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Enterographa

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Enterographa
Enterographa anguinella growing on twig of Quercus virginiana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Roccellaceae
Genus: Enterographa
Fée (1825)[1]
Type species
Enterographa crassa
(DC.) Fée (1825)
Synonyms[2]

Enterographa is a genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae.[3] These lichens grow as thin, paint-like crusts on tree bark that range in colour from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, sometimes breaking into networks of tiny, flat blocks. They reproduce through tiny slits or dots embedded in the crust that contain spindle-shaped spores divided into multiple cells, distinguishing them from other similar-looking bark lichens.

Description

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Enterographa species grow as thin, paint-like crusts that either lie smoothly on the bark or break into a network of tiny, flat blocks (areoles). Colours range from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, and neighbouring colonies often form mosaic patterns separated by a narrow, grey-to-black prothallus—the band of purely fungal tissue at the thallus edge. Because the crust is not layered, the algal partner (Trentepohlia) sits directly beneath the surface and lends a faint orange hue where the thallus is scratched. A few species are lichenicolous, living on other lichens; in these the parasite produces only its reproductive bodies and lacks a thallus of its own. Thin-layer chromatography shows a variable secondary chemistry: some taxa contain acids such as confluentic, gyrophoric, protocetraric or psoromic, while others appear chemically inert.[4]

The sexual fruit bodies are tiny slits or dots immersed in the crust. They range from pin-prick pores to short, narrow lirellae that can be straight, gently curved or, rarely, star-shaped. Their exposed discs are flat and brown-to-black, never dusted with the pale frosting (pruina) seen in certain related genera. The surrounding wall (true exciple) remains thin and stays buried in the thallus, so only the opening is usually visible from above. Inside, the spore layer (hymenium) is threaded by very slender filaments (paraphyses) that branch and fuse near the top but lack the swollen tips typical of many other crustose lichens. Each ascus is long and narrow, splitting open to release either four or eight spindle-shaped ascospores. A microscopy stain with iodine picks out a tiny, dark blue ring around the ocular chamber at the ascus apex, while the rest of the apex often turns pale blue. The spores are colourless, multi-celled (three to sixteen internal walls) and gently tapered at both ends.[4]

Asexual reproduction occurs in microscopic, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the crust; these appear as minute, pale-brown specks. Inside, cylindrical conidiogenous cells bud off colourless, rod-shaped conidia that escape through a small pore and help the fungus spread independently of its algal partner. Together, the combination of an immersed thallus lacking a cortex, slit-like apothecia with an inconspicuous wall, very thin paraphyses, iodine-reactive asci and multi-septate spores distinguishes Enterographa from superficially similar crusts on tropical and temperate bark.[4]

Species

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Enterographa bella

As of May 2021, Species Fungorum (via the Catalogue of Life) accepts 66 species of Enterographa.[5]

