榛蘑
蜜環菌屬
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|---|---|
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| 蜜環菌 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 门： | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
| 纲： | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
| 目： | 伞菌目 Agaricales |
| 科： | 膨瑚菌科 Physalacriaceae |
| 属： | 蜜環菌屬 Armillaria (Fr.) Staude |
| 模式種 | |
| Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm.
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| 多样性 | |
| 约45种 | |
| 異名 | |
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| 蜜环菌属 | |
|---|---|
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 | 子實層上有菌褶 |
 | 蕈傘為凸面 |
 | 子實層連生 |
 | 環狀蕈柄 |
 | 孢印白色 |
 | 寄生真菌 |
 | 可食用 |
榛蘑是蘑菇纲蘑菇目泡头菌科蜜环菌属（學名：Armillaria，又名松覃屬）真菌的通称[1]。生长在树木、灌木丛当中。是一类广泛分布于北半球温带地区的真菌类群[2]。该属拥有大约45个物种，多为世界上体积最大的生物。其中，该属下体积最大的奥氏蜜环菌（Armillaria ostoyae）在美国俄勒冈州的菌丝群落覆盖面积约890公顷，菌索总长度约5.6千米，相当于1665个足球场，重达35000吨[1]。蜜环菌属的寿命在2400年以上，有的甚至能达到8650岁[3]。有的蜜环菌属会发光，导致了狐火的现象[4]。
蜜环菌属真菌的营养方式多样，可寄生、共生或腐生[1]。其发达的地下菌索可延伸数千至数万米[5][6]，并能在不良环境中长期保持活性[1]。
分类学
[编辑]18世纪有关蜜环菌属的最早记录将其置于蘑菇属（Agaricus）[1]。1766年，马丁·瓦尔在《丹尼卡植物志》（Flora Danica）中首次描述了Agaricus melleus并配图，其后被视为蜜环菌属的模式种[7][8]。埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯在1821年基于来自瑞士的材料将其放在Armillaria类群中[9]，1857年Staude将其正式提升为属级分类[10]。
2006年，基于多个基因片段的系统分析对口蘑科的多个属进行了重新分类，泡头菌科（Physalacriaceae）被分出来成为一个独立的单系群，蜜环菌属被归入泡头菌科[11]。
形态特征
[编辑]蜜环菌属的形态鉴定主要依赖子实体与菌索特征，包括菌环是否存在、菌柄结构、菌幕残留、菌盖色泽与表面装饰（如鳞片的颜色与纹理）等，有助于将蜜环菌属与近缘的假蜜环菌属（Desarmillaria）区分[12]。
下属物种
[编辑]本属包括以下物种：[13]
- Armillaria affinis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.
- Armillaria altimontana Brazee, B.Ortiz, Banik & D.L.Lindner
- Armillaria aotearoa I.A.Hood & Ramsfield
- Armillaria apalosclera (Berk.) A.Chandra & Watling
- Armillaria appendiculata Peck
- Armillaria argentina Speg.
- Armillaria australis Murrill
- Armillaria badicephala Zeller
- 北方蜜环菌 Armillaria borealis Marxm. & Korhonen
- Armillaria bruchii Speg.
- Armillaria bulbosa (Romagn.) Kile & Watling
- Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessur.
- 喀麦隆蜜环菌 Armillaria camerunensis (Henn.) Courtec.
- Armillaria carneogelatinosa Rick
- Armillaria casimirii Velen.
- 黄小蜜环菌 Armillaria cepistipes Velen.
- Armillaria cerasi Velen.
- Armillaria citri (Inzenga) Sacc.
- Armillaria contorticystis A.H.Sm.
- Armillaria dactyliophora (Lév.) Beeli
- Armillaria ectypa (Fr.) Emel
- Armillaria ectypa (Fr.) Herink
- Armillaria fellea (Hongo) Kile & Watling
- Armillaria fumosa Kile & Watling
- Armillaria fuscipes Petch
- 法国蜜环菌 Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn.，高卢蜜环菌
- Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessur.
- Armillaria gigantea Yasuda
- Armillaria granulosoides Zeller
- Armillaria graveolens Murrill
- Armillaria griseomellea (Singer) Kile & Watling
- Armillaria heimii Pegler
- Armillaria hinnulea Kile & Watling
- Armillaria horridula Herp.
