Jump to content

Chen Li Fu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chên Li Fu Kingdom
12th – early 13th centuries
Political entities in mainland Southeast Asia in 1180 CE after the decline of Dvaravati
Political entities in mainland Southeast Asia in 1180 CE after the decline of Dvaravati
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Theravada Buddhism
GovernmentKingdom
Monarch 
• 1180–1204
Fang-hui-chih
• 1204–?
Mahīđharavarman
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Fall of Kamalanka
1058
• Establishment
12th century
• First sent tribute to China
1200
• Annexed by Phip Phli
1204
• Formation of Ayutthaya
1351
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Dvaravati
Chin Lin
Kamalanka
Suphannabhum
Ayutthaya

Chên Li Fu (Chinese: 真里富; lit. 'genuinely wealthy') or Suvarnapura was a political entity located on the north shore of the Gulf of Siam, west of Chenla.[1]: 1 [2] It centered at the ancient Mueang Uthong.[1]: 20  The area encompassed the western Chao Phraya Basin, present-day Phetchaburi province,[1]: 12  and Prachuap Khiri Khan province of Thailand,[3]: 19  bordering Po-Ssu-lan to the southeast and Tambralinga to the south.[1]: 12 [2] Chên Li Fu sent tribute to the Chinese court in 1200 and 1205. Later, it evolved to Suphannabhum and was then merged into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century.[1]: 13 

Chên Li Fu was supposed to be one of the main polities under the Dvaravati civilization, together with the Lavo Kingdom in the eastern basin.[1]: 20  Modern scholars believe Chen Li Fu was Siamese Suphannabhum.[4]

Chên Li Fu was a short-lived polity, as mentioned in the Nakhòn Si Thammarat source, which states that King Mahesvastidrādhirājakṣatriya of Phip Phli (Phetchaburi), expanded his territory northward to Phraek Si Racha (in present-day Chai Nat) in 1204, encompassing the area purported to be Chên Li Fu.[3]: 21 

Location

[edit]

O. W. Wolters suggests Chên Li Fu was potentially located on the east coast of the Gulf of Siam in Chanthabun area or in the Mae Klong Valley or both.[1]: 13  For phonological reasons, Gerini stated emphatically that Chên Li Fu represented Candanapura or Chanthabun. Friedrich Hirth, W.W. Rockhill, and L.P. Briggs also accepted the identification, but George Cœdès cautiously describes it as being on the Gulf of Siam.[1]: 13  Wolters contended this identification since the location of Chanthabun is sufficiently close to Angkor to make it unlikely that the Khmers lost control of it at that time.[1]: 14 

Wolters proposes that its center was at Mueang Uthong.[1]: 20  If that is so, according to the archaeological found in Mueang Uthong, the kingdom might have existed since 300–600 CE.[5]: 300, 302, 306–307  Nevertheless, Paul Wheatley posited that the site in question was the city-state of Chin Lin, the kingdom King Fan Man of Funan endeavored to annex during the 4th century.[6]

History

[edit]

Chin Lin and Kamalanka: before 10th century

[edit]
Main articles: Chin Lin, Kamalanka, and Dvaravati

Mueang Uthong, which has been claimed to be the center of Chen Li Fu, was potentially the city-state of Chin Lin mentioned in the Chinese text Liáng Shū. It was also the state that King Fan Shih-man of Funan attempted to conquer in the 3rd century[7]: 258 [8]: 20  but failed due to his illness.[9]: 258 [7]: 269  After that there was no record about Chin Lin. Around the early 6th century, it was probably absorbed into Lang-ya-hsiu, the succeeding state of Tun Sun that was said to have expanded its territory to the present-day Chanthaburi, where it met Chenla.[7]: 269  These polities, including Chin Lin, Lang-ya-hsiu, Lavo, Tanling, and Tou Yuan, later evolved into Dvaravati around the 6th century.[7]: 268–70, 281 

During the 10th–11th century, the lower Chao Phraya River basin faced several invasions by its surrounding neighbors, including the conqueror of Menam basin by Tambralinga from the south in 928,[10][11]: 191  fall of Rāmaññadesa (country of the Mon) in 946,[12] the invasion of the Angkor from the east in 1001,[13] the annexation of Lavo by Haripuñjaya from the north in 1052,[11]: 532  and the invasion of Pagan from the west in 1058 and 1087.[14][15]: 40–42  These are potential reasons for the abandonment of Mueang Uthong.[7]: 283 [16]: 41, 105  However, some hypothesized that this was due to the river's inability to be navigated, which was a result of its shallowness and drying up, as well as certain pandemics.[17] The city was relocated to another location, possibly near Rai Rot Subdistrict [th] where the traces of a large ancient city was found,[16]: 104  and then again to the present-day Suphan Buri.[18][19]

