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Edith Head

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Edith Head
Head in 1976
Born
Edith Claire Posener

(1897-10-28)October 28, 1897
San Bernardino, California, U.S.
DiedOctober 24, 1981(1981-10-24) (aged 83)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
Alma mater
OccupationCostume designer
Years active1923–1981
Spouses
Charles Head
​
​
(m. 1923; div. 1938)​
​
​
(m. 1940; died 1979)​
AwardsAcademy Award for Best Costume Design (8 wins)

Edith Claire Head (née Posener; October 28, 1897 – October 24, 1981) was an American film costume designer. She received a record 35 nominations for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design and won a record eight times, making her both the most honored and most nominated woman in the Academy's history.[1] She also holds the Guinness World Record for most-credited costume designer in film history, with a total of 432 credits.[2]

Raised between California and Nevada, Head earned degrees from the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University before beginning a career as a French and Spanish languages teacher.[3] After taking courses at the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles,[3] she was hired in 1923 as a costume sketch artist at Famous Players–Lasky, which later became Paramount Pictures.[1] She won acclaim for her design of Dorothy Lamour’s trademark sarong in the 1936 film The Jungle Princess,[1] and became a household name after the Academy Award for Best Costume Design was created in 1948. Head was considered exceptional for her close working relationships with her subjects, with whom she consulted extensively; these included virtually every top female star in Hollywood.

Head worked at Paramount for 44 years, and was frequently loaned out by the studio for work on projects for other studios. While under contract at Paramount, she designed the costumes for several films by Alfred Hitchcock, including Notorious (1946), Vertigo (1958), The Birds (1963), and Marnie (1964). In 1968, after Paramount declined to renew her contract, Hitchcock invited her to join Universal Pictures. There she earned her eighth and final Academy Award for her work on The Sting in 1973.[4]

Outside of film, Head was commissioned to design the official women's uniform for the United States Coast Guard in the 1970s, due to the increasing number of women in the Coast Guard, for which she received the Meritorious Public Service Award.[5] Head died in Los Angeles of complications from myelofibrosis four days before her 84th birthday.

Early life

[edit]

Head was born Edith Claire Posener on October 28, 1897 in San Bernardino, California,[i] the daughter of Jewish parents, Max Posener and Anna E. Levy.[18] Her father was a naturalized American citizen from Germany who came to the United States in 1876 at age eighteen, while her American mother was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1875, the daughter of an Austrian father and a Bavarian mother.[15] Shortly before Head's birth, her father opened a small haberdashery in San Bernardino.[15] The business failed within a year, after which he abandoned the family and relocated to El Paso, Texas.[15]

In 1901, Head's mother Anna married Frank Spare, a mining engineer from Pennsylvania.[19] Anna and Frank passed Edith off as their biological child, giving her his surname,[20] and raised her in his Roman Catholic faith.[15] Due to her stepfather's job, the family moved frequently during her childhood to various mining camps, with a significant portion spent in rural Searchlight, Nevada.[19] A shy and introverted only child, Head often spent time building makeshift dollhouses out of cardboard boxes, and creating figures out of greasewood that naturally grew in the desert.[21] She would also create costumes for animals, including her pet dog and cat, as well as wild horned lizards.[21] "I had no other children for playmates," she recalled. "Naturally, all of my intensive imagination in child's play had to be connected to activities I could pursue alone."[21] Head was teased by classmates due to her front teeth never growing in properly, and because of this, rarely smiled.[21]

She completed her elementary school education in Redding, California in 1911,[20] before the family lived for a period in Mexico, where Head learned to speak Spanish.[22] Head and her mother subsequently relocated to Los Angeles, where she graduated from Los Angeles High School.[22]

Head enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley in 1915, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in letters and sciences with honors in French. She subsequently enrolled at Stanford University, where she earned a Master of Arts degree in romance languages in 1920.[23] She became a language teacher with her first position as a replacement at The Bishop's School in La Jolla teaching French[24] and Spanish.[3] After one year, she took a position teaching French at the Hollywood School for Girls, where her students included Cecilia and Katherine DeMille, daughters of studio executive Cecil B. DeMille.[10] Wanting a slightly higher salary, she told the school that she could also teach art, even though she had only briefly studied the discipline in high school.[25] To improve her drawing skills, at this point rudimentary, she took evening classes at the Otis Art Institute and Chouinard Art College.[26]

