Hymenocaris
| Hymenocaris Temporal range: Late Cambrian,
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| Holotype (left) and paratype (right) specimens of Hymenocaris vermicaudata | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Order: | †Hymenostraca Rolfe, 1969 |
| Family: | †Hymenocarididae Haeckel, 1896 |
| Genus: | †Hymenocaris Salter, 1853 |
| Species: | †H. vermicauda
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| Binomial name | |
| †Hymenocaris vermicauda Salter, 1853
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Hymenocaris is a genus of Cambrian marine arthropod. The type species, Hymenocaris vermicaudata is known from the Upper Cambrian (Furongian) Ffestiniog Formation, in North Wales, United Kingdom.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]Hymenocaris and the type species, H. vermicaudata, were originally described in 1853 by John William Salter based on fossils found near Tremadog and Dolgellau in North Wales,[2] which are now attributed to the upper Cambrian (Furongian) Ffestiniog Formation.[1]
Hymenocaris perfecta, described by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1912 from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada was later reassigned to the genus Canadaspis, with remains assigned to other alleged Hymenocaris species from the same deposit, such as Hymenocaris ovalis and Hymenocaris obliqua now considered synonyms of Canadaspis perfecta.[3] Hymenocaris salteri, originally named in 1861 based on fossils from Ordovician rocks in Victoria, Australia[4] is now considered a synonym of the phyllocarid species Caryocaris wrighti.[4][5]
Differences between Hymenocaris and Canadaspis have been used to justify erecting a separate order, Hymenostraca for Hymenocaris.[3] In this publication, Hymenocaris proper was assigned to Phyllocarida.[6] Due to species of Canadaspis being historically described as members of Hymenocaris, the clade Hymenocarina has been used for the clade containing Canadaspis and its close relatives, but notably Hymenocaris proper is not considered a member of Hymenocarina.[7][8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "BGS GSM59419 – Holotype". GB3D type fossils. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- ^ Salter, J.W. 1853. On the lowest fossiliferous beds of North Wales. In: Notes and abstracts of miscellaneous communcations to the sections. Geology and Physical Geography. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1852: 56–58.
- ^ a b Derek E. G. Briggs (1978). "The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (984): 439–487. Bibcode:1978RSPTB.281..439B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1978.0005. JSTOR 2418038.
- ^ a b Liu, Yilong; Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Smith, Patrick M.; Fan, Ruoying; Richards, Marcus D.; Terezow, Marianna G.; Zong, Ruiwen; Gong, Yiming (2024-12-31). "Reappraisal of New Zealand and Australian Ordovician caryocaridids presents insight into phyllocarid phylogeny". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1) 2417653. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2417653. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ^ Collette, Joseph H.; Hagadorn, James W. (September 2010). "Early Evolution of Phyllocarid Arthropods: Phylogeny and Systematics of Cambrian-Devonian Archaeostracans". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (5): 795–820. doi:10.1666/09-092.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ Brooks, H. K.; Zullo, V. A.; Glaessner, M. F.; Newman, W. A.; Moore, R. C.; Tasch, Paul; McCormick, Lavon; Manton, S. M.; Hessler, R. R.; Manning, R. B.; Rolfe, W. D. I.; Carpenter, F. M.; Holthuis, L. B.; Hoffman, R. L.; Hahn, Gerhard (1969-01-01). "Part R, Arthropoda 4, vol. 1 & 2, Complete Volume". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: 296–331. doi:10.17161/dt.v0i0.5632. ISSN 2153-621X.
- ^ Aria, Cédric; Caron, Jean-Bernard (May 2017). "Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan". Nature. 545 (7652): 89–92. doi:10.1038/nature22080. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28445464.
- ^ Vannier, Jean; Aria, Cédric; Taylor, Rod S.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (June 2018). "Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (6) 172206. doi:10.1098/rsos.172206. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 6030330. PMID 30110460.
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