According to the architectural styles, Mueang Uthong was probably built before the ancient Nakhon Pathom and Khu Bua.[16]: 92, 105  Archeological evidence indicates Mueang Uthong began to lose its prosperity around the 8th century. The center of power was then shifted to the ancient Nakhon Pathom.[16]: 94  However, all of these cities were later destroyed by the troops of Pagan's Anawrahta during his Menam invasion campaign in the 11th century.[16]: 95  This period was called "The Collapsing Era" (ยุคแห่งการล่มสลาย) by Thai scholars.[16]: 93–94 

The city of "Balangka, an inland town" (บลังกา), mentioned in the Geographike Hyphegesis of Ptolemy, has been assumed by Thai scholars to be Mueang Uthong.[16]: 94  As well as Chia-mo-lang-chia or Kamalanka mentioned by the Chinese monk Xuanzang in the 7th century and was said to be located southeast to Sri Ksetra kingdom and west of Dvaravati,[20]: 182–3  was also centered at Mueang Uthong.[16]: 94 [20]: 183  and was later shifted to the ancient Nakhon Pathom.[20]: 180 

Angkorian influence: 12th century

[edit]
Aerial view of an ancient city in Nong Chaeng village, Sra Krachom subdistrict, Don Chedi, Suphan Buri province in 1953, which was speculated to be Suvarnapura of Chen Li Fu. The area is now transformed into an agricultural area.
The 1966 map of Suphan Buri, a successor of an ancient Suvarnapura.

Chên Li Fu was mentioned in the Chinese text Sung Hui Yao Kao in 1200–1205.[1]: 1  Its exact period of establishment is unclear. The Sung Hui Yao Kao says it is located in the southwestern corner, bordered by Po-Ssu-lan to the southeast and Teng-liu-mei (登流眉, Tambralinga) to the southwest. It is five days by sea travel to Po-Ssu-lan and takes another day to reach Chenla.[1]: 2  It was the only trading center in the north of the gulf visited by Chinese ships at that time. The capital was situated inland and connected to the sea by the river. It takes 80 days of sea journey to reach Qingyuan of the Song.[1]: 9 

In the early 13th century, the Chinese Sung court was no longer receiving envoys from Southeast Asian kingdoms and was discouraging them and their trading. Still, Chinese merchant ships were trading with Chên Li Fu during this period.[1]: 6  On 23 September 1200, 20 years after his establishment of 立, the King of Chên Li Fu named Mo-lo-pa-kan-wu-ting-ên-ssŭ-li-fang-hui-chih (Kamrateng Sri Fang-hui-chih) sent senior palace officials to present a memorial for the Chinese court. The present included a gold-engraved scroll with the king's handwriting in black script, two elephants, and several local products.[1]: 3  Due to the far distance, Chên Li Fu was informed by the Chinese emperor not to send any tribute.[1]: 6 

According to the regnal name of its king who used the Khmer title of Kamrateng, Chên Li Fu was regarded as a vassal of Khmer before sending envoys to the Chinese court in 1200, which was the year Khmer fell under Champa. After that, Khmer declined in power, and the Menam Valley was dominated by Siamese people. Chên Li Fu then broke away.[1]: 6–7  However, archaeological evidence indicates that Mueang Uthong was possibly abandoned around the 11th century, thus escaping from the Khmer influence that came to the most significant power in the 12th century during the reign of the Khmer king, Jayavarman VII.[21] O. W. Wolters suggests Chên Li Fu was potentially an independent polity in the 13th century,[1]: 13  which is consistent with the contemporary Pali chronicle Yonok [th] says Khmer influences have waned from the Menam Valley since 1052 when it lost control over Lavapura of the Lavo Kingdom to Suphannabhum princes from Haripuñjaya.[11]: 532  Several Xiān polities, mentioned by the number of Chinese and Đại Việt texts, have emerged in the area, such as Ayodhya,[22]: 37–42  which has existed since the 1080s.[23] In 1202, another envoy was sent.[3]: 20  and again in 1205 by another ruler, Mahīđharavarman.[1]: 16 

However, it is not clear yet that Chen Li Fu was a dependency of the Angkorian, since the 13th century ruler of its southern neighbor, Phip Phli, was also titled as Gan-mu-ding (which is equated to Kamrateng).[24]: 140  Still, the city-state of Phip Phli was the vassal of the Sukhothai Kingdom[25]: 3–4  and had a close dynastic relation with the Lavo's Ayodhya which was ruled by the Lavo (Uthong) dynasty[3]: 21  that was previously more often in touch with the Angkorean than other regions in the Siam proper.[3]: 8  The dynasty might have received the Ankorian norms of titling their local rulers.