On July 25, 1923, she married Charles Head, a salesman for the Southern California Super Fine Metals Company, and the brother of one of her Chouinard classmates, Betty Head.[10] Due to Charles's drinking problem and her reduced teaching salary during the summer months, Head began seeking work as a sketch artist to help supplement their income.[10]

Career

[edit]

1923—1929: Famous Players–Lasky

[edit]

In 1923, despite lacking significant art, design, and costume design experience, the 26-year-old Head was hired as a costume sketch artist at the Famous Players–Lasky studios, which was later absorbed by Paramount Pictures.[10] Later she admitted to "borrowing" other students' sketches for her job interview with the studio: "I was studying seascape and all I could draw was oceans. I needed a portfolio, so I borrowed sketches—I didn't steal them, I asked everybody in the class for a few costume design sketches. And I had the most fantastic assortment you've ever seen in your life. When you get a class of forty to give you sketches, you get a nice selection."[10]

At Paramount, Head studied under lead designers Howard Greer, and later, Travis Banton.[10] Head recounted the experience favorable, saying:

Travis Banton and Howard Greer sort of adopted me, and I went with them to all their fittings. I was accepted as part of the team in the fitting room, which also included the head fitter and usually a wardrobe girl. Sometimes I just watched and took notes; I did whatever I was told. With both Howard and Travis there was never any feeling that I would be a threat to them, as is so often the case in boss-and-assistant relationships in any profession. They were secure in their own careers. Both went overboard in encouraging and helping me. I think I had the greatest break that any young designer ever had. Working for them was the kind of training you couldn't get any place else, in any school in the world.[10]

Head began designing costumes for the studio's silent films, commencing with The Wanderer in 1925 and, by the 1930s, had established herself as one of Hollywood's leading costume designers.

1930–1967: Paramount Pictures

[edit]
Head's costume designs for Victor Mature and Hedy Lamarr in Samson and Delilah (1949), for which she won an Oscar

Head remained employed by Paramount Pictures after the studio absorbed Famous Players–Lasky.[27] Although Head was featured in studio publicity from the mid-1920s, she was originally overshadowed by the studio's lead designers, first Howard Greer, then Travis Banton. Head was instrumental in conspiring against Banton, and after his resignation in 1938 she became a high-profile designer in her own right.[10] Her association with the "sarong" dress designed for Dorothy Lamour in The Hurricane (1937) made her well known among the general public, although Head was a more restrained designer than either Banton or Adrian.[10]

She gained public attention for the top mink-lined gown she created for Ginger Rogers in Lady in the Dark (1944), which caused much comment owing to the mood of wartime austerity.[28] The establishment, in 1949, of the Academy Award for Costume Design further boosted her career, giving her a record-breaking run of Award nominations and wins, beginning with her nomination for The Emperor Waltz.[29] Head and other film designers like Adrian became well known to the public.[30]

Head was known for her unique working style and, unlike many of her male contemporaries, usually consulted extensively with the female stars with whom she worked. As a result, she was a favorite among many of the leading female stars of the 1940s and 1950s, such as Ginger Rogers, Bette Davis, Barbara Stanwyck, Jane Wyman, Rita Hayworth, Shirley MacLaine, Grace Kelly, Audrey Hepburn, and Elizabeth Taylor. In fact, Head was frequently "loaned out" by Paramount to other studios at the request of their female stars. She herself always dressed very plainly, preferring thick-framed glasses and conservative two-piece suits.[31]

In 1946, Head worked for the first time with director Alfred Hitchcock on his spy film Notorious.[32] Head was loaned from Paramount to Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) pictures to work with Hitchcock on this film, at the request of actress Ingrid Bergman.[33] In this time period it was more often found that costume designers would design to reflect their own style. Head had a different outlook on this. She felt that it was more important to design pieces that reflected the character. During their time working on Notorious, Head and Hitchcock found that they were like-minded and had the same bluntness in their careers and attitudes. The costumes she designed for this film reflected restraint and the need to blend in. This style suited what Hitchcock was looking for since he did not want the clothes to be the focal point. The two would go on to work together many more times.[34]

Head in 1955

On February 3, 1955 (Season 5 Episode 21), Head appeared as a contestant on the Groucho Marx quiz show You Bet Your Life. She and her partner won a total of $1,540. Her winnings were donated to charity.[35]

Head also authored two books describing her career and design philosophy, The Dress Doctor (1959) and How To Dress For Success (1967). These books were re-edited in 2008 and 2011, respectively.