- Armillaria inflata Velen.
- Armillaria irreperta G.E.Bernard
- Armillaria jezoensis J.Y.Cha & Igarashi
- Armillaria kuraiana Pilát
- Armillaria laricina (Bolton) Sacc.
- Armillaria limonea (G.Stev.) Boesew.
- Armillaria lutea Gillet
- Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile
- 黄盖蜜环菌 Armillaria luteopileata
- Armillaria lutincola (Lasch) Sacc. & Trotter
- Armillaria macrospora Peck
- 蜜环菌 Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. (≡Armillariella mellea(Vahl) P. Karst.)
- Armillaria melleorubens (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.
- Armillaria mexicana Elías-Román, Medel, P.Alvarado, J.W.Hanna, Ross-Davis, M.S.Kim & Klopfenstein
- Armillaria millus (Sowerby) Sacc.
- Armillaria montagnei (Singer) Herink
- Armillaria nabsnona T.J.Volk & Burds.
- Armillaria nigritula P.D.Orton
- Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G.Stev.) Boesew.
- 暗蜜环菌 Armillaria obscura (Schaeff.) Herink
- Armillaria omnituens (Berk.) Sacc.
- 奥氏蜜环菌 Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink
- Armillaria pallidula Kile & Watling
- Armillaria paulensis Capelari
- Armillaria paullula Herp.
- Armillaria pelliculosa Beeli
- Armillaria platensis Speg.
- Armillaria praecox Velen.
- Armillaria procera Speg.
- Armillaria puiggarii Speg.
- Armillaria roblinensis Velen.
- Armillaria rufescens P.D.Orton
- Armillaria saltensis Speg.
- Armillaria saviczii (Singer) Herink
- 芥黄蜜环菌 Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessur.
- Armillaria singula J.Y.Cha & Igarashi
- Armillaria socialis (DC.) Fayod
- Armillaria solidipes Peck
- Armillaria sparrei (Singer) Herink
- 亚空蜜环菌 Armillaria subcava (Schumach.) Sacc.
- Armillaria subcinerescens Rick
- 假蜜环菌 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel (≡Armillariella tabescens (Scop.) Singer)
- Armillaria tigrensis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.
- Armillaria umbrinobrunnea (Singer) Pildain & Rajchenb.
- Armillaria virginea Rick
- Armillaria viridiflava (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.
- Armillaria viscidipes Peck
- Armillaria yungensis (Singer) Herink
共生关系
[编辑]蜜环菌属真菌可与兰科植物天麻的营养繁殖茎形成兰科菌根[1]。能够与天麻共生的蜜环菌物种包括粗柄蜜环菌（A. cepistipes）、九妹蜜环菌（Ar. nabsnona）等至少7种[14]。
蜜环菌属中的奥氏蜜环菌（A. ostoyae）与高卢蜜环菌（A. gallica）等可与猪苓形成共生[1]。菌索侵入猪苓菌核后诱发免疫反应，使其菌丝木质化并形成隔离腔，腔内包裹两者菌丝[1]。蜜环菌分解猪苓菌丝获得营养，而猪苓亦利用蜜环菌菌丝提供的代谢物以发育新菌核[15][16]。菌核的隔离结构亦能限制蜜环菌进一步侵入造成伤害[6]。
寄生与腐生
[编辑]蜜环菌属中多数物种可侵染植物根部，引发根朽病，使寄主死亡并分解其组织，属于半活体营养型真菌[1]。已记录的寄主超过500种，包括黑橡木、红松、蒙古栎、杏、葡萄等[17][18][19][20][21]。大多数病原蜜环菌属于兼性寄生[22]。
侵染期间，菌索进入活根形成层，导致变色和结构破坏[1]；之后通过分泌纤维素酶、木质素过氧化物酶等降解酶[23]，分解宿主体内复杂聚合物为可利用营养物质，最终造成根部腐烂和植株死亡[24]。
当寄主死亡后，蜜环菌从活体营养转为腐生阶段，以死组织和腐殖质为生，并能在土壤中长期存活，待条件适宜时重新侵染活体植物[24][25]。
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 冀瑞卿; 陈鹏, 周吉江, 孙孟莹, 陈俊良, 刘淑艳, 李长田, 李玉. 强大而神秘的蜜环菌属真菌：基于研究进展的开发前景展望. 菌物学报. 2025, 44 (8): 240356 [2025-11-24]. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.240356.
