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Smart material

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials,[1][page needed] are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.[2][3] Smart materials are the basis of many applications, including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electroactive polymers (EAPs).[4][page needed][5][page needed][6][page needed][7][page needed][8][page needed][9][page needed]

Types

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There are a wide array of smart materials, each classified by its functional mechanism. Examples include:

Electromechanical: Responsive to electrical and/or mechanical stimuli.

  • Piezoelectric materials can produce a voltage when mechanical stress is applied. This effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage applied across the material will produce mechanical stress within sample. Therefore structures made from these materials can be designed to bend, expand, or contract when a voltage is applied[10].
  • Electroactive polymers (EAPs) change their volume with applied electrical stimulation[11].
  • Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to 500%) when an external voltage is applied[12].

Magnetic Responsive: Responsive to an exposure to or change of a magnetic field.

  • Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in volume when exposed to a magnetic field and when mechanically stressed can produce a magnetic field of its own[13].
  • Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field[14].
  • Ferrofluids are magnetic fluids composed of suspended nanoscale ferromagnetic particles that are affected by magnetic fields[15].
  • Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a change in temperature upon exposure to a changing magnetic field[16].

Shape Memory: The ability to return to an original shape after deformation. This transformation can be controlled through a change in temperature, magnetic field, electric field, or light[17][18].

  • Shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can be induced and the original shape recovered through temperature or stress changes (pseudoelasticity)[19][20]. The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced elasticity at higher temperatures. A common example is nitinol.
  • Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.

Chromogenic: A color change in response to electrical, optical, or thermal stimuli.

  • Electrochromic materials, which change their color or opacity with applied voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays)[21].
  • Thermochromic materials change in color depending on their temperature[22].
  • Photochromic materials change color in response to light (e.g., transition sunglasses that darken when exposed to bright sunlight)[23].
  • Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them[24].

Stimuli Responsive: Responsive to environmental stimuli.

Energy Conversion: Can transform stimuli into electrical current.

Optically Driven Mechanical Responsive: A change in mechanical properties in response to optical stimuli.

Self Repairing: The ability to repair mild damage with little to no external intervention.

See also

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References

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