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阿克萨

坐标：31°46′41″N 35°14′10″E / 31.778°N 35.236°E / 31.778; 35.236
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此條目介紹的是位于犹太教圣殿山一带地区的伊斯兰教建筑群。关于该建筑群的清真寺或祈禱廳主体，请见「阿克萨清真寺」。
阿克萨
(阿克萨清真寺)
阿拉伯語：الأَقْصَى，羅馬化：Al-Aqṣā
圣殿山上的阿克萨清真寺建筑群的鸟瞰图
基本信息
位置耶路撒冷旧城
坐标31°46′41″N 35°14′10″E / 31.778°N 35.236°E / 31.778; 35.236
宗教伊斯兰教
行政耶路撒冷伊斯兰瓦合甫
领导伊玛目 穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·侯赛因
功能状态使用中
建筑详情
建筑类型清真寺建筑
建筑风格早期伊斯蘭建築, 马穆鲁克式
建立时间637年
建筑材料石灰石（外墙、尖塔、正面）、钟乳石（尖塔）、金、铅和石头（圆顶）、白色大理石（内部柱子）和马赛克
詳細規格
正立面朝向北偏西北
容納人數约400,000人 (估值)
穹頂两个大穹顶+数十个小穹顶
宣禮塔四座
宣禮塔高度37米（121英尺） (最高者)
地圖
阿克萨在Jerusalem的位置
阿克萨
于耶路撒冷旧城内的位置
地图
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阿克萨（/æl ˈæksə/; 阿拉伯語：الأَقْصَى，羅馬化：Al-Aqṣā）或阿克萨清真寺（阿拉伯語：المسجد الأقصى，羅馬化：al-Masjid al-Aqṣā）[2]是位于耶路撒冷旧城的圣殿山上的伊斯兰宗教建筑群，包括岩石圆顶、多座清真寺和祈祷厅、伊斯蘭學校、扎维亚、哈尔瓦和其他圆顶宗教建筑，以及四座环绕的宣礼塔。其被认为是伊斯兰教里的第三大圣地。该建筑群的主要信众清真寺或祈祷厅被称为阿克萨清真寺、奇卜利清真寺或阿克萨信众；为避免混淆，有时将广义上的建筑群称为阿克萨清真寺建筑群[3]。

阿克萨建筑群具有重要的地缘政治意义，因其位于圣殿山顶部，毗邻犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的其他历史圣地，并且一直是巴以冲突的主要冲突点之一[4]。