1968–1981: Universal Pictures

[edit]

In 1968, at the age of 70, Head left Paramount Pictures and was contracted with Universal Pictures,[36] where she remained until her death in 1981.[37] By this point, Hollywood was rapidly changing from what it had been during Head's heyday in the 1930s-1940s. Studio-based production was giving way to outdoors and on-scene shooting, and many of the actresses from that era whom she worked with and knew intimately had retired or were working less. She thus turned more of her attention to TV, where some old friends such as Olivia de Havilland had begun working. She made a cameo appearance in 1973 on the detective series Columbo beside Anne Baxter, playing herself and displaying her Oscars to date.[38][39] In 1974, Head received a final Oscar win for her work on The Sting (1973).[4]

In the late 1970s, Head was asked to design a woman's uniform for the United States Coast Guard, because of the increasing number of women in the Coast Guard. Head called the assignment a highlight in her career and received the Meritorious Public Service Award for her efforts.[5] Her designs for a TV mini-series based on the novel Little Women were well received. She also designed the costumes for Elizabeth Taylor in the Hallmark Hall of Fame segment "Return Engagement" (1978).[40]

Her last film project was the black-and-white comedy Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982), starring Steve Martin and Carl Reiner, a job Head was chosen for because of her expertise on 1940s fashions. She modeled Martin and Reiner's outfits on classic film noir and the movie, released in theaters just after her death, was dedicated to her memory.

Design style

[edit]

Unlike most other designers of her time, Head never undertook couture or wholesale fashion work, opting to "work only in the context of a certain actress in a certain film."[41] Olivia de Havilland, whose costumes were designed by Head for the films To Each His Own (1946) and The Heiress (1949), said: "Every dress was perfect. Just putting them on, I became these women and I knew right where they were in the stories. Edith even came to New York with me before The Heiress and we studied the underwear at the Brooklyn Museum so it would be absolutely authentic."[42]

Head herself regarded her work as apart from the world of fashion design, and did not consider herself a fashion designer.[43] Commenting in 1978 on her view of her profession, she said:

I think that most people don't realize motion pictures are not "fashion." So many people say to me, "Isn't it lovely to be a fashion designer and dress these beautiful stars?" That is not what happens. I get a script, and the script says, "In this film, Grace Kelly is playing a princess, she's beautiful, and she has fabulous clothes." The next script says, "Grace Kelly is a middle-aged, dowdy housewife"...  so you do dowdy clothes. I can do tacky clothes, dowdy clothes, sexy clothes, horrible clothes... anything the world should want—male, female, or animals... Costume design is like theater. Costume design is to tell a story. It has nothing to do with fashion at all, unless it is a fashion picture.[43]

Personal life

[edit]

On July 25, 1923, she married Charles Head. The marriage ended in divorce in 1938, though she continued to be known professionally as Edith Head for the remainder of her life. She remarried to art director Wiard Ihnen in 1940, a marriage that lasted until his death from prostate cancer in 1979.[44]

Though both of her parents were Jewish, Head was raised practicing Roman Catholicism, the faith of her stepfather, and remained a "staunch Catholic"[45] through her later life.[46][47] She was a regular parishioner of Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills.[48]

Death

[edit]

In 1972, Head was diagnosed with myelofibrosis, an incurable bone marrow cancer which causes excessive, uncontrolled scar tissue accumulation in the bone marrow.[49] To treat the disease, Head received regular blood transfusions to prevent severe anemia.[49] Head died at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles of complications from myelofibrosis[6] on October 24, 1981, four days before her 84th birthday.

