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List of battles with most United States military fatalities

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Gettysburg National Cemetery, where the Battle of Gettysburg, the deadliest battle in U.S. military history, was fought over three days in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, from July 1 to July 3, 1863
Color photo of a graveyard in Autumn
Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery with Section 32 of the cemetery in the foreground

This article contains a list of battles with most United States military fatalities and the associated American deaths in these battles.

Introduction

[edit]

This article lists battles and campaigns in which the number of U.S. soldiers killed exceeded 1,000. The battles and campaigns that reached that number of deaths in the field are limited to the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and one campaign during the Iraq War. Total number of deaths in Civil War battles and campaigns include both Union and Confederate deaths.

The battle with the most military fatalities in U.S. military history prior to the 20th Century was the Battle of Gettysburg, fought over three days during the American Civil War in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, between 1 July and 3 July 1863, in which over 50,000 combined Union and Confederate troops were killed, wounded, captured or went missing.[1]

The military campaigns with the most U.S. military deaths include the Gettysburg campaign from June 3 to July 24, 1863 during the American Civil War, which killed over 51,000 total Union and Confederate troops.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the Siegfried Line campaign, fought between August 28, 1944 and March 21, 1945 during World War II, 50,410 U.S. soldiers were killed fighting against Nazi Germany.[a][9]

The bloodiest single day in the history of the United States military is either June 6, 1944, with 2,500 soldiers killed during the Invasion of Normandy on D-Day, or September 12, 1918, at the start of the Battle of Saint Mihiel, with over 2,500 dead (however, this exact figure is unverifiable because of poor documentation). The third-highest single-day toll was the Battle of Antietam, with 2,108 dead.

The deadliest single-day battle in American military history, if all engaged armies are considered, is the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, which resulted in 3,675 killed, including both Union and Confederate soldiers with total casualties of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing Union and Confederate soldiers.[10][b][11]

The origins of the U.S. military can be traced to the Americans' fight for independence in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). The three bloodiest conflicts have been American Civil War (1861–1865), World War I (1917–1918), and World War II (1941–1945 for declared American involvement). Other significant conflicts involving the United States in order of casualties sustained are the Korean War (1950–1953), the Vietnam War (1964–1973), the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), and various conflicts in the Middle East.

Scope and definitions

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The definition of "battle" as a concept in military science has varied with the changes in the organization, employment, and technology of military forces. Before the 20th century, "battle" usually meant a military clash over a small area, lasting a few days at most and often just one day, such as the Battle of Waterloo, which began and ended on 18 June 1815 on a field a few kilometers across.

Especially since the 20th century, "battle" means a military campaign, which includes larger and longer military operations on the operational or even strategic level, such as the Battle of the Atlantic, fought from 1939 to 1945 over about a fifth of the Earth's surface.

Since both types of "battles" are not usefully comparable in many ways, including casualty comparisons, this article is divided into two sections, one for battles in the older, more restricted sense and one for campaigns, many of which are also called battles.

There are actions at the margins that can be reasonably assigned to either list. The Battle of Spotsylvania, for instance, lasted 14 days, but the main part of the battle was fought on a small field less than three kilometers on a side, and in this way being more in the nature of a siege, a military action typically of long duration but in covering a relatively small area. Like the similar Battle of Cold Harbor, also part of the Overland Campaign, it is included in this article on the Battles list. The Battle of Saint-Mihiel, lasting only about four days, but on a larger field (roughly 12 kilometers by 25 kilometers), is also included on the Battles list.

The term casualty in warfare does not refer to those who are killed on the battlefield; rather, it refers to those who can no longer fight, which can include those disabled by physical injuries or psychological trauma, or those captured, deserted, missing. During the Seven Days Battles during the American Civil War (June 25 to July 1, 1862), for instance, there were 5,228 killed, 23,824 wounded and 7,007 missing or taken prisoners for a total of 36,059 casualties.[12][b] The word "casualty" has been used in a military context since at least 1513.[13] In this article, the numbers killed refer to the total of those killed in action, killed by disease, and those who died from their wounds.

