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Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces

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Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces
公安现役部队
Cap insignia of the People's Armed Police
Cap insignia of the People's Armed Police
Agency overview
FormedJune 19, 1982
Dissolved2019 (2019)
Superseding agencyNational Immigration Administration
Ministry of Public Security Special Service Bureau [zh]
National Fire and Rescue Administration
Jurisdictional structure
National agencyChina
Operations jurisdictionChina
Governing bodyMinistry of Public Security (China)
General nature

The Ministry of Public Security Active Services Forces (MPSASF) (Chinese: 公安现役部队) were agencies under the command of the Ministry of Public Security however were manned by People's Armed Police personnel. It's name comes from the fact that since the personnel were considered PAP personnel, they were treated as active service military personnel.[1][2] After the Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions Border Defense Corps and Guard Corps personnel became People's Police personnel, while the China Fire Services were merged with the People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] and became the China Fire and Rescue.[3]

Border Defense Corps

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Badge of the Border Defense Corps
image icon https://web.archive.org/web/20250318020410/https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-03/23/129835969_15217713315871n.jpg
A Border Defense Corps officer in Xiamen

Prior to the 2018 reform, the People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps [zh] (Chinese: 武警边防部队; pinyin: Wǔjǐng Biānfáng Bùdùi), more commonly known as the Ministry of Public Security Border Defense Corps (Chinese: 公安边防部队), guarded China's land and sea borders, as well as its ports and airports. Its main responsibilities were the administration of border and coastal public security, ports and border inspection and surveillance, performing patrols and surveillance activities in areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, as well as patrols and surveillance activities along the demarcation line of the Beibu Gulf and the prevention of and crack-down on illegal and criminal acts in border and coastal areas, such as illegal border crossing, smuggling and drug trafficking.[4]

When it was active, The Border Defense Corps was under the command of the defunct Ministry of Public Security Border Control Department [zh].[5]

After the 2018 reform, Port and Seaport detachments of Border Defense Corps have been transferred into the Ministry of Public Security, whereas responsibility of guarding land borders was completely handed over to PLAGF.[6][7]: 15 [1] This was finalized on December 25, 2018.[8] From 1980 to the transferal of the Border Defense Corps, a total of 86 units and 519 personnel were awarded 1st class meritorious service medals, 411 units and 4614 personnel were awarded 2nd class meritorious service medals and 179 personnel were awarded martyr status.[8]

The Border Defense Corps has also been deployed in UN Peacekeeping operations. Between 2006 and 2018, the Border Defense Corps was deployed in peacekeeping 10 times, with a total of 1325 officers being deployed for peacekeeping.[8]

History

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The Border Defense Armed Police was established in November 1949 as part of the Ministry of Public Security.[8][9]

In January 1980, the Border Defense Armed Police was renamed to the People's Armed Police Border Defense Corps.[9]

In June 19, 1982, the Border Defense Corps was handed to the newly established People's Armed Police. In August 1985, the Border Defense Corps was moved under the control of the Ministry of Public Security, however it was continued to be manned by PAP personnel.[9]

Out of six PAP personnel killed during the Barin riots, four were Border Defense Corps personnel, including Lt. Col. Xu Xinjian.[10]

Sixteen personnel of the Border Defense Corps were killed in the 2008 Kashgar attack.[11]

Between September 18 and September 19, 2011, the Yadong Battalion and Yadong Border Checkpoint of the Border Defense Corps deployed 90 personnel, 11 vehicles and 30 tents to assist with disaster relief after the 2011 Sikkim Earthquake.[12]

The Border Defense Corps has a history of intercepting armed incursions by drug traffickers on the China-Myanmar border, especially due to smuggling routes across the Shweli River. On August 2, 1997, Border Defense officer Corporal Yin Mingzhi was stabbed by a drug trafficker during an undercover sting operation in Longchuan County near the China-Myanmar Border, dying of his wounds a day later.[13] On March 25, 2007, officers of the Border Defense Corps were ambushed by ten armed drug traffickers with sub-machine guns and grenades, killing officers 2nd Lieutenant Gan Zurong, Major Bai Jiangang and Captain Xu Shengqian.[14]

On August 22, 2011, and October 22, 2011, Border Defense Corps K9 Handler Private Yao Yuanjun and Political Commissar Major Chen Shihua drowned while engaging in melee fighting with drug traffickers in separate incidents, respectively.[14] Private Yao Yuanjun's K9 "Big Wolf" became a center of a lot of attention on Chinese Social Media after he was filmed on national TV wandering around training grounds, unaware his handler had died.[15]