It is more likely that the political center of this era was near the Nong Chaeng village in Sra Krachom subdistrict (ตำบลสระกระโจม), Don Chedi, Suphan Buri province, as there are traces of a large ancient city surrounded by a rectangular moat, and was speculated to be Suvarnapura, a city mentioned in the Prasat Phra Khan inscription (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์).[26] Some propose that Suvarnapura was at the Nern Thang Phra Archaeological Site (แหล่งโบราณคดีเนินทางพระ), about 20 kilometers northeast of the Nong Chaeng village.[27]: 12  Both location conforms with Jean Boisselier's assumption that the first Ayutthayan king, Ramathibodi I (Uthong V), came from the Rai Rot Subdistrict [th], near the Nong Chaeng and Nern Thang Phra where the traces of ancient cities were found, and then ascended the throne of Ayutthaya.[16]: 104 

Transitional era: 13th–14th century

[edit]
Main articles: Suphannabhum and Xiān

After sending an embassy to China in 1205, there was no additional record about Chen Li Fu.[3]: 20  During this period, Angkorian influences in the Menam Valley waned. However, there were several records of new polities that emerged in the area, such as Pi-ch'a-pu-li, which identified with Phetchaburi, led by Xian's king Gan-mu-ding, that sent an envoy to China in 1295[24]: 140 [28][29]: 39  and Su-men-bang, which has been identified with Suphan Buri, led by Zhao Lu-qun Ying (Chao Nakhon In) who was also the crown prince of Xiān, that send anvoys to the Chinese court in 1377,[30] 1396,[31] and 1398.[32]

The area was the vassals of Sukhothai Kingdom during the reign of Ramkhamhaeng (r. 1279 - 1298),[16]: 107 [33]: 3  then formed the city-state confederation with Lavo's Ayodhya, which led to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century.[1]: 13 [29][34]: 272–3 

Social and economy

[edit]
Copper Plate Inscription found at the ancient Mueang Uthong. The text mentions two kings: Isanavarman and Harshavarman.

Chên Li Fu consisted of more than 60 settlements.[1]: 1, 11  Each has its administrator. The chief officials only use silver utensils and their tents are of flowered silk. The people tend to follow the law of the Buddha. When there is a dispute about grievances among them, (the parties) proceed to the Temple of the God of Potent Magic and drink the water of the Buddha in front of each other. He who remains at ease is considered to be telling the truth, while he who shows distress is considered to be lying.[1]: 2 

Its resources are ivory, rhinoceros horn, local beeswax, lakawood, foreign oil, coarse perfumes, cardamons, and ebony wood.[1]: 1  The people are fond of dark red ganze and pottery, which are commodities that Chinese ships bring to them for commerce. For trade dealings in clothing and food, they use pieces of lead.[1]: 2 

There seems to be no evidence to indicate the ethnic identity of the population. There must have been many Mons in the area. In the 16th century Tomé Pires, writing about Ayutthaya, regarded the population of 'Siam' as similar to that of Pegu in the Hanthawaddy Kingdom:[1]: 15 

The people, and almost the language, are like those of Pegu... They are tall swarthy men, shorn like those of Pegu.

Rulers

[edit]

The rulers of Chên Li Fu were called by the Chinese Zhǔ (主, lit. 'chief'), not Wáng (王; lit. 'king').[1]: 11  They lived in a palace resembling a Buddhist temple. All of the king's utensils are of gold. The tents are made of Chinese red floss silk.[1]: 1  He wears white clothes as his privilege. His curtains are of white gauze interwoven with gold. When his officials come to court, they bow their heads and clasp their hands to salute him. The canopy over his curtains is 'dry' red. Beneath it is a madder-red one, a striped red one, and finally a green one. When (these people) use official documents they are bound together with black skin and the characters are written in white powder.