Battles

[edit]
Battle or siege Conflict Date Estimated number killed Opposing force References
Battle of Gettysburg American Civil War July 1 to July 3, 1863 7,863 killed[c] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [1][14]
Seven Days Battles American Civil War June 25 to July 1, 1862 5,228 killed[d] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [12]
Battle of Elsenborn Ridge (part of the Battle of the Bulge) World War II December 16 to 26, 1944 5,000 killed (approximate) Nazi Germany Germany [15]
Battle of Saint-Mihiel World War I September 12 to 15, 1918 4,500 killed (approximate) German Empire Germany [16]
Battle of Spotsylvania American Civil War May 8 to May 21, 1864 4,240 killed[e] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Chickamauga American Civil War September 19 to September 20, 1863 3,968 killed[f] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of the Wilderness American Civil War May 5 to May 7, 1864 3,741 killed[g] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Antietam American Civil War September 17, 1862 3,675 killed [h] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Shiloh American Civil War April 6 to April 7, 1862 3,482 killed[i] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Chancellorsville American Civil War April 30 to May 6, 1863 3,330 killed[j] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Second Battle of Bull Run American Civil War August 26 to August 30, 1862 3,052 killed[k] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Stones River American Civil War December 31, 1862 to January 2, 1863 3,204 killed[l] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
Battle of Saint-Lô World War II July 7 to July 19, 1944 Over 3,000 killed Nazi Germany Germany [18]
Operation Lüttich (Part of the Battle of Normandy) World War II August 7 to August 13, 1944 3,000 killed (approximate)[m] Nazi Germany Germany [19]
Battle of Leyte Gulf World War II October 23 to 25, 1944 2,800 killed Empire of Japan Japan [20]
Battle of Cold Harbor American Civil War May 21 to June 12, 1864 2,672 killed[n] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [17]
D-Day (first day of Operation Overlord) World War II June 6, 1944 2,500 killed Nazi Germany Germany [21]
Pearl Harbor Attack World War II December 7, 1941 2,335 killed[o] Empire of Japan Japan [22]
Operation Thunderbolt (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea) Korean War January 25 to February 20, 1951 2,228 killed China China

North Korea North Korea

[23]
Battle of Fismes and Fismette (part of the Second Battle of the Marne) World War I August 3 to September 1, 1918 2,068 killed German Empire Germany [24]
Battle of Aachen (part of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest) World War II October 12 to October 21, 1944 2,000 killed Nazi Germany Germany [25]
Battle of Franklin American Civil War 30 November 1864 1,939 killed[p] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [26]
Battle of Fredericksburg American Civil War December 11 to December 15, 1862 1,892 killed[q] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [27]
Battle of Nashville American Civil War December 15 to 16, 1864 1,887 killed[r] Confederate States of America Confederate States of America [28]
Battle of Tarawa World War II November 20 to November 23, 1943 1,759 killed[s] Empire of Japan Japan [29]
UN Invasion of North Korea Korean War September 30 to November 25, 1950 1,732 killed North Korea North Korea
China China 		[30]
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal World War II November 12, 1942 to November 15, 1942 1,732 killed Empire of JapanJapan [citation needed]
UN Counteroffensive from the Pusan Perimeter (including the Inchon Landings and the Second Battle of Seoul) Korean War September 15 to September 30, 1950 1,492 killed North Korea North Korea [30]
Task Force Faith Korean War November 27 to December 2, 1950 1,450 killed (approximate)[t] China China [31]
Second Battle of Naktong Bulge (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter) Korean War September 1 to September 15, 1950 1,305 killed North Korea North Korea [32]
Battle of Taejon Korean War July 14 to July 21, 1950 1,128 killed North KoreaNorth Korea [33]
Battle of Savo Island (part of the Guadalcanal Campaign) World War II August 8, 1942 to August 9, 1942 1,077 killed Empire of Japan Japan [citation needed]
Battle of Belleau Wood World War I June 1 to June 26, 1918 1,062 killed German Empire Germany [34]
Battle of Masan (part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter) Korean War August 5 to September 19, 1950 1,057 killed North Korea North Korea [35]
Battle of Manila (part of the Battle of Luzon) World War II February 3 to March 3, 1945 1,010 killed Empire of Japan Japan [36]