A private funeral mass was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills, where actress Bette Davis gave a brief eulogy.[8][50] Also in attendance were Elizabeth Taylor, Janet Leigh, Ann Sothern, George Peppard, Loretta Young, Jane Wyman, and Lew Wasserman.[48] She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[51]

Legacy

[edit]

Head holds the distinction of being the most-credited costume designer in history, with a total of 432 film credits to her name.[2]

Over the course of her career, she was nominated for a total of 35 Academy Awards, annually from 1949 (the first year that the Oscar for Best Costume Design was awarded) through 1966, and won eight times—receiving more Oscars than any other woman.[52]

Head's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which she received in 1974, is located at 6504 Hollywood Boulevard.[47]

Filmography

[edit]

As a costume designer, Head has a total of 432 credits to her name.[2]

Selected design credits

[edit]
Year Film Notable performer(s) Notes Ref.
1927 Wings Clara Bow Uncredited [53]
1929 The Saturday Night Kid Uncredited [14]
1929 Wolf Song Lupe Vélez Uncredited [54]
1933 She Done Him Wrong Mae West [55]
1934 Little Miss Marker Shirley Temple [20]
1936 The Jungle Princess Dorothy Lamour [1]
1936 Rhythm on the Range Frances Farmer [56]
1937 Ebb Tide [57]
1937 The Hurricane Dorothy Lamour [58]
1938 Dangerous to Know Anna May Wong [59]
1938 Zaza Claudette Colbert [60]
1939 The Cat and the Canary Paulette Goddard [61]
1940 Road to Singapore Dorothy Lamour [62]
1940 Untamed Patricia Morison [62]
1941 The Lady Eve Barbara Stanwyck [63]
1941 Ball of Fire [62]
1941 Sullivan's Travels Veronica Lake [62]
1942 I Married a Witch [64]
1942 Road to Zanzibar Dorothy Lamour [62]
1942 Road to Morocco [62]
1942 Holiday Inn Fred Astaire [65]
Marjorie Reynolds [66]
1943 Flesh and Fantasy Barbara Stanwyck [62]
1944 Double Indemnity [62]
1944 Lady in the Dark Ginger Rogers [28]
1944 Tender Comrade [62]
1944 The Uninvited Ruth Hussey [67]
Gail Russell
1945 I'll Be Seeing You Ginger Rogers [62]
1945 Incendiary Blonde Betty Hutton [68]
1945 The Lost Weekend Ray Milland [69]
Jane Wyman
1945 Masquerade in Mexico Dorothy Lamour [60]
1945 Christmas in Connecticut Barbara Stanwyck [70]
1946 My Reputation [71]
1946 The Blue Dahlia Veronica Lake [62]
1946 Notorious Ingrid Bergman [33]
1946 Road to Utopia Dorothy Lamour [62]
1947 Road to Rio [62]
1947 The Two Mrs. Carrolls Barbara Stanwyck [62]
1947 Cry Wolf [62]
1947 The Perils of Pauline Betty Hutton [72]
1947 The Farmer's Daughter Loretta Young [62]
1948 June Bride Bette Davis [71]
1948 Beyond Glory Alan Ladd [73]
1949 The Heiress Olivia de Havilland [42]
1949 Samson and Delilah Hedy Lamarr [74]
Angela Lansbury [74]
1950 All About Eve Bette Davis [75]
1950 The Furies Barbara Stanwyck [76]
1950 Sunset Boulevard Gloria Swanson [77]
1951 A Place in the Sun Montgomery Clift [77]
Elizabeth Taylor [77]
Shelley Winters [78]
1951 Payment on Demand Bette Davis [62]
1951 Here Comes the Groom Jane Wyman [62]
1952 Just for You [62]
1952 Something to Live For Joan Fontaine [79]
1952 Road to Bali Dorothy Lamour [62]
1952 Stolen Face Lizabeth Scott [39]
1953 Scared Stiff Carmen Miranda [54]
1953 Houdini Janet Leigh [80]
1953 The War of the Worlds Ann Robinson
1953 Those Redheads from Seattle Agnes Moorehead [81]