References

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  1. ^ Fée, A.L.A. (1824). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). p. 57.
  2. ^ "Synonymy: Enterographa Fée". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  3. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  4. ^ a b c Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Ertz, D.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J.; Wolseley, P. (2023). Arthoniales: Roccellaceae [revision 1], including the genera Cresponea, Dendrographa, Dirina, Enterographa, Gyrographa, Lecanactis, Ocellomma, Pseudoschismatomma, Psoronactis, Roccella, Schismatomma and Syncesia (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 32. pp. 8–9.
  5. ^ "Enterographa". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  6. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 25.
  7. ^ Sparrius, L.B. (2009). "Checklist of lichens for the Seychelles group". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 335–366.
  8. ^ a b c Seavey, F.; Seavey, J. (2017). "The lichens of Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park, Key Largo, Florida, USA". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 53 (5): 201–268. doi:10.58782/flmnh.yidn8870.
  9. ^ Santesson, R. (1952). Foliicolous Lichens: A Revision of the Taxonomy of the Obligately Foliicolous, Lichenized Fungi, Volume 1. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 12. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln. p. 106.
  10. ^ Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Singh, K.P. (2008). "New species and new records of Enterographa (Roccellaceae) from India". The Lichenologist. 40 (5): 415–418. doi:10.1017/S0024282908008086.
  11. ^ a b c d Seavey, Frederick; seavey, Jean (2014). "New additions to the lichen genus Enterographa (Roccellaceae) from Everglades National Park including an updated world key". The Lichenologist. 46 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000662.
  12. ^ Sparrius, L.B.; Aptroot, A. (2007). "A new lichenicolous Enterographa species from Britanny (France)". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 315–317. doi:10.1017/S0024282907007001.
  13. ^ Cáceres, M.E.S.; Lücking, R. (2007). "Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil". Libri Botanici. 22: 1–168.
  14. ^ Van den Broeck, D.; Ertz, D. (2018). "Enterographa confusa sp. nov. (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) discovered by chance in type material of its host lichen Arthonia ochraceella, described more than a century ago". Phytotaxa. 343 (1): 89–93. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.343.1.9.
  15. ^ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2016). "Five new lichen species (Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia". Telopea. 19: 137–151. doi:10.7751/telopea10732.
  16. ^ Aptroot, A.; Diederich, P.; Sérusiaux, E.; Sipman, H.J.M. (1994). "Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Laing Island (Papua New Guinea)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 57: 19–48.
  17. ^ Ertz, Damien (2009). "A new species of Enterographa, E. diederichiana (Roccellaceae), from Zambia". The Bryologist. 112 (2): 390–393. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-112.2.390.
  18. ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Oh, S.-O.; Kondratiuk, T.O.; Parnikoza, I.Yu.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, 11". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (3–4): 225–291. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.3-4.3.
  19. ^ a b Coppins, B.J; James, P. W (1979). "New or Interesting British Lichens III". The Lichenologist. 11 (1): 27–45. doi:10.1017/s0024282979000049.
  20. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 39.
  21. ^ Etayo, J.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2017). "Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador". Opera Lilloana (in Spanish). 50: 1–535.
  22. ^ Lücking, R.; Wirth, V. (2003). "Foliicolous lichens from Valdivian temperate rainforest of Chile and Argentina: evidence of an austral element, with the description of seven new taxa". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 12 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00319.x. hdl:11336/30980.
  23. ^ a b Yeshitela, K.; Fischer, E.; Killmann, D.; Sérusiaux, E. (2009). "Two new foliicolous species of Enterographa (Roccellaceae) from Kenya". The Lichenologist. 41 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1017/S0024282909008299.
  24. ^ Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. (2018). "New species and new records of lichens from inselbergs and surrounding Atlantic rain forest in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil)". Herzogia. 31: 359–373. doi:10.13158/heia.31.1.2018.359.
  25. ^ Gao, B.; Wei, J.C. (2009). "A new foliicolous lichen Enterographa hainanensis". Mycosystema. 28 (2): 175–177.
  26. ^ Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders; Irestedt, Martin; Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; van den Boom, Pieter (2014). "A large-scale phylogenetic revision of Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) reveals eight new genera". Fungal Diversity. 70 (1): 31–53. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0286-5.
  27. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 43.
  28. ^ Sparrius, Laurens; Tehler, Anders; Kalb, Klaus (2020). "New species of Enterographa and Fulvophyton from Malaysia and Mexico". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 185–188. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0013.
  29. ^ da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia; Aptroot, André (2017). "Lichens from the Brazilian Amazon, with special reference to the genus Astrothelium". The Bryologist. 120 (2): 166–182. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.2.166.
  30. ^ Kalb, K. (2001). "Lichenes Neotropici". Lichenes Neotropici. 13: 525–575.
  31. ^ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2018). "A new species of Enterographa (lichenized Ascomycota, Roccellaceae) from Lord Howe Island, Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 83: 49–53.
  32. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 47.
  33. ^ Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. (2016). "Additional new species in Roccellaceae s.l. from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India". Phytotaxa. 246 (4): 281–286. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.246.4.3.
  34. ^ Sparrius, L.B.; Björk, C.R. (2008). "Enterographa oregonensis (Roccellaceae), a new foliicolous species from the Northwest coast of North America". The Bryologist. 111 (3): 487–489. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2008)111[487:EORANF]2.0.CO;2.
  35. ^ Morse, C.A. (2013). "A new lichenicolous Enterographa (Arthoniales, Roccellaceae) from central North America". Opuscula Philolichenum. 12: 233–240. doi:10.5962/p.382108.
  36. ^ Sipman, H.J.M. (2016). "Foliicolous lichens from Suriname and Guyana: new records and three new species". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 53: 101–110. doi:10.12697/fce.2016.53.12.
  37. ^ Herrera-Campos, M.A.; Lücking, R. (2002). "The foliicolous lichen flora of Mexico. I. New or otherwise interesting species from Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station, Veracruz". The Lichenologist. 34 (3): 211–222. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0397.
  38. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 52.
  39. ^ Ertz, D.; Diederich, P. (2005). "A world monograph of the genus Plectocarpon (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 91: 1–155.
  40. ^ Aptroot, André; Ertz, Damien; de Lima, Edvaneide Leandro; de Jesus, Katia Almeida; Maia, Leonor Costa; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2013). "Two new species of Roccellaceae (Ascomycota: Arthoniales) from Brazil, with the description of the new genus Sergipea". The Lichenologist. 45 (5): 627–634. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000303.
  41. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 56.
  42. ^ Lebreton, Elise; Aptroot, André (2020). "Enterographa serusiauxii, a new foliicolous lichen species from Guadeloupe". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 131–133. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0007.
  43. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 57.
  44. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 61.
  45. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 63.
  46. ^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, Marcela; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist. 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131.
  47. ^ Sparrius 2004, p. 64.

Cited literature

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  • Sparrius, Laurens B., ed. (2004). A monograph of Enterographa and Sclerophyton. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 89. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 1–141. ISBN 978-3-443-58068-1.
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