Campaigns

[edit]
Campaign Conflict Date Estimated number killed Opposing force References
Gettysburg campaign American Civil War June 3 to July 24, 1863 51,000 killed[u] Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Siegfried Line campaign World War II August 28 1944 to March 21, 1945 50,410 killed[v] Nazi GermanyGermany [9]
Italian campaign World War II July 9 1943 to May 2, 1945 29,560 killed Nazi GermanyGermany
Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic 		[37]
Battle of Normandy World War II June 6 to August 25, 1944 29,204 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [w][38][39]
Meuse–Argonne Offensive World War I September 26 to November 11, 1918 26,277 killed German EmpireGermany [40]
Philippines campaign (1944–1945) World War II October 20, 1944 to August 15, 1945 20,712 killed Empire of JapanJapan [41][42][43][44][45]
Battle of the Bulge World War II December 16, 1944 to January 28, 1945 19,276 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [46]
Central Europe Campaign World War II March 22 to May 8, 1945 15,009 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [38]
38th Parallel Static Warfare Campaign Korean War July 11, 1951 to July 27, 1953 ~13,800 killed ChinaChina [47]
Philippines Campaign (1941-42) World War II December 8, 1941 to May 6, 1942 ~13,000 killed Empire of JapanJapan [x]
Battle of Okinawa World War II April 1 to June 22, 1945 ~12,500 killed Empire of JapanJapan [48]
Battle of Hürtgen Forest World War II September 19, 1944 to February 17, 1945 ~12,000 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [y]
Overland Campaign American Civil War May 4 to June 24, 1864 11,973 killed[z] Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America [50]
North Apennines Campaign World War II September 10, 1944 to April 4, 1945 8,486 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [38]
Battle of Luzon World War II January 9 to August 15, 1945 10,310 killed Empire of JapanJapan [51]
Chinese Invasion of South Korea Korean War December 31, 1950 to July 10, 1951 ~8,000 killed ChinaChina [52]
Operation Dragoon World War II August 15 to September 14, 1944 7,301 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [49]
Guadalcanal Campaign World War II August 7, 1942, to February 9, 1943 7,100 killed Empire of JapanJapan [53]
Alsace Campaign World War II November 13, 1944 to February 19, 1945 7,000 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [54]
Battle of Iwo Jima World War II February 19 to March 26, 1945 6,821 killed Empire of JapanJapan [55]
Lorraine Campaign World War II September 1 to December 18, 1944 6,657 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [56]
Maryland campaign American Civil War September 4 to 20, 1862 6,595 killed[aa] Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America [57][58][59]
Naples–Foggia Campaign World War II September 9, 1943 to January 21, 1944 6,266 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [38]
Battle of Anzio World War II January 22 to June 5, 1944 5,538 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [38]
New Guinea campaign World War II January 23 1942 to 15 August, 1945 4,684 killed Empire of Japan Japan [60]
Battle of Pusan Perimeter Korean War August 4 to September 18, 1950 4,599 killed North KoreaNorth Korea [61]
Chinese Second Phase Offensive in North Korea Korean War November 25 to December 15, 1950 4,538 killed[ab] ChinaChina [62]
Chinese Spring Offensive and UN Counteroffensive (part of the Chinese Invasion of South Korea) Korean War April 22 to July 1, 1951 ~3,600 killed ChinaChina
North KoreaNorth Korea 		[63]
Battle of Leyte World War II October 17 to December 26, 1944 3,593 killed Empire of JapanJapan [ac]
Northern Virginia campaign American Civil War July 19 to September 1, 1862 3,942 killed[ad] Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America [65][66]
