|May 3, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
* Not applicable to auto parts made in Mexico or Canada compliant with the USMCA.
|<ref name="Boak-2025a" /><ref name=Confirms/>
|-
|Global ''de minimis'' exemption closure
|July 30, 2025
|August 29, 2025
|{{Yes|In effect}}
|See {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|De minimis exemption closure|nopage=yes}} 
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=POLITICO Pro: Trump moves to end de-minimis 'loophole' for all countries |url=https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/2025/07/trump-moves-to-end-de-minimis-loophole-on-all-countries-00485513 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=subscriber.politicopro.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10% universal "reciprocal tariff" on all imported goods
|April 2, 2025
|April 5, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
* See {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|"Reciprocal" tariff policy|nopage=yes}}.
* Not applicable to {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Excluded goods|nopage=yes}}.
|<ref name=calls/>
|-
|Country-specific "reciprocal tariffs" of 11%-50%
|April 2, 2025
|August 7, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
*See {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|"Reciprocal" tariff policy|nopage=yes}}.
* Not applicable to {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Excluded goods|nopage=yes}}.
* Implementation was delayed from April 9 to July 8,<ref name="Global">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Courtenay |date=July 7, 2025 |title=Global trade is back in limbo |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/07/07/trump-tariffs-trade-war |access-date=July 8, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> and then again to August 7.<ref name="reshape">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2025 |title=Trump formalizes high tariffs as he tries to reshape the global economy |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-sets-tariff-levels-reshapes-economy-rcna222387 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Sherman-2025b"/>
|-
|30% tariff on all Chinese goods
|May 12, 2025
|May 14, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|Total tariff of 30% includes:
* 20% "fentanyl tariff" (10% on February 4, 2025 + 10% on March 4, 2025)
* 10% universal tariff, not applicable to {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Excluded goods|nopage=yes}}.
Deal expires November 9, 2025.
|<ref name=easing/>
|-
|''De minimis'' exemption closure for China and Hong Kong
|February 1, 2025
|May 3, 2025; Decreased May 12, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|See {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|De minimis exemption closure|nopage=yes}}. Tariff cut to 54% from 120% on May 14, 2025.<ref name=elated/><ref name=Reflect/>
|<ref name="CE" />
|-
|145% tariff on all imports from China
|February 1, 2025
|February 4, 2025; Increased March 4, 2025; Increased April 9; Paused May 14
|{{No|Paused<ref name=elated/>}}
|Total tariff of 145% includes:
* 20% "fentanyl tariff" (10% on February 4, 2025 + 10% on March 4, 2025)
* 125% "reciprocal tariff" (34% initial tariff + 50% retaliation<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Trump's sweeping new tariffs in effect, including 104% on goods from China |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tariffs-trump-in-effect-104-percent-china/ |access-date=April 10, 2025 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> + 41% retaliation).<ref name="HA">{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Trump Has Added 145% Tariff to China, White House Clarifies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/10/business/economy/china-tariffs-145-percent.html |access-date=April 10, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Not applicable to {{Section link|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Excluded goods|nopage=yes}}.
On 5/14/25, tariff was reduced to 30% for 90 days pending trade talks. The reduction expires November 9, as extended.<ref name=easing>{{Cite news |last=Marx |first=Willem |date=May 12, 2025 |title=The U.S. and China announce a deal to cut tariffs, temporarily easing trade war |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/05/12/nx-s1-5395027/us-china-tariffs-deal-trade-war-beijing-washington |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="McCarthy-2025">{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Simone |date=February 4, 2025 |title=China announces trade retaliation against US |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/04/business/china-us-trade-retaliation-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN }}</ref><ref name="Doherty">{{Cite web |last1=Mangan |first1=Dan |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |last3=Pound |first3=Jesse |last4=Wilkie |first4=Christina |last5=Cassella |first5=Megan |last6=Doherty |first6=Erin |last7=Ellyatt |first7=Holly |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Trump's tariffs shock U.S. trade partners, sending Asian markets lower: Live updates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/02/trump-tariffs-live-updates.html |access-date=April 3, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CT">{{Cite web |last1=Mangan |first1=Dan |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |last3=Cox |first3=Jeff |last4=Wilkie |first4=Christina |last5=Doherty |first5=Erin |last6=Iordache |first6=Ruxandra |date=April 9, 2025 |title=Trump raises China tariffs to 125% but announces 90-day pause for others: Live updates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/09/trump-tariffs-live-updates.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|40% tariff on imports from Brazil
|July 30, 2025
|August 6, 2025
|{{Yes|In effect}}
|Imposed by [[Executive Order 14323]].