In the aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake 21 officers of the Gyirong Border Checkpoint had all access routes cut off for 12 days, where they remained to provide disaster relief and assisted in helicopter evacuations of civilians on the 28th of April.[8][16] During the same earthquake, Private Zhang Gaoyong of the Nyalam Border Checkpoint Patrol company was heavily injured while attempting to use his body as a human shield against incoming rocks to protect a child. He later recovered from his injuries.[8][17]

On January 16, 2017, the 1st Mobile Company, Honghe Border Defense Contingent was deployed to fight bandits engaging in extortion along the highway between Mengzi and Hekou, resulting in a shootout where Border Defense Pfc Zhang Hao was shot multiple times. All bandits were apprehended, along with two improvised firearms and three nail guns confiscated.[18][19]

The Border Defense Coast Guard's badge

Organization (Pre-2018)

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Each coastal/border province-level subdivision or direct-administered municipality would have had a border defense contingent, every border/coastal prefecture-level divisions would have a border defense detachment, every border/coastal county level subdivision would have a border defense battalion; Township level subdivisions would each have a border defense police station. Prior to the establishment of the CCG in 2013, there would also be Border Defense Corps Coast Guard [zh] flotillas and squadrons. The Border Defense Corps additionally operated checkpoints on roads heading towards border crossings along with border checkpoints.[5]

Organization (Post-2018)

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After the 2018 reforms, the Border Defense Corps Guangdong Contingent was renamed to the Guangzhou General Station of Immigration Inspection under the National Immigration Administration. When it was handed over to the People's Police, 20 units and 31 personnel of the Guangdong Border Defense Contingent received honorary titles, along with 21 units and 82 personnel receiving 1st Class Meritorious Service Medals and 18 personnel achieving martyr status.[20]

The Border Defense Corps Gansu Contingent was renamed to the Gansu General Station of Immigration Inspection.[21]

Guard Corps

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Badge of the Guard Corps
image icon http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-03/23/129835969_15217713324921n.jpg

Prior to the 2018 reform, the Ministry of Public Security Guard Corps [zh] (Chinese: 公安警卫部队), officially known as the People's Armed Police Guard Corps (Chinese: 武警警卫部队) was a branch of the People's Armed Police.[22] After the 2018 reform, the Guard Corps were disbanded and re-organized into the Ministry of Public Security Special Service Bureau [zh] on January 1st, 2019.[23][24] Provincial Guard contingents were also renamed to Guard Bureaus of provincial Public Security Departments.[25] Similar to the Border Defense Corps and the China Fire Services [zh], the Guard Corps were under the command of the Ministry of Public Security Guards Bureau [zh] (now the Special Service Bureau) however its personnel were part of the PAP.[24][26]

The Guard Corps were responsible for roles such as VIP protection, protecting important conferences along with provincial government leaders.[26][27]

History

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Guard Corps personnel became part of the PAP in March 23, 1984.[28]

The Guard Corps were responsible for protecting the World Conference on Women 1995, the handover of Hong Kong, the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the Handover of Macau, the 2006 FOCAC summit, the 2008 Beijing Olympics, 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, APEC China 2014, the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, the 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit and the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.[26][29]

Organization

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Before 2018, each province had its own Guard Corps contingent, which was under the Guards Bureau of the provincial Public Security Department.[24][26]

China Fire Services

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Insignia of the China Fire Services Sichuan Fire Department
The Patch of the China Fire Services

The China Fire Services [zh] (CFS), known as the Ministry of Public Security Firefighting Corps (公安消防部队) or the People's Armed Police Firefighting Corps (武警消防部队) in Chinese was China's primary firefighting agency prior to the 2018 reforms. After 2018, the China Fire Services was merged with the People's Armed Police Forestry Corps [zh] to form the National Fire and Rescue Administration.[30] China Fire Services personnel were part of PAP however the China Fire Services were organizationally speaking of the now defunct Ministry of Public Security Firefighting Bureau [zh].[30] In October 10, 2018, the CFS was disbanded.[31]

History

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20 CFS firefighters died putting out the 2003 Hengyang fire.[32]

China Fire Services Ningbo Fire Department firefighters conducting disaster relief after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake

The China Fire Services were the first responders to the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. By May 18, 2008, the China Fire Services rescued 5796 people stuck under rubble, provided aid to 259 injured people, recovered the bodies of 639 bodies, provided relief to 3759 people who were stuck and evacuated 47152 more people and transported 705.3 tonnes of aid.[33]

In January 2, 2015, 5 firefighters of the China Fire Services Harbin Fire Department died during the 2015 Harbin Warehouse Fire [zh].[34]

Remains of a fire truck of the China Fire Services damaged in the 2015 Tianjin Explosion in the China Fire Museum [zh]

During the 2015 Tianjin explosions in August 12, 2015, the China Fire Services Tianjin Fire Department lost a total of 24 firefighters(dead or presumed dead) and had 69 more injured.[35]

