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Balaji Srinivasan

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Balaji Srinivasan
Srinivasan in 2019
Born (1980-05-24) May 24, 1980 (age 46)
Long Island, New York,[1] U.S.
EducationStanford University (BS, MS, MS, PhD)
Known for
Websitehttps://balajis.com/

Balaji S. Srinivasan (born May 24, 1980)[2] is an American entrepreneur, scientist, and investor. He is the author of The Network State: How to Start a New Country and the founder of the Network School, a retreat for entrepreneurs and technicians in Malaysia. Previously, he was the co-founder of the genomics company Counsyl, the former chief technology officer (CTO) of cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase, and former general partner at the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.[3]

Biography

[edit]

Srinivasan is the son of physician parents who immigrated from Tamil Nadu, India. Srinivasan grew up on Long Island, in Plainview, New York.[4] He received BS, MS, and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University and a MS in chemical engineering, also from Stanford.[5] He taught courses in statistics and bioinformatics at Stanford and an online Stanford course called Startup Engineering.[6][7][8]

In 2014, Startup Engineering was ranked by Business Insider as the 6th "Most Popular Free Online Course For Professionals."[9] The course introduced the concept of the "idea maze," which has been referenced by Chris Dixon and the firm Andreessen Horowitz.[10][11] His Google Scholar profile lists over 5,000 citations for publications on diagnostics, microbial genomics, and population genetics in Genome Research, Nature Biotechnology, and the New England Journal of Medicine.[12]

In 2007, he co-founded genetic testing company Counsyl, which provided tests to prospective parents to screen for over 100 Mendelian diseases.[2][3][13][14] In 2010, Counsyl received the Wall Street Journal Innovation Award for Medicine, and was named one of Scientific American's Top 10 World Changing Ideas.[15][16] In 2013, MIT added Srinivasan to its MIT TR35 list for his work on clinical genomics.[17] Counsyl was acquired by Myriad Genetics for $375 million in 2018.[18][19]

In 2013, he joined the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz as a general partner.[20][21] While at the firm, he made early investments in OpenGov,[22][23] Omada Health,[24][25] and Benchling.[26][27]

In 2013, Srinivasan co-founded 21e6, which later became 21 Inc, a Bitcoin mining startup raising over $116 million from investors.[28][29][30]The company later became Earn.com, which allowed senders to pay users in cryptocurrency to reply to emails.[2][31] In April 2018, Earn.com was acquired by Coinbase for $120 million.[32][33][34]

After Coinbase purchased Earn.com, it became Coinbase Earn and Srinivasan became Coinbase's first CTO.[2][35][36] While at Coinbase, Srinivasan oversaw the addition of new tokens, including Zcash and stablecoins.[37][38] In a 2018 interview, Coinbase COO Emilie Choi stated, "we can very confidently say...that the Earn acquisition more than paid for itself multifold in the course of this year."[39] He left the company in 2019.[40] Coinbase's 2021 SEC filings reported that Coinbase Earn's revenue was $7.7 million in 2020 and $63.1 million in 2021.[41]

In April 2014, he co-founded Teleport, a job search engine. Teleport was acquired by Topia in 2017.[42][43] Over the course of that year, Srinivasan co-founded Coin Center, a nonprofit research and advocacy group focused on cryptocurrency policy. He serves as a board member.[44][45] In September 2024, Srinivasan started The Network School, a school focused on health, technology and startup societies.[46][47][48] The school had an initial enrollment of 150 with enrollment increasing by 400 in mid-2025. It is located on an island near Singapore in Forest City, Malaysia.[49] Bloomberg reported that Srinivasan planned to build a permanent campus to house thousands of technologists with additional Network School locations in Miami, Dubai, and Tokyo.[49] Ethereum, Solana, Coinbase, and Anthropic's Claude have all held events on campus.[50] Lee Ting Han, Johor's Executive Councilor for Investments, told Bloomberg that the school had brought "an energy to the area that was missing."[49]

In December 2023, Srinivasan launched the Balaji Fund, a venture fund with investors such as Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong, AngelList co-founder Naval Ravikant, and venture capitalist Fred Wilson.[51]