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Towfighi |first=Samantha Waldenberg, Betsy Klein, Ramishah Maruf, John |date=2025-07-30 |title=Trump puts 50% tariffs on Brazil and copper while eliminating another tax loophole {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/30/politics/brazil-tariff-trump-executive-order |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|25% secondary tariff on imports from India
|August 6, 2025
|August 27, 2025
|{{Yes|In effect}}
|Imposed by [[Executive Order 14329]] as a penalty for [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|India's purchases of Russian oil]].
|<ref name=":19" />
|-
|35% tariff on most imports from Canada + 10% on Canadian oil and gas
|February 1, 2025
|March 4, 2025;
Increased August 1, 2025
|{{maybe|Partially in effect}}
|
* Tariffs on USMCA-compliant goods are delayed indefinitely.<ref name="CM" /> 38% of Canadian goods were compliant in 2024,<ref name="Zahn-2025" /> but Canada expected the "vast majority" of goods to be quickly made compliant.<ref name="Vieira2025" />
* Tariff increased from 25% to 35% on August 1, 2025
|<ref name="Shalal-2025">{{cite web |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Trade wars erupt as Trump hits Canada, Mexico, China with steep tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trade-wars-erupt-trump-hits-canada-mexico-china-with-steep-tariffs-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
| 25% tariff on all imports from Mexico
|February 1, 2025|| March 4, 2025 || {{maybe|Partially in effect}} ||
* Tariffs on USMCA-compliant goods are delayed indefinitely.<ref name="CM" /> 50% of Mexican goods were compliant in 2024, but Mexico planned to increase to 85–90%.<ref name="Martinez-2025">{{cite news |last1=Martinez |first1=Ana Isabel |last2=Torres |first2=Noe |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Tariff Chaos Could Push Mexico Into Technical Recession |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/tariff-chaos-could-push-mexico-into-technical-recession-2025-03-11/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250311174718/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/tariff-chaos-could-push-mexico-into-technical-recession-2025-03-11/ |archive-date=March 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=Reuters |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|<ref name="Shalal-2025" />
|-
|100% tariff on brand name pharmaceuticals
|September 26, 2025
|October 1, 2025
|{{Pending|Announced}}
|Excludes products from companies owning or building manufacturing plants inside the United States. Implemented under Section 232.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luhby |first=Tami |date=2025-09-26 |title=A 100% tariff on some imported drugs is coming October 1, Trump says {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/25/business/imported-pharmaceuticals-tariff-trump |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|25% tariff on imports from countries importing Venezuelan oil
|March 24, 2025
|April 2, 2025
|{{Pending|Announced}}
|[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] may impose a 25% tariff on goods from any country that imports Venezuelan oil, directly or indirectly, after April 2, 2025. In 2024, China imported 68% of Venezuelan oil.
|<ref name="Boak-2025b">{{Cite web |last=Boak |first=Josh |date=March 24, 2025 |title=Trump says he'll put a 25% tariff on countries that buy Venezuelan oil, though the US does so itself |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariff-venezuela-oil-gas-tax-9197d606dea29caed6a7a79dd358d26a |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" | Foreign retaliation
|-
!Country/Region
!Announced
!Effective
!Status
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|Canada
|February 1, 2025
|March 4, 2025
|{{maybe|Partially in effect}}
|
* 25% on $20.8&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|30 bn}}) of US goods in effect. A planned expansion to an additional $86&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|125 bn}}) worth of US goods was suspended on 3/6/25.<ref name="Gillies-2025" />
* On 4/15/25, Canada added a 6-month suspension on tariffs for imports critical to manufacturing, food and beverage processing, healthcare, national security and other objectives.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Department of Finance |date=April 15, 2025 |title=Canada announces new support for Canadian businesses affected by U.S. tariffs |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2025/04/canada-announces-new-support-for-canadian-businesses-affected-by-us-tariffs.html |access-date=May 15, 2025 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
|<ref name="Murray-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Warren |last2=Bekiempis |first2=Victoria |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Canada and Mexico hit back after Trump signs order for punishing tariffs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/01/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china?CMP=oth_b-aplnews_d-1 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="StevisGridneff-2025">{{Cite news |last=Stevis-Gridneff |first=Matina |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Trudeau Details Canada's Retaliation Plans in Emotional Rebuke of Trump Tariffs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/us/politics/canada-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|Canada
|March 12, 2025
|March 13, 2025
|{{maybe|Partially in effect}}
|
* 25% tariffs on $20.6&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|29.8 bn}}) of US goods: $8.7&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|12.6 bn}}) steel products, $2&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|3 bn}}) aluminum products, and $9.9&nbsp;bn ({{CAD|14.2 bn}}) misc. goods.
