George H. Pendleton

George H. Pendleton
United States Minister to Germany
In office June 21, 1885 – April 25, 1889
President	Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison
Preceded by	John A. Kasson
Succeeded by	William Phelps
Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus
In office March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1885
Preceded by	William A. Wallace
Succeeded by	James B. Beck
United States Senator from Ohio
In office March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1885
Preceded by	Stanley Matthews
Succeeded by	Henry B. Payne
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 1st district
In office March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1865
Preceded by	Timothy C. Day
Succeeded by	Benjamin Eggleston
Member of the Ohio Senate from the 1st district
In office January 2, 1854 – January 6, 1856 Served with John Schiff, William Converse
Preceded by	Edwin Armstrong Adam Riddle John Vattier
Succeeded by	Stanley Matthews George Holmes William Converse
Personal details
Born	George Hunt Pendleton (1825-07-19)July 19, 1825 Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Died	November 24, 1889(1889-11-24) (aged 64) Brussels, Belgium
Resting place	Spring Grove Cemetery Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Alice Key
Parent(s)	Jane Frances Hunt Pendleton Nathanael Greene Pendleton
Relatives	Francis Scott Key (father-in-law)
Education	University of Cincinnati Heidelberg University
Signature

George Hunt Pendleton (July 19, 1825 – November 24, 1889) was an American politician, lawyer and diplomat. He represented Ohio in both houses of Congress and was the Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1864.

After studying at the University of Cincinnati and Heidelberg University in Europe, Pendleton practiced law in his hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio. He was the son of Congressman Nathanael G. Pendleton and the son-in-law of poet Francis Scott Key. After serving in the Ohio Senate, Pendleton was elected to the United States House of Representatives. During the Civil War, he emerged as a leader of the Copperheads, a group of Democrats who favored peace with the Confederacy. After the war, he opposed the Thirteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

The 1864 Democratic National Convention nominated a ticket of George B. McClellan, who favored continuing the war, and Pendleton, who opposed it. The ticket lost to the National Union ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, and Pendleton's term as a Congressman expired shortly thereafter. Pendleton was a strong contender for the presidential nomination at the 1868 Democratic National Convention, but was defeated by Horatio Seymour. After Pendleton lost the 1869 Ohio gubernatorial election, he temporarily left politics.

He served as the president of the Kentucky Central Railroad before returning to Congress. Pendleton was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1879 and served a single term, becoming Chairman of the Senate Democratic Conference. After the assassination of President James A. Garfield, he wrote and helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The act required that many civil service be based on merit rather than political connections. Passage of the act lost him support in Ohio and he was not nominated for a second Senate term. President Grover Cleveland appointed him ambassador to the German Empire. He served in that position until 1889, dying later that year.

Early life

Pendleton was born in Cincinnati on July 19, 1825. He was the son of Jane Frances (née Hunt) Pendleton (1802–1839) and U.S. Representative Nathanael Greene Pendleton (1793–1861).

He attended the local schools and Cincinnati College and the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Pendleton studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and commenced practice in Cincinnati.

Career

Currier and Ives print of the Democratic presidential party ticket, 1864. Lithograph with watercolor.

Pendleton was elected as a member of the Ohio Senate, serving from 1854 to 1856. His father had been a member of the Ohio Senate from 1825 until 1827. In 1854, he ran unsuccessfully for the Thirty-fourth United States Congress. Two years later, he was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress. He was reelected to the three following Congresses (March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1865). During his time in the House, he was one of the managers appointed in 1862 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against West H. Humphreys, a US judge for several districts of Tennessee.

In the 1850s, Pendleton actively opposed measures to prohibit slavery in the Western United States. A leading defender of slavery, he was a leader of his party's "peace" faction during the Civil War, with close ties to the Copperheads. He voted against the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude.

National politics

Pendleton, a nationally prominent Extreme Peace Democrat, was nominated as the vice-presidential running mate of George McClellan, a War Democrat, in the 1864 presidential election. McClellan, age 37 at the time of the convention, and Pendleton, age 39, are the youngest major-party presidential ticket ever nominated in the United States. Their National Union opponents were President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. McClellan and Pendleton lost, receiving about 45% of the popular vote and less than 10% of the electoral vote.