Saar-Palatinate Offensive World War II March 8 to March 24, 1945 3,540 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [67]
Battle of Saipan World War II June 15 to July 9, 1944 3,426 killed Empire of JapanJapan [68]
Tet Offensive Vietnam War January 30 to September 23, 1968 3,178 Killed North VietnamNorth Vietnam
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamViet Cong 		[ae]
North Korean Invasion of South Korea Korean War June 25 to August 3, 1950 3,108 killed North KoreaNorth Korea [30]
Battle of Chosin Reservoir Korean War November 27 to December 13, 1950 ~2,840 killed[af] ChinaChina [70]
Tunisian Campaign World War II November 12, 1942 to May 13, 1943 2,838 killed Nazi GermanyGermany
Fascist ItalyItaly 		[49]
Battle of Sicily World War II July 9 to August 17, 1943 2,811 killed Fascist ItalyItaly
Nazi GermanyGermany 		[71]
May Offensive Vietnam War April 29 to May 30, 1968 2,169 killed North VietnamNorth Vietnam
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamViet Cong 		[72]
Dutch East Indies Campaign World War II December 8, 1941 to March 9, 1942 ~2,000 killed Empire of JapanJapan [ag]
Second Battle of the Marne World War I July 15 to August 6, 1918 1,926 killed[ah] German EmpireGermany [74]
Operation Toan Thang II Vietnam War June 1 1968 to February 16 1969 1,798 killed North VietnamNorth Vietnam
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamViet Cong 		[75]: 31 
Battle of Guam World War II July 21 to August 10, 1944 1,783 killed Empire of JapanJapan [76]: 163 
Operation Lumberjack World War II March 1 to 25, 1945 1,700 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [77]
Operation Toan Thang III Vietnam War February 17 to October 31, 1969 1,533 killed North VietnamNorth Vietnam
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South VietnamViet Cong 		[78]: A-17 
Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River Korean War November 25 to December 2, 1950 1,489 killed[ai] ChinaChina [79]
Battle of Peleliu World War II September 15 to November 25, 1944 1,460 killed Empire of JapanJapan [80]: 327 
Anbar campaign Iraq War March 20 2003 to 7, December 2011 1,335 killed  Iraq (until 9 April 2003)
Iraqi insurgency (2003-2011) 		[81]
Operation Grenade World War II February 23 to March 10, 1945 1,330 killed Nazi GermanyGermany [82]
Operation Grapeshot World War II April 6 to May 2, 1945 1,288 killed Nazi GermanyGermany
Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic 		[83]
New Georgia campaign World War II June 30 to October 7, 1943 1,195 killed Empire of JapanJapan [84]
Battle of Mindanao World War II March 10 to August 15, 1945 1,041 killed[aj] Empire of JapanJapan [85][86]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
  2. ^ a b Union and Confederate numbers added together
  3. ^ 3,155 Union and 4,708 Confederate
  4. ^ 1,734 Union and 3,494 Confederacy[12]
  5. ^ 2,725 Union[17] and 1,515 Confederacy
  6. ^ 1,656 Union[17] and 2,312 Confederacy
  7. ^ 2,246 Union[17] and 1,495 Confederacy
  8. ^ 2,108 Union and 1,567 Confederate
  9. ^ 1,754 Union[17] and 1,728 Confederacy
  10. ^ 1,606 Union[17] and 1,724 Confederacy
  11. ^ 1,747 Union[17] and 1,305 Confederacy
  12. ^ 1,730 Union[17] and 1,294 Confederacy
  13. ^ Estimates range from 2,000 to 3,000 killed
  14. ^ 1,844 Union[17] and 788 Confederacy
  15. ^ 2,008 Navy KIA + 109 Marines + 218 Army (not included: 68 civilian deaths)[22]
  16. ^ 189 Union and 1,750 Confederate
  17. ^ 1,284 Union and 608 Confederacy[27]
  18. ^ 387 Union and 1,500 Confederate
  19. ^ 984 Marines + 88 MIA + 687 Navy
    984+ 88+ 687[29]
  20. ^ Of the 2,500 soldiers in Task Force Faith only 1,050 made it back. Of those only 385 were able-bodied[31]
  21. ^ Union and Confederate[2]
  22. ^ Between 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 only
  23. ^ 20,668 among ground forces and 8,536 among the USAAF
