阿爾卡索瓦什和約

《阿尔卡索瓦什和約》（也称为《阿尔卡索瓦什-托雷多和約》，Alcaocvas）在1479年9月4日由卡斯蒂利亚和阿拉贡的天主教君主和葡萄牙阿方索五世和他的儿子若昂二世签订。它结束卡斯蒂利亚王位继承战争（英语：War of the Castilian Succession），以天主教君主在陆地上的胜利和葡萄牙在海上的胜利結束。^[1]^[2]阿尔卡索瓦什合约标志着卡斯蒂利亚和阿拉贡大婚的确认，葡萄牙放弃支持胡安娜换来天主教双王正式承认了葡萄牙在大西洋的霸权。

该条约旨在规范：

阿方索五世放弃卡斯蒂利亚的王位宣称，陆上和平。
非洲海岸和葡萄牙在大西洋的优先权
天主教双王的长女伊莎贝拉和阿方索的嗣子若昂二世的婚约，又被称为Tercerias de Moura，且天主教双王要以嫁妆作为对葡萄牙的补偿。^[3]
赦免在卡斯蒂利亚的胡安娜支持者

批准

这个条约由教宗在1481年批准，基本上给予了葡萄牙继续探索非洲海岸的独享权，同时保证了卡斯蒂利亚在加那利群岛的主权。它还禁止卡斯蒂利亞的船只未经许可航入葡萄牙的航線。此条约初步划分了西班牙和葡萄牙在大西洋的控制区域，尽管依然维持着海上的敌意，但是为托德西利亚斯条约奠定了基础。

长期的影响

该条约确保了卡斯蒂利亚和葡萄牙几十年的和平。尽管稳定的得到了加那利群岛，但在卡斯蒂利亚的再征服运动成功之后，被迫失去了对其他非洲的渴望。因此，他们招聘克里斯托弗·哥伦布向西远航，并发现了来自美洲的财富，多于几内亚十倍不止。此条约是《托德西利亚斯条约》的前身。

參見

條約列表

引用

^ _↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius “In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...” in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.
^ _↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: “All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.” In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.
^ _↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

参考书目

书籍：

BOWN, Stephen R.- 1494: How a family feud in Medieval Spain divided the world in half （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, D and M publishers inc., Canada, 2011.
DIFFIE, Bailey W. and WINIUS, George D. – Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press, 1985.
HANSON, Carl- Atlantic emporium: Portugal and the wider world, 1147–1497" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, volume 47 de Iberian studies, University press of the South, 2002. ISBN 978-1889431888.
LUNENFELD, Marvin- The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, University of Miami Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0870241437.
MENDONÇA, Manuela- O Sonho da União Ibérica – guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479, Quidnovi, Lisboa, 2007, book description （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. ISBN 978-9728998882
NEWITT, Malyn (2005) A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, New York: Routledge.
ROBERTSON, Ian- Spain, the mainland" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, E. Benn, 1975.

记录

PALENCIA, Alfonso de- Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum diebus colligentis, Década III and IV （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (the three first Décadas were edited as Cronica del rey Enrique IV by Antonio Paz y Meliá in 1904 and the fourth as Cuarta Década by José Lopes de Toro in 1970).

外部連結

Treaty Between Spain and Portugal, Concluded at Alcacovas, 4 September 1479 (English translation) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Library of Iberian Resources Online "A History of Spain and Portugal, the Expansion"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, by Stanley G. Payne.

[Bailey_W._Diffie-1] _↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius “In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ...” in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p.152.

[Historian_Malyn_Newitt-2] _↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: “All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John.” In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668, Routledge, New York, 2005, p.39,40.

[Mendonça-3] _↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 102,103.

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