1953 Roman Holiday Audrey Hepburn [82]
1954 Sabrina [83]
1954 Elephant Walk Elizabeth Taylor [84]
1954 White Christmas Rosemary Clooney [85]
Danny Kaye [85]
1954 Rear Window Grace Kelly [86]
1955 To Catch a Thief [33]
Cary Grant [87]
1955 Artists and Models Shirley MacLaine [88]
1955 Lucy Gallant Jane Wyman [89]
1956 The Man Who Knew Too Much Doris Day
1956 The Ten Commandments Anne Baxter [90]
1957 Three Violent People [91]
1957 Witness for the Prosecution Marlene Dietrich [92]
1957 Funny Face Audrey Hepburn [93]
1958 The Matchmaker Shirley MacLaine [88]
1958 Separate Tables Rita Hayworth [62]
1958 Teacher's Pet Doris Day
Clark Gable
1958 Vertigo Kim Novak [94]
James Stewart [95]
1959 Alias Jesse James Rhonda Fleming [96]
1959 That Kind of Woman Sophia Loren [62]
1960 Heller in Pink Tights
1961 The Facts of Life Lucille Ball [97]
1961 Breakfast at Tiffany's Audrey Hepburn [98]
1961 Blue Hawaii Elvis Presley [99]
1962 The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance John Wayne [100]
1962 Hatari!
1963 Donovan's Reef Dorothy Lamour [101]
1963 Critic's Choice Lucille Ball [102]
1963 I Could Go On Singing Judy Garland [102]
1963 Love with the Proper Stranger Natalie Wood [103]
1963 The Birds Tippi Hedren [104]
1964 Sex and the Single Girl Natalie Wood [105]
1964 Marnie Tippi Hedren [62]
Diane Baker [62]
1964 What a Way to Go! Shirley MacLaine [62]
1964 Man's Favorite Sport? Rock Hudson [106]
Paula Prentiss [106]
1964 The Carpetbaggers Carroll Baker [107]
1965 Harlow [108]
1965 Love Has Many Faces Lana Turner [62]
1965 Ship of Fools Christiane Schmidtmer
1965 John Goldfarb, Please Come Home! Shirley MacLaine [62]
1965 The Sons of Katie Elder John Wayne [109]
1965 Inside Daisy Clover Natalie Wood [110]
1965 The Great Race [62]
1966 Penelope [111]
1966 This Property Is Condemned [62]
1966 El Dorado John Wayne [62]
1966 Waco Jane Russell [62]
1966 Torn Curtain Julie Andrews [112]
Paul Newman
1967 Hotel Merle Oberon [113]
1967 Barefoot in the Park Jane Fonda
1968 Berserk! Joan Crawford [114]
1968 Hellfighters John Wayne [115]
1969 Sweet Charity Chita Rivera [54]
1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Paul Newman [116]
Katharine Ross [117]
1969 Topaz Claude Jade [118]
1970 Myra Breckinridge Mae West [119]
1973 Ash Wednesday Elizabeth Taylor [120]
1973 The Sting Robert Redford [121]
1974 Earthquake Ava Gardner Uncredited [120]
1975 The Great Waldo Pepper Robert Redford [122]
Susan Sarandon
1975 Rooster Cogburn Katharine Hepburn [123]
1975 The Man Who Would Be King Michael Caine [123]
Sean Connery
1976 Gable and Lombard Jill Clayburgh [124]
1976 Family Plot Karen Black [125]
1976 W. C. Fields and Me Valerie Perrine [62]
1978 Sextette Mae West [40]
1980 The Last Married Couple in America Valerie Harper [62]
Natalie Wood [126]
1982 Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid Steve Martin Final feature film credit [127]

Screen appearances

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes Ref.
1955 Lucy Gallant Herself [128]
1961 The Pleasure of His Company Dress designer Uncredited [129]
1966 The Oscar Herself [130]
1973 Columbo Herself Episode: "Requiem for a Falling Star" [39]

Accolades

[edit]

Head received eight Academy Awards for Best Costume Design,[12] more than any other person, from a total of 35 nominations.[131]