The copper plate dating from the 6th–mid 7th centuries found at U Thong also mentions King Harshavarman (หรรษวรมัน), who was assumed by Jean Boisselier to be one of the kings of Dvaravati, while George Cœdès considered the plate was brought from the Khmer Empire, and the name mentioned might be the Khmer king as well.[35] However, the periods seem unrelated since King Harshavarman I of Khmer reigned from 910 to 923, 200 years after the inscription's date,[36][37] and Harshavarman I's grandfather was Indravarman I,[38][39][40] not Isanavarman as mentioned in the inscription.[35]

List of rulers

[edit]
Ruler Reign Seat Notes/Contemporary events
Dvaravati era: before the 10th century
Isanavarman[35] 5th–6th century Mueang Uthong
Unknown[35] 5th–6th century Son of the previous
Harshavarman[35] mid-6th century Son of the previous
Unknown 8th century Mueang Uthong began to lose its prosperity
Collapsing era: 10th–11th century
925 – 927: Haripuñjaya – Lavo wars
In 927, Lavo and other polities in lower Chao Phraya River Basin were conquered by Tambralinga.
In 946, Angkor conquered Rāmaññadesa.
In 1001, Angkor annexed Lavo.
In 1030, Chola conquered Kamalanka.
1040s–1052: Haripuñjaya–Lavo wars.
In 1052, Haripuñjaya conquered Lavo.
In 1058 and 1087, Pagan invaded lower Chao Phraya River Basin, Mueang Uthong and Nakhon Pathom were probably left abandoned during this period.
In 1106, Chaliang annexed Lavo's Lavapura.
In 1181, Angkor reclaimed Lavo's Lavapura.
Angkorian influenced-era: 12th century
Unknown ?–1180 Suvarnapura (Probably located near Nong Chaeng, Sra Krachom subdistrict, Don Chedi, Suphan Buri province) In 1165, Chen Li Fu's merchant died after arriving in China.[4]
Fang-hui-chih[1]: 6–7  1180–1204 Became independent in 1200 but was later annexed by Phip Phli in 1204.[3]: 21 
Mahīđharavarman[1]: 16  1204–?
  • Son of the previous?
  • Angkor influences have waned.
  • Several Xiān polities emerged.
Suphannabhum era: 13th–14th century
For the rulers during this era, see Suphannabhum § List of rulers.
 Suphanburi In the mid-13 century, the center was shifted to present-day Suphanburi and was known as Suphannabhum, which was later merged to the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac O. W. Wolters (1960). "Chên Li Fu: A State On The Gulf Of Siam at the Beginning of the 14th Century". The Journal of the Siam Society. XLVIII.
  2. ^ a b "宋與真里富、登流眉、蒲甘等國之關係" [The relationship between Song dynasty and the states of Chên Li Fu, Tambralinga, and Bagan] (in Chinese). Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g David K. Wyatt (2020). "Relics, Oaths and Politics in Thirteenth-Century Siam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 32 (1): 3–65. Archived from the original on 13 April 2025.
  4. ^ a b "รัฐสุพรรณภูมิ 'เจินหลี่ฟู่' อยู่เมืองสุพรรณ แม่น้ำท่าจีน" [Suphannaphum state 'Zhenlifu' is located in Suphanburi, Tha Chin River.]. Matichon (in Thai). 30 December 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  5. ^ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  6. ^ "อู่ทอง ที่รอการฟื้นคืน" (in Thai). Thai Rath. 16 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Lawrence Palmer Briggs (1950). "The Khmer Empire and the Malay Peninsula". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 9 (3). Duke University Press: 256–305. doi:10.2307/2049556. JSTOR 2049556. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024.
  8. ^ Paul Wheatley (1956). "Tun-Sun (頓 遜)". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1/2). Cambridge University Press: 17–30. JSTOR 25222785. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024.
  9. ^ Gustaaf Schlegel (1899). "Geographical Notes. VII. Tun-Sun 頓遜 or Tian-Sun 典遜 Tĕnasserim or Tānah-Sāri". T'oung Pao. 10 (1). Brill Publishers: 33–38. JSTOR 4525378. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024.
  10. ^ เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (12 September 2019). "ปริศนาโบราณคดี : 'สงครามสามนคร' (จบ) : การปรากฏนามของพระเจ้ากัมโพชแห่งกรุงละโว้?" (in Thai). Matichon. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  11. ^ a b c "Yonok Chronicle" (PDF) (in Thai). 1936. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  12. ^ Hall, Kenneth R. “Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 18, no. 3, 1975, pp. 318–336. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3632140. Accessed 3 June 2020.
  13. ^ "Suryavarman I". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  14. ^ [1] Archived August 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Northern Chronicle
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fine Arts Department. โบราณวิทยาเรื่องเมืองอู่ทอง [Archaeology of U Thong City] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-11-10.
