First Saudi state
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Emirate of Dir'iyah إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ (Arabic) | |||||||||||||||||||
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| 1744–1818 | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Status | Emirate | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Diriyah | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Diriyah Established | 1744 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1744 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1818 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Diriyah Riyal | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||||||||
| History of Saudi Arabia |
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 Saudi Arabia portal |
The first Saudi state (Arabic: الدَّوْلَةُ السُّعُودِيَّةُ الْأُولَىٰ, romanized: Ad-Dawlatul Sa'udiyyatul Uwlah), officially the Emirate of Diriyah (Arabic: إمارة الدرعية, romanized: Imāratul Dir'iyyah),[1] was established in 1744,[2][3][4] when the emir of a Najdi town called Diriyah, Muhammad I, and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab signed a pact to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the Wahhabi religious doctrine under the political leadership of the House of Saud.[5][6]
History
[edit]Early establishment
[edit]The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of Asir, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shia holy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians.[7] In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.
Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdulaziz, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule.[8] Taif was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.
Decline of sovereignty
[edit]The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah I, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.[9] Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the House of Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (modren day Istanbul). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosporus, marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.[9] However, both the followers of the Wahhabi movement and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[9]
List of rulers
[edit]- Emir Muhammad bin Saud 1727–1765 (1139–1179 H)
- Emir Abdulaziz bin Muhammad 1765–1803 (1179–1218 H)
- Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz 1803–1814 (1218–1229 H)
- Emir Abdullah bin Saud 1814–1818 (1229–1233 H)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Stacey International, 1983. p. 77.
- ^ Anishchenkova, Valerie (1 June 2020). Modern Saudi Arabia. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4408-5705-8.
The first Saudi state was the Emirate of Diriyah, established in 1744
- ^ Almogren, Nawaf Bin Ayyaf(Nawaf Bin Abdulaziz Bin Ayyaf) (1 January 2020). Diriyah narrated by Its built environment : the story of the first Saudi State (1744-1818) (Thesis). hdl:1721.1/127856.
- ^ Kostiner, Joseph (2 December 1993). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536070-7.
The first two Saudi states (1744-1818 and 1821-91)
- ^ Madawi Al Rasheed (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
- ^ Metz 1992
- ^ "Karbala". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Islam Life online magazine
- ^ a b c Abdullah bin Saud's capture Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource
Further reading
[edit]- William Facey; Philip Hawkins (10 March 1997). Dirʻīyyah and the first Saudi state. Stacey International. ISBN 978-0-905743-80-6. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- 18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula
- 19th century in the Arabian Peninsula
- 1744 establishments in Asia
- 1818 disestablishments in Asia
- Anti-Ottomanism
- Diriyah
- Former Arab states
- Former countries in West Asia
- Former emirates
- Former monarchies of West Asia
- History of Saudi Arabia
- History of the Arabian Peninsula
- House of Saud
- Ottoman Arabia
- States and territories established in 1744
- States and territories disestablished in 1818