Institution Year Category Nominated work Outcome Ref.
Academy Awards 1949 Best Costume Design – Color The Emperor Waltz Nominated [132]
1950 Best Costume Design – Black & White The Heiress Won [133]
1951 All About Eve Won [134]
Best Costume Design – Color Samson and Delilah Won[ii] [134]
1952 Best Costume Design – Black & White A Place in the Sun Won [135]
1953 Carrie Nominated [136]
Best Costume Design – Color The Greatest Show on Earth Nominated [136]
1954 Best Costume Design – Black & White Roman Holiday Won [137]
1955 Sabrina Won [138]
1956 The Rose Tattoo Nominated [139]
Best Costume Design – Color To Catch a Thief Nominated [139]
1957 Best Costume Design – Black & White The Proud and Profane Nominated [140]
Best Costume Design – Color The Ten Commandments Nominated [141]
1958 Best Costume Design Funny Face Nominated [142]
1959 The Buccaneer Nominated [143]
1960 Best Costume Design – Black & White Career Nominated [144]
Best Costume Design – Color The Five Pennies Nominated [144]
1961 Best Costume Design – Black & White The Facts of Life Won [145]
Best Costume Design – Color Pepe Nominated [145]
1962 Pocketful of Miracles Nominated[iii] [146]
1963 Costume Design – Black & White The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Nominated [147]
Best Costume Design – Color My Geisha Nominated [147]
1964 Best Costume Design – Black & White Love with the Proper Stranger Nominated [148]
Wives and Lovers Nominated [148]
Best Costume Design – Color A New Kind of Love Nominated [148]
1965 Best Costume Design – Black & White A House Is Not A Home Nominated [149]
Best Costume Design – Color What a Way to Go! Nominated [149]
1966 Best Costume Design – Black & White The Slender Thread Nominated [150]
Best Costume Design – Color Inside Daisy Clover Nominated [150]
1967 The Oscar Nominated [151]
1970 Best Costume Design Sweet Charity Nominated [152]
1971 Airport Nominated [153]
1974 The Sting Won [154]
1976 The Man Who Would Be King Nominated [155]
1978 Airport '77 Nominated [156]
British Academy Film Awards 1976 Best Costume Design The Man Who Would Be King Nominated [157]
Costume Designers Guild Awards 1999 Hall of Fame Award Won [12]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Head was known to joke about her age and birthplace, often providing conflicting answers.[1][6][7] Her obituary in the Los Angeles Times notes:

    The five foot, 1 1/4-inch tall designer, who began her career by outfitting an elephant in cloth-of-gold for a 1923 silent movie, had admitted to being in her 70s, and also more cheerfully, to lying about her age. But acquaintances reckoned her to be about 80, or even older... Head’s versions of her youth and past were sketchy, and almost as numerous as the people she told them to. She had variously claimed to have been born in Mexico; in Arizona; in Searchlight, Nev; in Hollywood and in San Bernardino, where she claimed a courthouse fire destroyed her birth records.[6]