* On 4/15/25, Canada added a 6-month suspension on tariffs for imports critical to manufacturing, food and beverage processing, healthcare, national security and other objectives.<ref name=":03" />
* On 6/20/25, Carney said Canada would increase its counter-tariffs on steel and aluminium products on July 21 if talks with the United States stalled.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thanthong-Knight |first1=Randy |last2=Platt |first2=Brian |date=June 19, 2025 |title=Canada Moves to Protect Steel and Aluminum Firms, Considers Higher Tariffs |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-06-19/carney-to-roll-out-plan-to-help-canada-s-tariff-hit-steel-sector |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250619203418/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-06-19/carney-to-roll-out-plan-to-help-canada-s-tariff-hit-steel-sector |archive-date=June 19, 2025 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref>
|<ref name="SR">{{Cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Lorne |last2=Gilles |first2=Rob |last3=McHugh |first3=David |date=March 12, 2025 |title=Canada and the EU swiftly retaliate against Trump's steel and aluminum tariffs |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-eu-tariffs-countermeasures-806a3b9bcc9cd4e45817e672d95f0070 |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref>
|-
|Canada
|April 4, 2025
|April 9, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}<ref>{{Cite web |author=Dan Mangan |author2=Kevin Breuninger |author3=John Melloy |author4=Ruxandra Iordache |author5=Christina Wilkie |author6=Erin Doherty |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Trump's reciprocal tariffs plan kicks in, China to see net total tariffs of 104%: Live updates |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/08/trump-tariffs-live-updates-stock-market-china.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
|25% tariff on non-USMCA compliant vehicles imported into Canada from the US.<ref name="KI" /> On 4/15/25, Canada exempted a quota of cars from automakers that manufacture in Canada.<ref name=":03" />
|<ref>{{Cite web |work=Department of Finance Canada |date=March 3, 2025 |title=Canada's response to U.S. tariffs |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/international-trade-finance-policy/canadas-response-us-tariffs.html |access-date=April 5, 2025 |publisher=Canada.ca}}</ref><ref name="KI" />
|-
|China
|February 1, 2025
|February 4, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|15% tariff on coals and [[liquefied natural gas]], 10% on oil and agricultural machines, and investigations on U.S. companies.
|<ref name="Xiao-2025"/>
|-
|China
|March 4, 2025
|March 10, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|10–15% tariffs on U.S. meat and agricultural products, suspension of U.S. lumber imports, revocation of soybean import licenses for 3 U.S. firms.<ref name="Reuters"/>
|<ref name="NPR-2025"/>
|-
|China
|April 4, 2025
|April 10, 2025
|{{yes|In effect}}
|
* Originally 34% on all US goods effective April 10, China raised the baseline to 84% on April 9, 125% on April 12, and reduced to 10% from May 14 for 90 days.
* The deal expires November 9.<ref name=Global/>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2025 |title=China to impose tariffs of 34% on all US goods from April 10 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-impose-tariffs-34-all-us-goods-april-10-2025-04-04/ |access-date=April 4, 2025 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pound |first=Jesse |date=April 9, 2025 |title=China slaps 84% retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods in response to Trump |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/09/china-slaps-retaliatory-tariffs-of-84percent-on-us-goods-in-response-to-trump.html |access-date=April 9, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Amanda |last2=Shen |first2=Samuel |last3=Krauskopf |first3=Lewis |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Investors cheer US-China tariff truce, but cautious over a final deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/investors-cheer-us-china-tariff-truce-cautious-over-final-deal-2025-05-12/ |access-date=May 19, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
|China
|April 4, 2025
|April 4, 2025
|{{no|Paused}}
|
* China globally suspended exports of a range of rare earth minerals and magnets critical to auto, defense, aerospace, and semiconductor industries.
* Following an initial trade deal with the US on 5/12/25, China agreed to resume exports. The US alleged China failed to follow through and reiterated the agreement in a trade deal announced 6/11/25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2025 |title=US President Donald Trump says rare earths deal 'done' with China |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gkmy26e2po |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradsher |first=Keith |date=June 3, 2025 |title=What to Know About China's Halt of Rare Earth Exports |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/business/rare-earth-metals-china.html |access-date=June 20, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| European Union
|March 12, 2025
|April 15, 2025
|{{No|Paused}}
|
* 25% tariffs on $23.8 billion (€21 billion) of US goods, targeting farm produce and $13.5 billion products from Republican states (reduced from an initial threat of €26 billion to begin April 1).
