Java-class frigate (1813)
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Java class |
| Operators | United States Navy |
| Preceded by | Original six frigates of the United States Navy |
| Built | 1813-1815 |
| Planned | 6 |
| Completed | 2 |
| Cancelled | 3 |
| Lost | 1 |
| Retired | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Sailing frigate |
| Displacement | 1,508 short tons (1,368 metric tons) |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 44.5 feet (13.6 m) |
| Draft | 13.5 feet (4.1 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Complement | 400 |
| Armament | 45 guns of various shot |
The Java or Guerriere-class frigate was a series of heavy sailing frigates built for the United States Navy during the War of 1812. Designed to shore up the fledgling Navy, the ships had a miserable service life. Of the six initially planned, only three were laid down, and only two entered service. The two ships of the class had a limited role within the Navy, stemming from poor craftsmenship and wood quality due to their war-time construction.
Design and development
[edit]Under the Jefferson Administration in the early 1800s, the US Navy was invisoned as a militia-based force that operated small, ad-hoc gunboats. Congress opposed expanding the Navy, which left the nation unable to defend itself at sea. It reversed course following the outbreak of the War of 1812, and ordered 6 frigates in 1813, which made them the first purpose-built vessels for the Navy since 1800. The new frigates were greatly modeled after the earlier original six frigates, with characteristics similar to those of the 44-gun varient. The ships were armed with a total of 45 guns, displaced 1,508 short tons (1,368 metric tons), were 175 feet (53 m) long between perpendiculars, 145 feet (44 m) long at the waterline, had a beam of 44.5 feet (13.6 m), a depth of 13.5 feet (4.1 m), and were manned by a crew of 400.[1][2]
History
[edit]Although six ships were ordered, only three were laid down, all in 1813. Of the three, Columbia and Continental were re-named after war prizes captured from Great Britain while they were still in the shipyard. After the Battle of Bladensburg and the British advance on Washington D.C., The newly renamed and nearly completed Essex was burned to prevent her capture.[1][2]
Due to their war time construction, the two remaining ships were poorly made and quickly deteriorated due to the use of green wood. After she was launched, Java was described by Oliver Hazard Perry as, "not appear[ing] to have been faithfully built, [and] the work in many respects bad..." Post-war, the two ships were sent to the Mediterranean, where Guerriere engaged the Barbary Pirates. Java was of little use to the Navy due to her poor craftsmanship, and she was laid up for years as attempts to rebuild her failed to materialize. After her service, Guerriere became a school ship and Java was reduced to a receiving ship before both were found to be too costly to maintain and were broken up in the early 1840s.[1][2]
In 1820, the class's design was revisited, which produced the seven frigates of the Potomac-class, which served as the backbone for the Navy for several decades.[3]
Ships in class
[edit]Below are characteristics of every named ship of the class, which is also referred to as the Guerriere-class.[1]
| Name | Initial name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essex | Columbia | Washington Navy Yard | 1813 | – | – | Burned to prevent capture |
| Guerriere | Continental | Philadelphia Navy Yard | 20 Jun 1814 | 1814 | Decommissioned 19 Dec 1831 | |
| Java | – | Flannigan & Parsons, Baltimore | 1 Aug 1814 | Aug 1815 | Broken up in 1842 | |
| Three more ships ordered, never laid down | ||||||
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). "The United States Navy, 1794–1854". The sailing navy, 1775-1854. The U.S. Navy warship series. New York: Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-97872-9. OCLC 63178925.
- ^ a b c Canney, Donald L. (2001). Sailing warships of the US Navy. Internet Archive. London : Chatham. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-1-86176-110-1.
- ^ Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). "The United States Navy, 1794–1854". The sailing navy, 1775-1854. The U.S. Navy warship series. New York: Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-415-97872-9. OCLC 63178925.