参见

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注释

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参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ Al-Ratrout, H. A., The Architectural Development of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Early Islamic Period, ALMI Press, London, 2004.
  2. ^ Williams, George. The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. Parker. 1849: 143–160 [22 June 2022]. （原始内容存档于19 July 2023）. The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled " The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi," who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… "I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk [Jamia] properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper [Jamia], the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area."  and also von Hammer-Purgstall, J.F. Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.). Fundgruben des Orients 2. Gedruckt bey A. Schmid. 1811: 93 [22 June 2022]. （原始内容存档于19 July 2023） （法语）. Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.) 
  3. ^ * Tucker, S.C.; Roberts, P. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO history reference online. ABC-CLIO. 2008: 70 [19 June 2022]. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2. （原始内容存档于19 July 2023）. Al-Aqsa Mosque The al-Aqsa Mosque (literally, "farthest mosque") is both a building and a complex of religious buildings in Jerusalem. It is known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) and to Jews and Christians as the Har ha-Bayit or Temple Mount. The whole area of the Noble Sanctuary is considered by Muslims to be the al-Aqsa Mosque, and the entire precinct is inviolable according to Islamic law. It is considered specifically part of the waqf (endowment) land that had included the Western Wall (Wailing Wall), property of an Algerian family, and more generally a waqf of all of Islam. When viewed as a complex of buildings, the al-Aqsa Mosque is dominated and bounded by two major structures: the al-Aqsa Mosque building on the east and the Dome of the Rock (or the Mosque of Omar) on the west. The Dome of the Rock is the oldest holy building in Islam. 
    • Jerusalem holy site clashes fuel fears of return to war. BBC News. 2022-04-22 [30 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于24 May 2022）. Whole site also considered by Muslims as Al Aqsa Mosque 
    • UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 39 COM 7A.27 - Decision. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2022-04-04 [2022-05-29]. （原始内容存档于30 May 2022）. …the historic Gates and windows of the Qibli Mosque inside Al-Aqsa Mosque/ Al-Haram Al-Sharif, which is a Muslim holy site of worship and an integral part of a World Heritage Site 
    • The Survey of Western Palestine, Jerusalem, 1884, p.119: "The Jamia el Aksa, or 'distant mosque' (that is, distant from Mecca), is on the south, reaching to the outer wall. The whole enclosure of the Haram is called by Moslem writers Masjid el Aksa, 'praying-place of the Aksa,' from this mosque."
    • Yitzhak Reiter: "This article deals with the employment of religious symbols for national identities and national narratives by using the sacred compound in Jerusalem (The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa) as a case study. The narrative of The Holy Land involves three concentric circles, each encompassing the other, with each side having its own names for each circle. These are: Palestine/Eretz Israel (i.e., the Land of Israel); Jerusalem/al-Quds and finally The Temple Mount/al-Aqsa compound...Within the struggle over public awareness of Jerusalem's importance, one particular site is at the eye of the storm—the Temple Mount and its Western Wall—the Jewish Kotel—or, in Muslim terminology, the al-Aqsa compound (alternatively: al-Haram al-Sharif) including the al-Buraq Wall... "Al-Aqsa" for the Palestinian-Arab-Muslim side is not merely a mosque mentioned in the Quran within the context of the Prophet Muhammad's miraculous Night Journey to al-Aqsa which, according to tradition, concluded with his ascension to heaven (and prayer with all of the prophets and the Jewish and Christian religious figures who preceded him); rather, it also constitutes a unique symbol of identity, one around which various political objectives may be formulated, plans of action drawn up and masses mobilized for their realization", "Narratives of Jerusalem and its Sacred Compound" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期21 May 2022., Israel Studies 18(2):115-132 (July 2013)
    • Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel: "The site is known in Arabic as Haram al-Sharif – the Noble Sanctuary – and colloquially as the Haram or the al-Aqsa compound; while in Hebrew, it is called Har HaBeit – the Temple Mount." Annika Björkdahl; Susanne Buckley-Zistel. Spatialising Peace and Conflict: Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1 May 2016: 243– [21 May 2022]. ISBN 978-1-137-55048-4. （原始内容存档于21 May 2022）. 
    • Mahdi Abdul Hadi:"Al-Aqsa Mosque, also referred to as Al-Haram Ash-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary), comprises the entire area within the compound walls (a total area of 144,000 m2) - including all the mosques, prayer rooms, buildings, platforms and open courtyards located above or under the grounds - and exceeds 200 historical monuments pertaining to various Islamic eras. According to Islamic creed and jurisprudence, all these buildings and courtyards enjoy the same degree of sacredness since they are built on Al-Aqsa's holy grounds. This sacredness is not exclusive to the physical structures allocated for prayer, like the Dome of the Rock or Al-Qibly Mosque (the mosque with the large silver dome)"Mahdi Abdul Hadi 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2020-02-16. Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs; Tim Marshall: "Many people believe that the mosque depicted is called the Al-Aqsa; however, a visit to one of Palestine's most eminent intellectuals, Mahdi F. Abdul Hadi, clarified the issue. Hadi is chairman of the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, based in East Jerusalem. His offices are a treasure trove of old photographs, documents, and symbols. He was kind enough to spend several hours with me. He spread out maps of Jerusalem's Old City on a huge desk and homed in on the Al-Aqsa compound, which sits above the Western Wall. "The mosque in the Al-Aqsa [Brigades] flag is the Dome of the Rock. Everyone takes it for granted that it is the Al-Aqsa mosque, but no, the whole compound is Al-Aqsa, and on it are two mosques, the Qibla mosque and the Dome of the Rock, and on the flags of both Al-Aqsa Brigades and the Qassam Brigades, it is the Dome of the Rock shown," he said. Tim Marshall. A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols. Simon and Schuster. 4 July 2017: 151– [17 April 2018]. ISBN 978-1-5011-6833-8. （原始内容存档于12 September 2019）. *Hughes, Aaron W. Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction. Religion in Culture. Taylor & Francis. 2014: 45 [24 June 2022]. ISBN 978-1-317-54594-1. （原始内容存档于19 July 2023）. Although later commentators would debate whether or not this journey was a physical one or took place at an internal level, it would come to play a crucial role in establishing Muhammad's prophetic credentials. In the first part of this journey, referred to as the isra, he traveled from the Kaba in Mecca to "the farthest mosque" (al-masjid al-aqsa), identified with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: the al-Aqsa mosque that stands there today eventually took its name from this larger precinct, in which it was constructed. *Sway, Mustafa A., Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!, Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 2015, 20/21 (4): 108–113 [28 July 2022], ProQuest 1724483297, （原始内容存档于19 July 2023）, Ahmed ibn Hanbal (780–855): "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel (muhdatha)." Mustafa Sway: More than 500 years ago, when Mujir Al-Din Al-Hanbali offered the above definition of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the year 900 AH/1495, there were no conflicts, no occupation and no contesting narratives surrounding the site. *Omar, Abdallah Marouf. Al-Aqsa Mosque's Incident in July 2017: Affirming the Policy of Deterrence.需要付费订阅. Insight Turkey. 2017, 19 (3): 69–82. JSTOR 26300531. doi:10.25253/99.2017193.05. In a treaty signed by Jordan and the Palestinian Authority on March 31, 2013, both sides define al-Aqsa Mosque as being "al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards". ... Israel insists on identifying al-Aqsa Mosque as being a small building. ... Nonetheless, the Executive Board of UNESCO adopted the Jordanian definition of al-Aqsa Mosque in its Resolution (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 Rev). *Occupied Palestine: draft decision (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 REV), UNESCO Executive Board. UNESCO. 2016. 
  4. ^ The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期15 July 2020., Cambridge University Press, Jodi Magness, page 355

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