Cross-docking
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Cross-docking is a logistical practice of Just-In-Time Scheduling where materials are delivered directly from a manufacturer or a mode of transportation to a customer or another mode of transportation. Cross-docking often aims to minimize overheads related to storing goods between shipments or while awaiting a customer's order.[1] This may be done to change the type of conveyance, to sort material intended for different destinations, or to combine material from different origins into transport vehicles (or containers) with the same or similar destinations.
Cross-docking takes place in a distribution docking terminal; usually consisting of trucks and dock doors on two (inbound and outbound) sides with minimal storage space.[2]
In the LTL trucking industry, cross-docking is done by moving cargo from one transport vehicle directly onto another, with minimal or no warehousing. In retail practice, cross-docking operations may utilize staging areas where inbound materials are sorted, consolidated, and stored until the outbound shipment is complete and ready to ship.
History
[edit]Cross-dock operations were pioneered in the US trucking industry in the 1930s[citation needed], and have been in continuous use in less-than-truckload operations ever since. The US military began using cross-docking operations in the 1950s. Wal-Mart began using cross-docking in the retail sector in the late 1980s.
As of 2014, almost half of all US warehouses are cross-docking. [3]
Types of cross-docking
[edit]- Full pallet load operation[4]
- Case-load order makeup[4]
- Hybrid cross-docking[4]
- Opportunistic cross-docking[4]
- Truck/rail consolidation[4]
- Short-term storage[4]
Cross-dock facility design
[edit]Cross-dock facilities are generally designed in an "I" configuration, which is an elongated rectangle. The goal in using this shape is to maximize the number of inbound and outbound doors that can be added to the facility while keeping the floor area inside the facility to a minimum. Bartholdi and Gue (2004) demonstrated that this shape is ideal for facilities with 150 doors or less. For facilities with 150–200 doors, a "T" shape is more cost effective. Finally, for facilities with 200 or more doors, the cost-minimizing shape is an "X".[5]
References
[edit]
- ^ Álvarez-Pérez, González-Velarde, Fowler. Crossdocking— Just in Time scheduling: an alternative solution approach. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2009.
- ^ Sehgal, Vivek (2009). Enterprise supply chain management : integrating best-in-class processes. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-19834-5. OCLC 428439918.
- ^ Moody, K. (2019). Labour and the contradictory logic of logistics. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 13(1), 79-95. doi:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.13.1.0079
- ^ a b c d e f Ray, Kulwiec (2004). "Crossdocking as a Supply Chain Strategy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-07.
- ^ Bartholdi, John J.; Gue, Kevin R. (May 2004). "The Best Shape for a Crossdock". Transportation Science. 38 (2): 235–244. doi:10.1287/trsc.1030.0077.
Making the Move to Crossdocking, Maida Napolitano and the staff of Gross & Associates, 2000 copyright, www.werc.org