    Because of this, some contemporary reports at the time of her death cite her age as 73.[8][9] However, numerous sources[10][11][12][13]—as well as accounts from biographers and historians such as Laura L. S. Bauer,[14] David Chierichetti,[15] and Colin Naylor[16]—state Head was born on October 28, 1897, in San Bernardino, California. In her 1983 book Edith Head's Hollywood, she also provides San Bernardino as her birthplace.[17]
  2. ^ Shared with Dorothy Jeakins, Elois Jenssen, Gile Steele, and Gwen Wakeling.
  3. ^ Shared with Walter Plunkett.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Duka, John (October 27, 1981). "Edith Head, Fashion Designer for the Movies, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 7, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c "Most credited costume designer". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025.
  3. ^ a b c Henderson, Amy (July 6, 2010). "Designing Woman: Edith Head in Hollywood". National Portrait Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025.
  4. ^ a b Shenton, Mark (July 25, 2008). "Arts Theatre Shutters; Edith Head Will Now Play the Leicester Square Theatre". Playbill. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  5. ^ a b Smith, Olivia. "Women Find Favor With Coast Guard Fashion" (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard Historian’s Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Morrison, Pat (October 27, 1981). "From the Archives: Edith Head, Designer Who Dressed Film Greats, Dies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  7. ^ "Edith Head, designer of film costumes, dies". The San Bernardino County Sun. October 27, 1981. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b "Costume Designer Edith Head Dies". The Tampa Tribune. October 27, 1981. p. 7D – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Designer Edith Head dies of rare disease". Montreal Gazette. October 27, 1981. p. 59 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j LoBianco, Lorraine (November 22, 2005). "Edith Head Profile". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  11. ^ "Edith Head". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 1, 2026.
  12. ^ a b c "Edith Head Papers, 1934-1965". Wisconsin Historical Society. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025.
  13. ^ Tangcay, Jazz (October 28, 2020). "Sandy Powell, Trish Summerville and More on Why Edith Head's Influence Continues to Resonate". Variety. Archived from the original on January 1, 2026.
  14. ^ a b Bauer 2018, p. 81.
  15. ^ a b c d e Chierichetti 2003, p. 2.
  16. ^ Naylor 1990, p. 242.
  17. ^ Head 1983, p. xi.
  18. ^ Chierichetti 2003, pp. 3–5.
  19. ^ a b Chierichetti 2003, p. 3.
  20. ^ a b c Ware 2004, p. 284.
  21. ^ a b c d Jorgensen 2010, p. 14.
  22. ^ a b Jorgensen 2010, p. 16.
  23. ^ Chierichetti 2003, p. 6.
  24. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 18.
  25. ^ Chierichetti 2003, pp. 7–8.
  26. ^ Leese 1991, p. 50.
  27. ^ Leese 1991, p. 45.
  28. ^ a b Head 1983, p. 59.
  29. ^ "The 21st Academy Awards - 1949". Academy Awards. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014.
  30. ^ Meltzer, Marisa (September 19, 2013). "Get Me Wardrobe!". The New York Times. p. E1.
  31. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 45.
  32. ^ Wakefield, Thirza (October 20, 2015). "The same cloth: Edith Head and Alfred Hitchcock". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  33. ^ a b c Chierichetti 1976, p. 70.
  34. ^ "Clothes Make the Character: Costume Collaborations of Edith Head and Alfred Hitchcock". The Missouri Review. 44 (2): 17–29. Summer 2021. doi:10.1353/mis.2021.0020. S2CID 243131125 – via Project MUSE.
  35. ^ Groucho Marx - You Bet Your Life (October 22, 2013). "You Bet Your Life #54-21 Edith Head, Hollywood costume designer ('Foot', Feb 3, 1955)". Archived from the original on December 12, 2021 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ Chierichetti 1976, p. 165.
  37. ^ Steele 2005, pp. 191–192.
  38. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 367.
  39. ^ a b c Maxford 2018, p. 387.
  40. ^ a b Jorgensen 2010, p. 383.
  41. ^ Chierichetti 1976, pp. 60–61.
  42. ^ a b Chierichetti 1976, p. 61.
  43. ^ a b Edith Head (1978). Videofashion Vault. Archived from the original on November 16, 2024 – via YouTube.
  44. ^ Alston & Dixon 2014, p. 10.
  45. ^ "Head, Edith (1897–1981)". Encyclopedia.com. Cengage Gale. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025.
  46. ^ Alston & Dixon 2014, p. 4.
  47. ^ a b "Edith Head". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  48. ^ a b Morrison, Pat (October 29, 1981). "Mourners Fill Church for Edith Head Rites". Los Angeles Times. pp. 1, 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ a b Jorgensen 2010, p. 359.
  50. ^ Scott, Vernon (October 28, 1981). "Edith Head, who dressed more stars than any designer..." United Press International. Archived from the original on December 29, 2025.
  51. ^ Ellenberger 2001, p. 54.
  52. ^ Fishko, Sara (February 25, 2011). "Edith Head". WNYC. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  53. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 34.
  54. ^ a b c Valdez, Maria G. (October 28, 2013). "Google Doodle Honors Edith Head; Which 5 Latinas Did This Hollywood Designer Dress?". Latin Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  55. ^ Head 1983, p. 22.
  56. ^ Head 1983, p. 170.
  57. ^ Shelley 2010, p. 114.
