Draft:Sanzhi language
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| Sanzhi | |
|---|---|
| Sanzhi Dargwa | |
| сунглан гъай sunglan ʁaj | |
| Pronunciation | [sunglan ʁaj] |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Sanzhi Dargwa (sunglan-te) |
Native speakers | 250 (2019) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | sanz1248 |
| ELP | Sanzhi Dargwa |
_2021.png?lang=en) Sanzhi (and Itsari) | |
Sanzhi (Sanzhi: sunglan ʁaj, also called Sanzhi Dargwa)[1] is an endangered Dargin language spoken by about 250 people in Dagestan[2], closely related to Itsari. It is considered critically endangered due to its obsolescence in favor of Russian.[3][4][5][3] The language is unwritten.[6]
History
[edit]In the 1970s, the Sanzhis left their original village of Sanzhi, which is believed to have been inhabited for around 10,000 years,[7] and moved to the lowlands, predominantly the village of Druzhba.[3] In the summers, however, they still return to Sanzhi to do various activities like fishing and berry picking.[2]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal |
Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||||||
| Stop | plain | p | t | k | kʷ | q[a] | qʷ | ʡ | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | gʷ | |||||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kʼʷ | qʼ | qʼʷ | |||||
| geminate | pː | tː | kː | kːʷ | qː | qːʷ | |||||
| Fricative | plain | s | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ħ | h | ||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʁ | ʁʷ | |||||||
| geminate | sː | ʃː | xː | χː | χːʷ | ||||||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||||||
| geminate | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | |||||||||
| Naal | m | n | |||||||||
| Liquid | r l | ||||||||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||||||
- ^ /q/ and /qʷ/ are realized with significant affrication, such that they are pronounced more like /q͡χ/ and /q͡χʷ/. This is not present in the ejective /q’/ and the geminates /qː/ and /qːʷ/.
Younger speakers tend to pronounce the labialized consonants as plain ones.
Vowels
[edit]Sanzhi has 7 vowels, 4 plain ones and 3 pharyngealized vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | |
| Close | i | [iˁ] | u | uˁ | ||
| Mid | e | |||||
| Open | a | aˁ | ||||
/i/ has the allophones [ı], [i]; [ıˁ], [iˁ], /e/ can be realized as [e] or [ε], and /u/ is realized as [u], [ʊ]; /uˁ/ is also prononced as [ʊˁ].
[aˁ] is by far the most common pharyngealized vowel, as [uˁ] is much rarer and has only one known minimal pair. Only a few words have [iˁ], and even speakers are uncertain about it.
Syllable structure
[edit]Possible syllables in native words are as follows:
V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC and CVCC
The general structure is (C)V(C)(C).
Simple underived verbs, however, are much more limited in their structure; only [r], [l] and [ʡ] are permitted in the onset.
Morphology
[edit]Case
[edit]| Case | Sanzhi |
|---|---|
| Absolutive | |
| Ergative | |
| Dative | |
| Genitive | |
| Comitative |
References
[edit]- ^ Koryakov, Yuri (2021-01-01). "Коряков (2021) Даргинские языки и их классификация [Dargwa languages and their classification]". Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди, 2021. — 480 с. — ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
- ^ a b Forker 2019, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Forker 2019.
- ^ "Dictionaria -". dictionaria.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
- ^ "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
- ^ Forker 2019, p. 7.
- ^ "Архивы Санжи". WelcomeDagestan.ru. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
- ^ Forker 2019, p. 20.
- ^ Forker 2019, p. 24.
Sources
[edit]- Forker, Diana (2019-07-17). A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa. Language Science Press (published 2020). doi:10.5281/zenodo.3339225. ISBN 9783961101962.
The proposed North Caucasian language family comprises the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian language families. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northwest (Pontic) |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Northeast (Caspian) |
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Italics indicate extinct languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||