Badge of the China Fire Services
image icon http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-03/23/129835969_15217713321961n.jpg

Organization

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Equipment

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Firearms/Individual weapons

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Vehicles

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Helicopters

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Vessels

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  • Border Defense Corps Foshan Detachment Chengfeng Liebao
    Border Defense Corps Foshan Detachment Chengfeng Liebao
  • Audi A6 C6 of the Guard Corps
    Audi A6 C6 of the Guard Corps
  • Border Defense Coast Guard Haijing 015
    Border Defense Coast Guard Haijing 015
  • Guard Corps Beijing Contingent MAN CLA
    Guard Corps Beijing Contingent MAN CLA
  • A former China Fire Services Chengdu Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 in the Jianchuan Museum Cluster 2008 Earthquake exhibit
    A former China Fire Services Chengdu Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 in the Jianchuan Museum Cluster 2008 Earthquake exhibit
  • China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department Ka-32
    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department Ka-32
  • A former China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department ATV
    A former China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department ATV
  • Fire trucks of the former China Fire Services Xiamen Fire Department
    Fire trucks of the former China Fire Services Xiamen Fire Department
  • A former China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 ladder truck
    A former China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department Dongfeng EQ2102 ladder truck
  • China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Volkswagen Santana fire marshal vehicle
    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Volkswagen Santana fire marshal vehicle
  • China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Isuzu Foward
    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Isuzu Foward
  • China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Maxus G10
    China Fire Services Jiujiang Fire Department Maxus G10
  • A China Fire Services Garze Fire Department Dongfeng EQ140
    A China Fire Services Garze Fire Department Dongfeng EQ140
  • Fire trucks of the China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department
    Fire trucks of the China Fire Services Lijiang Fire Department
  • China Fire Services Ziyang Fire Department fire truck conducting disaster relief after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake
    China Fire Services Ziyang Fire Department fire truck conducting disaster relief after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake
  • China Fire Services Zhongshan Department fire engine
    China Fire Services Zhongshan Department fire engine
  • A China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department HOWO fire truck
    A China Fire Services Yichang Fire Department HOWO fire truck
  • China Fire Services Bengbu fire department Mercedes-Benz Actros
    China Fire Services Bengbu fire department Mercedes-Benz Actros
  • China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Fire engines
    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Fire engines
  • China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Jinshan Fire Department Hufengxiao 01 fire boat
    China Fire Services Shanghai Fire Department [zh] Jinshan Fire Department Hufengxiao 01 fire boat

Line of duty deaths

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Main article: List of People's Armed Police personnel killed in the line of duty