  58. ^ Head 1983, p. 208.
  59. ^ Lim 2006, p. 81.
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  63. ^ Smith 1973, p. 147.
  64. ^ Head 1983, p. 54.
  65. ^ "Fred Astaire as Ted Hanover (George Washington) in 'Holiday Inn' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023.
  66. ^ "Marjorie Reynolds as Linda Mason in 'Holiday Inn' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on September 9, 2025.
  67. ^ Parish 1994, p. 351.
  68. ^ Cosgrove, Jenna (April 28, 2016). "Edith Head: Dress for Success". The 8 Percent. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  69. ^ Brackett 2014, p. 253.
  70. ^ Smith 1973, p. 328.
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  72. ^ "Betty Hutton as Pearl White in 'The Perils of Pauline' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  73. ^ "Alan Ladd as Cadette "Rocky" Gilman in 'Beyond Glory' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
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  75. ^ Chierichetti 1976, p. 117.
  76. ^ "Barbara Stanwyck as Vance Jeffords in 'The Furies' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  77. ^ a b c Chierichetti 1976, p. 68.
  78. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 170.
  79. ^ "Joan Fontaine as Jenny Carey in 'Something to Live For' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  80. ^ "Janet Leigh as Bess Houdini in 'Houdini' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Pictures Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  81. ^ "Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Edmonds in 'Those Redheads From Seattle' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on October 10, 2025.
  82. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 190–195.
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  86. ^ "Grace Kelly as Lisa Carol Fremont in 'Rear Window' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  87. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 225.
  88. ^ a b Jorgensen 2010, p. 236.
  89. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 228–230.
  90. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 238–241.
  91. ^ "Anne Baxter as Lorna in 'Three Violent People' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  92. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 246.
  93. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 249–253.
  94. ^ Chierichetti 1976, p. 71.
  95. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 262.
  96. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 186–187.
  97. ^ Jorgensen & Scoggins 2015, pp. 63, 127.
  98. ^ Head 1983, p. 101.
  99. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 265.
  100. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 288.
  101. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 291–292.
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  104. ^ "Brilliant at 'transforming people' says Tippi Hedren of Edith Head". Artsmeme. October 2, 2014. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  105. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 319.
  106. ^ a b Leese 1991, p. 53.
  107. ^ McDonagh 2021, p. 256.
  108. ^ Alston & Dixon 2014, p. 84.
  109. ^ Head 1983, p. 225.
  110. ^ "Designing Gal". Longview Daily News. June 4, 1965. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  111. ^ "Friday's Highlights And Previews". Times Recorder. February 1, 1969. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  112. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 322.
  113. ^ Chierichetti 1976, p. 94.
  114. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 336.
  115. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 340.
  116. ^ "Paul Newman Costume Design Sketch by Edith Head from "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"". Christie's. July 19, 2001. Archived from the original on January 1, 2026.
  117. ^ "Katharine Ross Costume Design Sketch by Edith Head from "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"". Christie's. July 19, 2001. Archived from the original on January 1, 2026.
  118. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 344.
  119. ^ Kellogg 2002, p. 145.
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  121. ^ Leese 1991, p. 167.
  122. ^ Jorgensen 2010, pp. 370–371.
  123. ^ a b Head 1983, p. 157.
  124. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 378.
  125. ^ Greven 2013, p. 223.
  126. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 384.
  127. ^ "Steve Martin as Rigby Reardon in 'Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid' Designed by Edith Head". The Collection of Motion Picture Costume Design. Archived from the original on December 31, 2025.
  128. ^ Maltin 2003, p. 855.
  129. ^ "The Pleasure of His Company – Credits". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Archived from the original on December 30, 2025.
  130. ^ Jorgensen 2010, p. 339.
  131. ^ Williams, Rob (October 28, 2013). "Google Doodle Celebrates Oscar Award Winning Hollywood Costume Designer Edith Head". The Independent. independent.co.uk. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
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  133. ^ Osborne 1999, p. 115.
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  156. ^ Osborne 1999, p. 242.
  157. ^ "Film in 1976". British Academy Film Awards. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014.

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