In 2026, Srinivasan invested in Objection.ai.[52]

The Network State

[edit]

In 2013, in a talk at Y Combinator's Startup School titled "Silicon Valley's Ultimate Exit" and in a Wired article called "Software Is Reorganizing the World",[53] Srinivasan urged the technology industry to digitally exit the United States and move abroad. The talk was received positively by Reason,[54][55][56] Wired,[57] and Bloomberg;[58] and was criticized by The New York Times,[59] TechCrunch,[60] Business Insider,[61] and The Wall Street Journal.[62][63]

In a 2017 Wall Street Journal profile, Srinivasan described the vision as the "inverse Amish," a society that, "lives nearby, peacefully, in the future" and experimenting with new technologies.[64] Yale Law professor Stephen L. Carter called the talk, "provocative, well-conceived and, in some ways, attractive."[58]

In 2022, Srinivasan wrote The Network State: How To Start a New Country, where he elaborated on his ideas about online nationality. In July 2022, the book was ranked number two in bestselling e-books by the Wall Street Journal.[65] The book describes the concept of a "network state" in which digital communities crowdfund territories around the world and link them together to build startup societies that eventually attain diplomatic recognition.[66][67] Politico called the book "quintessentially American" and stated that the Network State's ideas have "purchase in political and intellectual circles."[68] The ideas in the book were inspired by the work of the economist Albert O. Hirschman, who sees two basic paths to reform, one called voice (remake the system from within) and another called exit (leave and build something new).[69] After TechCrunch mentioned the speech in an article exploring links between Silicon Valley tech leaders and the far-right Dark Enlightenment movement,[70] Srinivasan wrote in an email to Dark Enlightenment leader Curtis Yarvin, "If things get hot, it may be interesting to sic the Dark Enlightenment audience on a single vulnerable hostile reporter to dox them and turn them inside out with hostile reporting sent to *their* advertisers/friends/contacts."[71][72]

Reception

[edit]

The book was received positively by technologists like Vitalik Buterin,[73][74][75] and Marc Andreessen,[76] libertarian outlets such as Reason magazine[69][77] and the Competitive Enterprise Institute,[78] and conservative publications including Tablet Magazine,[79] and City Journal.[80][81]

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin wrote that he was "friendly to network states" and endorsed the cover.[74] AngelList co-founder Naval Ravikant called it "the future convergence of networks and governments."[76] Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong wrote: "Balaji is a visonary, and one of the most original thinkers of our time... I think Balaji will be right about Network State."[76] Podcaster Andrew Huberman appeared on the Network State Podcast to discuss a health-focused network state.[82]

Blueprint co-founder Bryan Johnson announced he would launch a "Don't Die" Network State built around his longevity movement.[83] Manuel Stotz of Telegram TON raised $558 million and discussed his plans for a Telegram Network State.[84] The Financial Times reported that the network state movement had grown to approximately 120 startup societies, with Replit founder Amjad Masad and seasteading advocate Patri Friedman among its prominent supporters, and the BBC profiled the movement.[85][86]

Neo-Marxist philosopher Slavoj Žižek has called the network state "elitist" and a "digitally-driven dream of escaping the constraints of reality.” [87] For the left-leaning magazine The New Republic, Gil Duran, wrote that the Network State shows Srinivasan has an “appetite for autocracy”[88][89] Other critics have called the network state "Nietzschean,"[90] “neo-colonialist,”[91] and millenarian.[92]

Government support

[edit]

The Solana Foundation partnered with Kazakhstan to create a Solana Economic Zone and Bhutan launched a Solana-backed digital nomad visa in 2026.[93][94] Government officials have also engaged with the network state concept, including Singapore JTC chief Jaqueline Poh,[95] Dubai Expo City CTO Rashid Mohammed,[96] Abu Dhabi Global Markets' Wai-Lum Kwok,[97] El Salvador's Stacy Herbert,[98] Palau President Surangel Whipps Jr.,[99] Johor executive councilor, Lee Ting Han,[49] and former UK Prime Minister Liz Truss.[100]

