Draft:Figures and schools of idealism

Idealism is a measure of opposition to commonly accepted truths about the physical world. According to idealists, facts about phenomenal experience determine facts about the physical world.

According to Edenic idealism, our term for ordinary objects refers to objects in the manifest world - the world of original objects and attributes presented in experience. Based on idealism, a situation where there is a discrepancy between the physical world and our experience of it.

Representative Figures

This section comprehensively explores the philosophical thoughts of Hegel and Schelling, covering their classification of philosophy, core arguments, and scholars' interpretations. At the same time, it delves deeply into Schelling's stance on finiteness, his criticism of Fichte idealism, and his unique metaphysical concepts that distinguish his thoughts from the traditional system.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Hegel

Hegel divides philosophy into pre-reflective, pre-speculative, unconscious idealism and his own reflective, speculative, and therefore self-conscious, absolute idealism. Hegel's philosophy was a defense of Prussian despotism. He emphasized that the state, as an embodiment of an absolute spirit, could provide a philosophical support for the ruling authority of Prussia. In his system of idealist philosophy he advanced the valuable dialectic idea that the whole natural, historical, and spiritual world is a process which is constantly moving, changing, and developing, and that its internal contradictions are the source of development. Hegel argued that the tradition of idealism began with Kant, passed through Fichte and Schelling, and then reached its peak in his own system.

Hegel argues that the matter we accept cannot instruct us to impose form on it. Hegel's argument does not rely on the conceptualist interpretation of perception, nor on the empirically conditioned view of categories.

Philosopher John Niemeyer Findlay argues that Hegel's idealism is an instantiation of a metaphysical position that follows the work of Findlay's former student Arthur Prior, known as "modal realism".

Brandom, in his recent Spirit of Trust, interprets Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit as a novel theory of objective idealism. Berker Basmaci argues that Hegel not only had a strong emergent commitment to the concept of life, but also that life was the basis of logical decisions.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling

Schelling

Schelling (1804-1820) increasingly defended the reality of finiteness and relegated infinity to a pure ideal in a movement similar to that of later existentialism. Schelling rejected the accusations of irrationalism made against him in part by Hegelianism, and proposed the concept of infinity without a whole concept, which he, much like Fichte, thought of in terms of the concept of "infinite tasks".

Schelling's critique of Fichte's idealism emphasizes his affirmation of the primacy of nature. Schelling stressed the importance of the realist position, which advocates the unity of ideal and reality. Schelling understood hierarchically ordered natural systems in terms of potency or power.

Schelling's metaphysics embraces a kind of organism in which nature is the basis of spiritual revelation, an organism which implies that spirit can only become true truth if it explains nature while at the same time justifying the divine freedom from which all existence springs. Schelling's realization that no being can fully be itself, and the resulting inability to establish a strict identity, challenged the traditional modern philosophical system of upholding principles and developing identity.

Comparison Between the Two

Hegel constructed an absolute idealism system that was reflective, speculative and self-aware, emphasizing the dialectical development of the natural, historical and spiritual world, and defending Prussian despotism. Schelling, on the other hand, gradually shifted from emphasizing the primitiveness of nature and advocating the unity of ideals and reality to defending the limited reality, rejecting the accusation of irrationalism and proposing a unique concept of infiniteness.

Some Schools of Idealism

This part provides an overview of transcendental idealism and metaphysical idealism.

Transcendental Idealism

Transcendental idealism is the basic world view that shapes Kant's critical philosophy. The object of knowledge is partly dependent on the mind, and Kant's homomorphism of formal idealism can explain this part of the mental dependence. Different Kantian scholars have different understandings of transcendental idealism, including the perception of representation and the thing itself as different things, the perception of representation and food as one thing, and the numerical identity of representation and object.

Nietzsche rejected naturalism and adopted a unique kind of transcendental skepticism that rejected as unreasonable the conditions that made objectivity possible. Wittgenstein adopted transcendental idealism in his attempt to counter Platonic mythology.

Metaphysical Idealism

Metaphysical idealism challenges physicalism in matters of matter and consciousness.

Metaphysical idealism is based on a one-sided and static view of problems and denies the internal contradictions and developments of things. Leibniz's form of metaphysical idealism leads to an interesting case of metaphysical idealism, in which roughly only ideas and states dependent on ideas actually exist.