Draft:British attack on German consulate in Bushehr
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Last edited by Timixion (talk | contribs) 37 hours ago. (Update) |
| British attack on German Consulate in Bushehr | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Persian campaign of World War I, Prelude to Third British occupation of Bushehr | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 British Empire |
 Germany | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Helmuth Listemann (POW) | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 captured | |||||||
The British attack on German consulate in Bushehr occurred in March 1915 in Bushehr, Bushehr County, Bushehr province, Iran.
Background
[edit]During the Asfarid, Zand, Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, was Bushehr the most important Persian port in the Persian Gulf and an important place in Persia in politics and economics. During this period, about twenty countries had consulates in the city.[5]
Prelude
[edit]Attack
[edit]During these events, the British obtained documents that revealed that a group of Germans in Bushehr had persuaded Rais-Ali Delvari to launch operations against the British in Bushehr and expel their troops and citizens from the city. In response to this revelation, the British arrested Dr. Listemann and an employee of Wonckhaus & Co. named Eisenhut in a swift operation and deported them to India the same day.[6]
Reaction
[edit]After the capture of the German consul and businessman, the people of Bushehr protested in a passionate community against the violation of Iran's sovereignty and neutrality and demanded serious and immediate action from the government.[6]
After the news of the arrest of the German agents was published, Mokhber-ol Saltaneh, the governor of Fars, as a representative of the Iranian government, protested against this act and, in a telegram, warned the political representative of the British government to release the German consul in Bushehr, otherwise he would prepare a complaint against this arrest and in the future he would not allow such violations of Iran's neutrality in places where the gendarmerie had been established.[6]
According to Mark Sykes, Mokhber-ol Saltaneh was a Berlin scholar and a friend of Germany. Saltaneh repeatedly demanded the release of Dr. Listemann and the employees of the Wankhaus company, but his requests were ignored.[6]
In a telegram to Tehran on the 25th of Rabi' al-Thani 1333 A.H. (12 March 1915), the governor of Bushehr at the time, Mirza Ali Agha (Father of Hasan M. Balyuzi, and was titled as Muvaqqar al-Dowleh by the king [7])reported the views of the Bushehrs as follows: "I returned from the New Mosque of Bushehr at half an hour before noon. The general excitement is unimaginable. Such a crowd had never been lost in Bushehr and all the ulema and the general classes of the people were present, the summary of the ulama's sermon was that for three years without any financial or human loss from the ports reaching the British, they had disrupted it and kept some of their troops there, and now they have insulted and violated the neutrality of the government."[6]
Rais-Ali Delvari launched a series of guerrilla operations against the British and their European united positions in Bushehr after a written protest against Dr. Listemann and his companion, resulting in casualties to French, Russian and English military forces.[6]
The repeated attacks by Rais-Ali Delvari on the British positions in Bushehr, the British government and the Indian Viceroy, prompted the Bushehr military occupation plan to put on their agenda. The British occupied Bushehr on August 8, 1915. Operation Bushehr occupation of land and sea was carried out with the support of the British Navy artillery.[6] Saltaneh, observing the general procedure of the central government, objected to the actions of the British and stood against them with the assurance of public support in Fars. This resistance continued until the British abandoned their initial goal of occupying Bushehr, which was to force the central government of Iran to accompany them, and changed this goal to the dismissal of Mokhber-ol Saltaneh. In such a situation, at the instigation of Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (the prime minister), Mokhber-ol Saltaneh agreed to resign from the province of Fars.[8]
British "Cover Story"
[edit]Aftermath
[edit]References
[edit]The article contains a translation from the Persian Wikipedia.
- ^ Litten 1925, p. 246.
- ^ Loth & Hanisch 2013, p. 103f.
- ^ Wocheale et al. 1915, p. 3.
- ^ Piekalkiewicz 1988, p. 271.
- ^ Asadpour 2019, p. 213.
- ^ a b c d e f g مشایخی 2015.
- ^ "The British-Iranian Baha'i Who Helped Launch BBC Persian". iranwire.com. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
- ^ "برچسب دلیران تنگستان - قشقایی ایران". qashqaiiran.blogsky.com. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
Sources
[edit]Books
[edit]Piekalkiewicz, Janusz (1 January 1988). Weltgeschichte der Spionage. Agenten, Systeme, Aktionen [Historie světové špionáže] (in Czech). Translated by Slavík, Milan; Otáhal, Josef (1nd czech ed.). München : Südwest. ISBN 80-206-0738-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Litten, Wilhelm (1925). Persische Flitterwochen (in German). Georg Stilke (published 1 January 1925). ASIN B003B2O938.
Loth, Wilfried; Hanisch, Marc (2013). Erster Weltkrieg und Dschihad (in German) (1nd ed.). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag (published 13 December 2013). ISBN 978-3486755701.
Wocheale; Cox, Percy; WRkower; Mshower (1915). From Bushire [Bushehr]. Nos. 301-599. Vol. 10. Arabian gulf digital archives.
Magazines and journals
[edit]Asadpour, Hamid (January 2019). "Historical Obstacle in Busheher development" (PDF). Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam. Vol. 13, no. 25. Iran, Zahedan.: University of Sistan and Baluchestan. p. 213. doi:10.22111/jhr.2020.31045.2612.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
مشایخی, عبدالکریم (December 2015). "بازخوانی تاریخ معاصر شیوههای انگلستان در کنترل قیامهای ضداستعماری". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی. کانون اندیشه جوان. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.