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Runping, Yao (2018-03-23). "致敬！再见了公安边防、消防、警卫，武警黄金、森林、水电" [Salutations! Goodbye to the border defense, MPS firefighting corps, MPS guard corps, PAP gold, forestry and hydropower corps]. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  2. ^ "步步坚实 衔接有序——跨军地改革工作成效显著". Central government of the People's Republic of China. 2019-07-22.
  3. ^ "公安邊防、警衛部隊舉行集體換裝和入警宣誓儀式". People's Daily. 2019-01-01.
  4. ^ "Armed Police Force". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  5. ^ a b "公安边防简介" [About Us - Ministry of Public Security Border Control Department]. The Border Control Department of the Ministry of Public Security. 2008-04-29. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  6. ^ Ni, Wei (2018-04-06). "武警改革的出与进: 八大警种瘦身健体" [The Coming and Going of the PAP Reform: Eight Corps Slimming Down]. The Beijing News. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  7. ^ Wuthnow, Joel (16 April 2019). China's Other Army: The People's Armed Police in an Era of Reform (PDF). Washington: Institute for National Strategic Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "再见，武警边防，你好，人民警察" [Goodbye, PAP Border Defense, Hello, People's Police]. The Paper. 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  9. ^ a b c Zhang, Haihua (2016-03-06). "武警部队历史沿革" [History of the People's Armed Police]. Chinese Military. Archived from the original on 2024-11-30. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
  10. ^ "许新建：用生命捍卫祖国边防战线" [Sacrifice for defense of the border]. Xinhua News Agency. 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2025-03-21.
  11. ^ Zhiheng, Cao (2008-08-07). "新疆喀什为遭暴力袭击牺牲的16名烈士举行追悼会" [Funeral of the 16 victims of the Xinjiang Kashgar attack held]. Chinese central government (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  12. ^ "西藏遭印度锡金邦6.8级地震波及-亚东边防官兵全力抗震救灾" [Tibet affected by Sikkim 6.8 earthquake - Yadong border defense personnel deployed to assist with disaster relief]. Ministry of Public Security. 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  13. ^ "尹铭志：与毒贩殊死搏斗 20岁血洒边疆". Xinhua News Agency. 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2025-04-14.
  14. ^ a b "中缅边境缉毒亲历记：武警在漫天杂草中"生擒"吸毒者" [Anti-drug operations on the China-Myanmar border]. People's Daily. 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  15. ^ ""大狼"不知道为什么主人突然就不来了" [K9 "Big Wolf" does not know why his handler is gone]. The Paper. 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  16. ^ Xiao, Fugui (2015-05-26). Wang, Pengfei (ed.). "震后三十天——西藏吉隆边检站官兵救灾手记". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2025-03-30.
  17. ^ Huang, Xing; Zheng, Yongbo (2015-05-08). Yang, Ting (ed.). "西藏地震救人受伤边防战士张高勇手术成功". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2025-03-30.
  18. ^ Dong, Yue, ed. (2017-06-05). "19岁武警战士身中数弹，仍与歹徒搏斗". Chinese Military. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
  19. ^ Cai, Chunlin; Tian, Hong, eds. (2017-06-22). "面对持枪歹徒 这个95后战士中弹18处又追了800米". CCTV. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
  20. ^ "脱下军装-换上警服-广东公安边防警卫部队集体换装". Guangdong Provincial Government. 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2025-03-30.
  21. ^ "甘肃出入境边防检查总站改革转隶五周年, 构建安全新格局". China Daily. 2023-12-06.
  22. ^ Runping, Yao (2018-03-23). "致敬！再见了公安边防、消防、警卫，武警黄金、森林、水电" [Salutations! Goodbye to the border defense, MPS firefighting corps, MPS guard corps, PAP gold, forestry and hydropower corps]. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  23. ^ "省公安厅特勤局举行集体换装入警宣誓仪式". Sina. Hunan Provincial Public Security Department. 2019-01-02. Archived from the original on 2020-11-30.
  24. ^ a b c "公安边防、警卫部队举行集体换装和入警宣誓仪式". Central Government of the PRC. 2019-01-02.
  25. ^ "中国人民武装警察部队". Lanzhou Resources & Environment Voc-Tech University [zh]. 2020-04-14.
  26. ^ a b c d "赵克志在公安部警卫局调研时强调　增强"四个意识"　贯彻"四个必须"　永远做让党和人民放心的忠诚卫士". Ministry of Public Security. 2017-11-17.
  27. ^ "李理". MPS Honor Roll.
  28. ^ Zhang, Haihua (2016-03-06). "武警部队历史沿革" [History of the People's Armed Police]. Chinese Military. Archived from the original on 2024-11-30. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
  29. ^ "王建军". MPS Honor Roll.
  30. ^ a b Runping, Yao (2018-03-23). "致敬！再见了公安边防、消防、警卫，武警黄金、森林、水电" [Salutations! Goodbye to the border defense, MPS firefighting corps, MPS guard corps, PAP gold, forestry and hydropower corps]. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2025-03-17.
  31. ^ "应急管理部发布国家综合性消防救援队伍改革过渡期身份标识牌". Chinese government. 2018-10-10.
  32. ^ "你的名字，你的忠诚，依然清晰……". The Paper. 2018-09-30.
  33. ^ "公安消防官兵在地震灾区抢救埋压人员5796人" [China Fire Services firefighters rescue 5796 people]. Ministry of Public Security. 2008-05-18.
  34. ^ "Five firefighters die in Harbin warehouse collapse". South China Morning Post. 2015-01-02.
  35. ^ Xin, Wen. "天津市公安消防总队长周天:这是一场史无前例的战斗". china.com.
  36. ^ a b c d e "再见，武警边防，你好，人民警察" [Goodbye, PAP Border Defense, Hello, People's Police]. The Paper. 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  37. ^ "上海首架消防直升机将投用-主要作用是救援". People's Daily. 2013-11-06.
  38. ^ "Shanghai Border Defense Coast Guard Squadron conducts exercise". Chinese Chinese Government. 2008-11-20.
  39. ^ https://www.andrewerickson.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Chinas-Maritime-Gray-Zone-Operations_Volume_CHINESE-TRADITIONAL-TRANSLATION_Chapter_Erickson-Hickey-Holst.pdf
  40. ^ Sun, Weishuai; Lu, He; Wang, Aiwei; Shao, Yang; Tang, Chuanfei (2018-06-28). "海警队伍转隶武警部队没有改变其基本任务属性" [Coast guard being transferred to the Armed Police, however its mission has not changed]. Ministry of National defense of China. Retrieved 2025-03-18.
  41. ^ "上海首艘古镇消防船在金山上岗 水炮射程超30米". China National Radio. 2018-06-22.
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