* EU proposed increasing tariffs to target $100bn of US goods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=EU takes aim at US planes, autos in €100B counterstrike against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-ready-fresh-100-billion-counterstrike-donald-trump-tariffs/ |access-date=August 4, 2025 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* On 8/4/25, a delay until 8/7/25 was extended for another 6 months.<ref name=six/>
|<ref name="RT" />
|-
! colspan="6" | Proposed US tariffs
|-
|Digital Service Taxes (DSTs)
|February 21, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed USTR to initiate a Section 301 investigation into DSTs, particularly against France, Austria, Italy, Spain, Turkey, and the UK
|<ref name=Revives/>
|-
|Timber and lumber
|March 1, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into timber and lumber imports.
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump Trade Dispute With Canada Escalates Over Lumber |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/business/economy/trump-trade-canada-lumber.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250302162226/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/business/economy/trump-trade-canada-lumber.html |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
|Semiconductors
|April 1, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into "imports of semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing equipment".
|<ref name="DP" />
|-
|Processed critical minerals and derivative products
|April 22, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into "imports of processed critical minerals, as well as their derivative products".
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2025 |title=Notice of Request for Public Comments on Section 232 National Security Investigation of Imports of Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/04/25/2025-07273/notice-of-request-for-public-comments-on-section-232-national-security-investigation-of-imports-of |access-date=May 5, 2025 |website=Federal Register |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Trucks and truck parts
|April 22, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into "imports of medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty, trucks, and medium- and heavy-duty truck parts, and their derivative products".
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2025 |title=Notice of Request for Public Comments on Section 232 National Security Investigation of Imports of Trucks |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/04/25/2025-07260/notice-of-request-for-public-comments-on-section-232-national-security-investigation-of-imports-of |access-date=May 5, 2025 |website=Federal Register |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Commercial aircraft and jet engines and parts
|May 1, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into "imports of commercial aircraft and jet engines, and parts for commercial aircraft and jet engines".
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Notice of Request for Public Comments on Section 232 National Security Investigation of Imports of Commercial Aircraft and Jet Engines and Parts for Commercial Aircraft and Jet Engines |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/05/13/2025-08500/notice-of-request-for-public-comments-on-section-232-national-security-investigation-of-imports-of |access-date=May 23, 2025 |website=Federal Register |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Personal protective equipment
|September 2, 2025
|
|{{coming soon|In development}}
|Trump directed the Commerce Secretary to initiate a Section 232 investigation into "Imports of personal protective equipment, medical consumables, and medical equipment, including devices".
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bao |first=Anniek |date=2025-09-25 |title=U.S. expands tariff dragnet to masks, syringes and robotics in sweeping import probe |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/25/trump-tariff-threat-looms-over-robotics-and-medical-devices-section232-import-investigation.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* {{anl|2025 United States boycott}}
* {{anl|Chicken tax}}
* [[Foreign policy of the second Trump administration]]
* {{anl|Hands Off protests}}
* [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States]]
* {{anl|Mar-a-Lago Accord}}
* {{Section link|Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States|Proposals to annex Canada by President Donald Trump}}
* {{anl|Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act}}
* [[Tariffs in the first Trump administration]]
* {{anl|Trump Always Chickens Out}}
* {{anl|U.S. economic performance by presidential party}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump imposes tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico and China |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-imposes-tariffs-on-imports-from-canada-mexico-and-china/ |publisher=The White House |date=February 1, 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Executive Order: Imposing duties to address the flow of illicit drugs across our northern border |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/imposing-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-national-border/ |publisher=The White House |date=February 1, 2025}}
* {{Cite web| title=Reciprocal Tariff Calculations| url=https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/reciprocal-tariff-calculations| publisher=Office of the United States Trade Representative| date= April 2025| access-date = April 3, 2025}}

{{China–United States relations|state=collapsed}}
{{Donald Trump}}
{{Second presidency of Donald Trump}}
{{US tax acts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 in American politics]]
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[[Category:Brazil–United States relations]]
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[[Category:Customs duties]]
[[Category:Customs duty rates by countries and regions]]
[[Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China]]
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[[Category:Government by algorithm]]
[[Category:Mexico–United States relations]]
[[Category:Policies of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Protectionism in the United States]]
[[Category:Second Trump administration controversies]]
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[[Category:Trade wars involving the United States]]
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[[Category:United States–European Union relations]]
[[Category:Retaliation]]