  24. ^ Hard to get exact numbers because post-World War II history books about the 1941-42 Philippines campaign focus mostly on the Bataan Death March and brutality in POW camps and don't give exact numbers on the KIA during the actual Battle of Bataan. Usually ~10,000 U.S. forces killed is given for the KIA in the actual Battle of Bataan. On Corregidor there were ~1,000 KIA. There were thousands more sailors and airmen killed in action during the 1941-42 Philippines Campaign on sunken U.S. Navy ships and hundreds of destroyed USAAF airplanes from December 1941 to May 1942.
  25. ^ 50,410 Americans died in the Rhineland from September 1944 - March 21, 1945[49]
  26. ^ 7,621 Union and 4,352 Confederate
  27. ^ 2,783 Union and 3,812 Confederate
  28. ^ U.S. Army KIA+Army POW died+Army MIA died+Marine KIA+Navy KIA
    1183+1167+1410+763+15 = 4,538
  29. ^ 16,233 died in Leyte, Luson, and Southern Philippines during October 17, 1944 - July 4, 1945[64]
  30. ^ 2,061 Union and 1,481 Confederate
  31. ^ 16,592 American died in 1968[69]
  32. ^ 836 Marines killed + 2,000 US Army killed[70]
  33. ^ 10 U.S. Navy ships were sunk, resulting in 1,973 killed in action. 24 U.S. Army soldiers of the Lost Battalion were killed in action. Unknown number of USAAF airmen flying P-40 fighters were also killed during this campaign.
  34. ^ 12,000 casualties including KIA, WIA, POW[73]
  35. ^ 676 killed + 813 Missing presumed dead
  36. ^ Operation VICTOR IV, the seizure of Mindanao's Zamboanga Peninsula occurred at the same time as Battle of Mindanao.
    221 killed and 665 wounded on Zamboanga Peninsula[85]
    820 killed and 2,880 wounded on E. Mindanao[86]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Gettysburg" at Battlefields
  2. ^ a b c https://www.nationalguard.mil/Features/2013/Battle-of-Gettysburg/
  3. ^ a b Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 155–168
  4. ^ a b Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 283–291
  5. ^ a b Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 151–152
  6. ^ a b 90,000 according to Eicher, pp. 502–503.
  7. ^ a b Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 193-194
  8. ^ a b Sears, p. 498. In addition to Gettysburg itself, there were approximately 4,500 casualties on the march north and during the retreat.
  9. ^ a b MacDonald 1963.
  10. ^ Tucker 2013, p. 903
  11. ^ History.com 2017
  12. ^ a b c Tucker 2013, p. 892
  13. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed gives a 1513 reference for military casualty, and an 1844 reference for civilian use
  14. ^ Busey and Martin, p. 125.
  15. ^ “A Time for Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge“, p. 410
  16. ^ "About St. Mihiel American Cemetery". American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC).
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Allen 2017
  18. ^ "Normandie-1944, L'été de la Liberté - La Campagne 7 juin/25 août - La Bataille de Saint-Lô". 12 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  19. ^ Cawthorne 2005, p. 126.
  20. ^ Tucker 2013, p. 1668
  21. ^ D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery 2017
  22. ^ a b Alison 2016
  23. ^ Ecker 2005, p. 83.
  24. ^ A Fismes en 1918, j'étais là avec les Yanks , Tome 1, Cyrille Delozanne (ISBN 978-1-304-36393-0). Ville de Fismes. Service Culturel. www.fismes.fr
  25. ^ Peters 2017
  26. ^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 774.
  27. ^ a b Tucker 2013, p. 919
  28. ^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 780.
  29. ^ a b Tucker 2013, p. 1605
  30. ^ a b c Sobieski, Anthony J. 1127 Days of Death – a Korean War Chronology – Part I, 1950. https://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/Korea/KoreanWarPartI . Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  31. ^ a b Daily 1999, p. 68
  32. ^ Ecker 2004, pp. 16, 20.