Srinivasan first used the phrase "network state" in a 2015 conversation with former Estonian President Toomas Ilves, drawing on Estonia's e-residency program as a real world precedent.[101] Srinivasan was one of the first three Estonian e-residents.[102][103] Singapore JTC chief Jaqueline Poh noted that Srinivasan was the first recipient of Singapore's Tech Pass.[95] Srinivasan also interviewed Palau President Surangel Whipps Jr. on the country's RNS digital residency program.[99] Estonia's e-residency program cited the network state favorably on the program's official website.[104]

Public profile

[edit]

MIT Technology Review named Srinivasan on its list of "Innovators Under 35" in 2013.[13] In 2018, Fortune ranked him 26th on its "The Ledger 40 Under 40" list.[2] Srinivasan has also published articles in Foreign Policy,[105] Wired,[106] and the Free Press.[107][108] He gave keynote addresses at the Cato Institute and the Foresight Institute.[109][110]

In 2017, the Trump Administration considered appointing Srinivasan as FDA Commissioner.[111][112] While being considered for the appointment, Srinivasan deleted all of his tweets, including tweets critical of the FDA.[113] In one such deleted tweet, Srinivasan wrote, "For every thalidomide, many dead from slowed approvals."[114] In July 2020, Srinivasan drew attention after criticizing Taylor Lorenz's reporting alleged misbehavior of Away's CEO on Twitter. On the Twitter thread, he suggested Lorenz and activists like her are "sociopaths".[115][116][117]

Srinivasan was among the first technology investors to publicly warn about the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020, a call acknowledged in Bloomberg[118], in the book Kings of Crypto by Jeff John Roberts,[119] Tyler Cowen in Marginal Revolution,[120] and by the American Enterprise Institute.[121] The New York Times noted that his early tweets influenced others to prepare.[122] Coindesk called him "the man who called COVID."[123] Reason interviewed Srinivasan on the same day the WHO declared a global pandemic, noting he had been ahead of the curve in warning about the crisis.[124] Bloomberg noted that Srinivasan had sounded the alarm early, criticizing the city of San Francisco for its plans to host a Chinese New Year parade during the outbreak.[125] In April 2021, Srinivasan donated $50,000 in cryptocurrency to aid in Indian COVID-19 relief during a resurgence of the virus in the country. On Twitter, he pledged to donate another $50 for every time his post was retweeted, up to $100,000.[126]

On March 17, 2023, Srinivasan bet economist James Medlock that one bitcoin (then worth less than $30,000) would be worth $1 million in 90 days. Srinivasan made the bet after Medlock tweeted, "I'll bet anyone $1 million dollars that the US does not enter hyperinflation."[127] Srinivasan conceded the bet early and paid an additional US$500,000 to Bitcoin core developers.[128] Forbes remarked shortly after the bet was made that Srinivasan owns "a considerable amount of bitcoin" and his $1 million bet on Bitcoin "might be a mere marketing ploy or even a pump-and-dump scheme".[129] Srinivasan later said he made the bet as a warning against the fragility of the U.S. banking system after the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank.[130] Ninety days after Srinivasan made his bet, the price of a bitcoin was down roughly 3 percent from its March 17, 2023 price.[131]

In an interview on the Cheeky Pint podcast with Stripe cofounder John Collison, a16z founder Marc Andressen noted that "Balaji was at the head of that list" in terms of getting Andreessen Horowitz into biotechnology and cryptocurrency.[132] In another episode of the same podcast, Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong said that he learned from Srinivasan how to become a "turnaround CEO."[133] Economist Tyler Cowen interviewed Srinivasan for his Conversations with Tyler podcast, noting that Andressen had described Srinivasan as "the man who has more good ideas per minute than anyone else in the Bay Area."[134]

In 2023, Eric Jorgenson published The Anthology of Balaji, a compilation of Srinivasan's ideas.[135]

In 2024, Srinivasan called for "something like tech Zionism,” where individuals in San Francisco loyal to tech companies would wear grey t-shirts and be allowed into certain districts of the city from which "blue" liberals would be banned.[136]

References

[edit]
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