  17. ^ H. R. H. Prince Damrong (1904). "The Foundation of Ayuthia" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 1.0e. Siam Heritage Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2021. There is an old city ... called by the people Müang U Thong (the city of King U Thong) and there is a tradition that Thao U Thong reigned over this city until an epidemic broke out and the people died in great numbers. He then abandoned the city and turning to the East looked out for another place to establish the capital; but the epidemic did not abate. He then crossed the Suphan (Tachin) river to escape the ravages of the epidemic, and even at the present time near the Suphan river there is a place called "Tha Thao U Thong" 'i.e.' the crossing of King U Thong.
  18. ^ "ประวัติศาสตร์จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี" (PDF). Insian.com (in Thai). 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019.
  19. ^ ชินาทร กายสันเทียะ. "ย้อนอดีตเมืองสุพรรณบุรี ทวารวดีศรีสุพรรณภูมิ" (in Thai). Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  20. ^ a b c "Backgroung to the Sri Vijaya Story – part I" (PDF).
  21. ^ H. R. H. Prince Damrong (1904). "The Foundation of Ayuthia" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 1.0. Siam Heritage Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2021.
  22. ^ Yoneo Ishii (2004). "Exploring a New Approach to Early Thai History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 92: 37–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15.
  23. ^ สุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (21 April 2023). "พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์". www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  24. ^ a b Luce, G.H. (1958). "The Early Syam in Burma's History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 46: 123–213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-01.
  25. ^ Tanit Sorat (18 October 2022). "สุโขทัยจากนครรัฐสู่การรวมชาติสยาม" [Sukhothai from city-state to the unification of Siam] (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2025. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  26. ^ เข้าใจถิ่นเข้าใจเที่ยว สุพรรณบุรี, การท่องเที่ยวแหงประเทศไทย, 2547, p.7 ISBN 978-974-7177-14-5 or Appriciate the Locality, Travel Knowaladgableably, Suphan Buri Tourism Authority of Thailand, 2000, p.7 ISBN 978-974-7177-45-9; * Wārunī ʻŌsathārom. Mư̄ang Suphan bon sēnthāng kan̄plīanplǣng thāng prawattisāt Phutthasattawat thī 8 - ton Phutthasattawat thī 25 (History, development, and geography of the ancient city of Suphan Buri Province, Central Thailand, 8th-25th B.E.), Samnakphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt, Krung Thēp, 2547.
  27. ^ Nipha Sangkhanakin (2015). การศึกษารูปแบบประติมากรรมจากแหล่งโบราณคดีเนินทางพระ [Study of sculptural forms from the archaeological site of Nern Thang Phra] (PDF) (in Thai). Fine Arts Department. p. 156. ISBN 9786162831966. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
  28. ^ Keatkhamjorn Meekanon (14 July 2024). "ตามพรลิงค์: สมาพันธรัฐที่โลกลืม ตอน ความสัมพันธ์กับรัฐไทย" [Tambralinga: the World's Forgotten Confederation: The Relationship with the Thai State]. Manager Daily (in Thai). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  29. ^ a b Yoneo Ishii (2004). "Exploring a New Approach to Early Thai History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 92: 37–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15.
  30. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 10, Month 9, Day 1". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  31. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 28, Month 12, Day 29". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  32. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 31, Month 1, Day 7". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  33. ^ Woraporn Promjairak (2018). "ย้อนรอยประวัติศาสตร์เมืองเก่าสุพรรณบุรีและพระเพทราชา ต้นราชวงศ์บ้านพลูหลวง" [Tracing the history of the old city of Suphan Buri and King Phetracha, the founder of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty.] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-11-10.
  34. ^ Chantas Piantham (2017). "การสังเคราะห์องค์ความรู้ประวัติศาสตร์รัฐสุพรรณภูมิ จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี ด้วยกระบวนการการมีส่วนร่วม" [Synthesis of Suphannabhume historical Knowledge in Suphanburi Province by Participatory Process] (PDF). Journal of Nakhonratchasima College (in Thai). 11 (1): 272–290. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-10.
  35. ^ a b c d e "จารึกแผ่นทองแดง" (PDF). finearts.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  36. ^ "Book Review: Voices from S-21" Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. The American Historical Review (October 2002).
  37. ^ SBS French program. Special Broadcasting Service (December 10, 2007).
  38. ^ Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (2009). A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia. In collaboration with Karl-Heinz Golzio. Center for Khmer Studies.
  39. ^ Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture by Upendra Thakur. Page 37.
  40. ^ Saveros, Pou (2002). Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge (in French). Vol. Tome II et III. Paris: EFEO. ISBN 2-85539-617-4.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chen_Li_Fu&oldid=1287375059"