  33. ^ Ecker 2004, p. 6.
  34. ^ Tucker 2013, p. 1323
  35. ^ Ecker 2004, pp. 29, 31, 39.
  36. ^ “The Battle for Manila” p. 195
  37. ^ Ellis 1993, p. 255..
  38. ^ a b c d e Comptroller of the United States Army 1953, p. 92
  39. ^ “ Determining the Decisive Moments: The Invasion of Normandy” p 341
  40. ^ Brown 2013, p. 191
  41. ^ "Triumph in the Philippines" pp. 48 & 66 Archived December 24, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 26, 2015
  42. ^ Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II p. 94. Retrieved 4 May 2023
  43. ^ History of the Medical Department in World War II, vol. III Appendix Table 14, see "Return to the Philippines." Retrieved 2/6/2024
  44. ^ history.navy.mil, "World War II Casualties, Return to the Philippines." Retrieved 4 May 2023
  45. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2012). Almanac of American Military History, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 1668. ISBN 978-1-59-884530-3.
  46. ^ Graham 2007, p. 159.
  47. ^ Ecker 2005.
  48. ^ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Okinawa: The Last Battle [Appendix C]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  49. ^ a b c Comptroller of the United States Army 1953, p. 93
  50. ^ General summary from the Rapidan to the James River, May 5 – June 24, 1864: Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, page 188.
  51. ^ Willmott 2005, p. 22
  52. ^ Ecker 2005, pp. 73–105.
  53. ^ Tucker 2014, p. 213
  54. ^ "The Colmar Pocket – "The Forgotten Campaign"". standwheretheyfoughts jimdo page!.
  55. ^ Smith 2009, p. II
  56. ^ Zabecki 1999, p. 1560
  57. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 204
  58. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 549
  59. ^ Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, pp. 810–13.
  60. ^ Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General 1953, p. 94.
  61. ^ Varhola 2000, p. 6
  62. ^ (Ecker 2005, p. 62)
  63. ^ Ecker 2005, pp. 93–105.
  64. ^ Comptroller of the United States Army 1953, p. 94
  65. ^ U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 12/1, pp. 139, 262.
  66. ^ Eicher 2001, pp. 334–335.
  67. ^ “Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th Ed.” page 480
  68. ^ Hearn 2007, p. 88
  69. ^ United States 2010
  70. ^ a b Hickman 2017
  71. ^ Hart 2015, p. 627
  72. ^ "The men killed on a single, bloody day in Vietnam, and the haunting wall that memorializes them". The Washington Post. May 25, 2018.
  73. ^ Sondhaus 2011, p. 413
  74. ^ Surgeon General 1920, pp. 43–44
  75. ^ "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary February 1969" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 22 June 1969. Retrieved 9 March 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  76. ^ Rottman, Gordon L (2004). Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest (1st ed.). Botley: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-8417-6811-3. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  77. ^ “Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th Ed.” page 479
  78. ^ "United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Command History 1969 Volume III" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 30 April 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  79. ^ (Ecker 2005, p. 62).
  80. ^ Eggenberger, D. "An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present". Courier Corporation. 2012. ISBN 978-0-4861-4201-2
  81. ^ "Iraq Coalition Casualties: U.S. Wounded Totals". Operation Iraqi Freedom. Iraq Coalition Casualty Count (iCasualties.org). Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  82. ^ "Warfare and Armed Conflicts" p. 479
  83. ^ Jackson 2004, p. 334.
  84. ^ Altobello 2000, p. 354.
  85. ^ a b Smith 2005, p. 597
  86. ^ a b Smith 2005, p. 648

Sources

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