Kharia language
| Kharia | |
|---|---|
| खड़िया, ଖଡ଼ିଆ | |
| Region | India (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha). |
| Ethnicity | Kharia |
Native speakers | 297,614; 69% of ethnic population (2011 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Devanagari, Odia, Latin | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | khr |
| Glottolog | khar1287 |
| ELP | Kharia |
The Kharia language (Kharia pronunciation: [kʰaɽija] or [kʰeɽija][2]) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family, that is primarily spoken by the Kharia people of eastern India.
History
[edit]According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Austroasiatic languages arrived on the coast of Odisha from Southeast Asia about 4000-3500 years ago.[3]
Classification
[edit]Kharia belongs to the Kharia–Juang branch of the Munda language family. Its closest extant relative is the Juang language, but the relationship between Kharia and Juang is remote.
Kharia is in contact with Sadri (the local lingua franca), Mundari, Kurukh, Hindi, and Odia (in Odisha).[2]
Distribution
[edit]Kharia speakers are located in the following districts of India.[2]
Phonology
[edit]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | (ʔ) |
| aspirated | t̪ʰ | ʈʰ | cʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | d̪ʱ | ɖʱ | ɟʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| glottalised | ˀb | ˀɖ | ˀɟ | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | ɦ | ||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
| Tap | unaspirated | ɾ | (ɽ) | ||||
| aspirated | (ɽʱ) | ||||||
- [ɽ, ɽʱ] are only marginally phonemic and are normally intervocalic allophones of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.
- /f/ can also be pronounced among some speakers as an affricate [p͡f].
- /c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ/ are often realized as affricate sounds [t͡ʃ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, d͡ʒʱ], especially in loanwords.
- [ʔ] is an allophone of /ɡ/ when in coda position.[4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | (ə) | o |
| Open | a | ||
| Diphthong | /ae̯, ao̯, ou̯, oe̯, ui̯/ | ||
- /i, e, o, u/ have lax allophones of [ɪ, ɛ, ɔ, ʊ].
- /a/ can have allophones of [ɑ, ä, ə, ʌ].[4]
Sample text
[edit]Ughay
this.way
andai
guess
ɖom=ta
PASS=MID.PRES
no
CMPL
ata
Q
bhere
time
israeli
Israeli
lebu=ki
person=PL
rusuŋ
red
samudar=te
ocean=OBL
paro=na
cross=INF
laʔ=ki,
IPFV=MID.PST
hin
then
bhere=jo
time=ADD
khaɽiya=kia
Kharia=PL
ho
that
boʔ=ki=te=ga
place=PL=OBL=FOC
aw=ki=may.
live=MID.PST=3PL.SUBJ
'Thus it is assumed that at the time that the Israelis were crossing the Red Sea, at that time the Kharias were at those places as well.'
Laʔ
then
anin=aʔ
1PL.INCL=GEN
khariya
Kharia
bulbul,
Babylon
yane
i.e.
babilon,
Babylon
poʔda
village
tay
ABL
muʔ=kon
emerge=SEQ
del/em/-dol
come-?
arloʔ,
north
serloʔsin
south
ghay
way
hoy=kon
become=SEQ
utiˀj
this.side
del=ki=may.
come=MID.PST=3PL
'Then our Kharia [ancestors], having left Bulbul, i.e., Babylon, coming along, via the north and south, came to this side [i.e., here].'
Am=ga
You=FOC
patar
light
terter
give.RDPL
heke=m,
QUAL.PRES=2SG
am,
You
Yesu,
Jesus
ɖe=na=m
come=MID.IRR=2SG
ro
and
patar
light
ter=e=m
give=ACT.IRR=2SG
patar
light
ter=e=m.
give=ACT.IRR=2SG
'You are the [one] who gives light, you, Jesus, will come and give light, you will give light.'
References
[edit]- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- ^ a b c Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008). The Munda languages. London: Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 9780415328906. OCLC 225385744.
- ^ Sidwell, Paul (2018). "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018". Archived from the original on 2019-05-03 – via academia.edu.. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d Peterson 2008.
- Gagan Chandra Banerjee (1894). Introduction to the Khariā Language. Bengal Secretariat Press. ISBN 9788120617728. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Peterson, John (2008). "Kharia". In Anderson, Gregory D. S' (ed.). The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge. pp. 434–507. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
External links
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