Since Pendleton was the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, he was not a candidate for reelection to the Thirty-ninth Congress. George E. Pugh, the Democrat nominated to run for Pendleton's seat, lost to Republican Benjamin Eggleston.

Out of office

Out of office for the first time in a decade, Pendleton ran for his old House seat in 1866 but lost. In 1868, he sought the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He led for the first 15 ballots but his support disappeared and he lost to Horatio Seymour, primarily for his support of the "Ohio idea." In 1869, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Ohio and lost to Rutherford B. Hayes.

Pendleton stepped away from politics, and in 1869, he became president of the Kentucky Central Railroad.

Political comeback

In 1879, Pendleton was elected to the United States Senate. During his only term, from 1881 to 1885, he served concurrently as the Chairman of the Democratic Conference. Following the 1881 assassination of James A. Garfield, he passed his most notable legislation, the Pendleton Act of 1883, requiring civil service exams for government positions. The Act helped put an end to the system of patronage in widespread use at the time, but it cost Pendleton politically, as many members of his party preferred the spoils system. He was thus not renominated to the Senate.

Later life

Pendleton in his later years.

President Grover Cleveland appointed Pendleton Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Germany the year he left office. He served until April 1889. Five months later, during his return trip to the United States, he died in Brussels, Belgium.

Beliefs

Pendleton had a very Jacksonian commitment to the Democratic Party as the best and perhaps only mechanism through which ordinary Americans could shape government policies. Mach (2007) argues that Pendleton's chief contribution was to demonstrate the Whig Party's willingness to use its power in government to achieve Jacksonian ideals.

While his Jacksonian commitment to states' rights and limited government made him a dissenter during the Civil War, what Mach calls Pendleton's Jacksonian "ardor to expand opportunities for ordinary Americans" was the basis for his leadership in civil service reform and his controversial plan to use greenbacks to repay the federal debt. What appeared to be a substantive ideological shift, Mach argues, represented Pendleton's pragmatic willingness to use new means to achieve old ends.

Personal life

Alice Key Pendleton, sculpted by Hiram Powers

In 1846, Pendleton married Mary Alicia Key, the daughter of Francis Scott Key, the lawyer, author, and amateur poet best known for writing the poem that later became the lyrics of the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." George and Alicia were the parents of:

• Sarah Pendleton (born in Ireland, about 1846)
• Francis Key Pendleton (1850–1930), who was born in Cincinnati and became prominent in New York society during the Gilded Age.
• Mary Lloyd Pendleton (1852–1929), who was born in Cincinnati.
• Jane Francis Pendleton (1860–1950), who was born in the District of Columbia, April 22, 1860.
• George Hunt Pendleton (1863–1868)

Pendleton became a member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati in 1886 by right of his descent from Captain Nathaniel Pendleton of the Continental Army.

At the end of his life, Pendleton suffered a stroke. He died in Brussels, Belgium, on November 24, 1889. He is interred in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Memorials

The city of Pendleton, Oregon, is named after him.

The George H. Pendleton House in Cincinnati is a National Historical Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

In popular culture

In Steven Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln, Pendleton is played by Peter McRobbie and portrayed as one of the most notable opponents of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Sources

• Mach, Thomas S. "Gentleman George" Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America, Kent State University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-87338-913-6, 317 pp. excerpt; also online review
  • PhD dissertation version

Further reading

• Barreyre, Nicolas. “The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the Realignment of American Politics.” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10#4 (2011), pp. 403–23. online
• Destler, Chester McA. (1937). "The Origin and Character of the Pendleton Plan". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 24 (2): 171–184.
• Shipley, Max L. “The Background and Legal Aspects of the Pendleton Plan.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 24#3 1937, pp. 329–40. online

External links

• United States Congress. "George H. Pendleton (id: P000203)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• George H. Pendleton at Find a Grave