- ^ Koch, RA; Herr, JR. Global Distribution and Richness of Armillaria and Related Species Inferred From Public Databases and Amplicon Sequencing Datasets.. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021, 12: 733159. PMID 34803949. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.733159.
- ^ Anderson, James B.; Bruhn, Johann N.; Kasimer, Dahlia; Wang, Hao; Rodrigue, Nicolas; Smith, Myron L. Clonal evolution and genome stability in a 2500-year-old fungal individual. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2018-12-19, 285 (1893): 20182233. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2233.
- ^ Foxfire: Bioluminescent Fungi. inamidst.com. [2018-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-07）.
- ^ Yafetto, L. The structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs of fungi: A minireview. Mycosphere. 2018, 9 (5): 984–998. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/9/5/3.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Xing, YM; Li, B; Liu, L; Li, Y; Yin, SX; Yin, SC; Chen, J; Guo, SX. Armillaria mellea Symbiosis Drives Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Changes in Polyporus umbellatus Sclerotia.. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021, 12: 792530. PMID 35185819. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.792530.
- ^ Watling, R.; Kile, G.A.; Gregory, Norma M. The genus Armillaria-nomenclature, typification, the identity of Armillaria mellea and species differentiation. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1982-04, 78 (2): 271–285. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(82)80011-9.
- ^ Volk, Thomas J.; Burdsall, Harold H. A Nomenclatural Study of Armillaria and Armillariella Species (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae). Fungiflora. 1995. ISBN 978-82-90724-14-1 （英语）.
- ^ Fries, Elias Magnus. Systema mycologicum. 1. Gryphiswaldae : Mauritius. 1821: 1–26.
- ^ Koch, RA; Wilson, AW; Séné, O; Henkel, TW; Aime, MC. Resolved phylogeny and biogeography of the root pathogen Armillaria and its gasteroid relative, Guyanagaster.. BMC evolutionary biology. 2017-01-25, 17 (1): 33. PMID 28122504. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0877-3.
- ^ Matheny, PB; Curtis, JM; Hofstetter, V; Aime, MC; Moncalvo, JM; Ge, ZW; Slot, JC; Ammirati, JF; Baroni, TJ; Bougher, NL; Hughes, KW; Lodge, DJ; Kerrigan, RW; Seidl, MT; Aanen, DK; DeNitis, M; Daniele, GM; Desjardin, DE; Kropp, BR; Norvell, LL; Parker, A; Vellinga, EC; Vilgalys, R; Hibbett, DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview.. Mycologia. 2006-11, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982.
- ^ Kedves, O; Shahab, D; Champramary, S; Chen, L; Indic, B; Bóka, B; Nagy, VD; Vágvölgyi, C; Kredics, L; Sipos, G. Epidemiology, Biotic Interactions and Biological Control of Armillarioids in the Northern Hemisphere.. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2021-01-16, 10 (1). PMID 33467216. doi:10.3390/pathogens10010076.
- ^ Armillaria (Fr.) Staude. GBIF. [2022-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-09）.
- ^ Guo, T; Wang, HC; Xue, WQ; Zhao, J; Yang, ZL. Phylogenetic Analyses of Armillaria Reveal at Least 15 Phylogenetic Lineages in China, Seven of Which Are Associated with Cultivated Gastrodia elata.. PloS one. 2016, 11 (5): e0154794. PMID 27138686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154794.
- ^ Guo, Z; Zang, Y; Zhang, L. The efficacy of Polyporus Umbellatus polysaccharide in treating hepatitis B in China.. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2019, 163: 329–360. PMID 31030753. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.012.
- ^ Liu, L; Xing, Y; Li, S; Zhou, L; Li, B; Guo, S. Different Symbiotic Species of Armillaria Affect the Yield and Active Compound Contents of Polyporus umbellatus.. Microorganisms. 2025-01-22, 13 (2). PMID 40005595. doi:10.3390/microorganisms13020228.
- ^ Wargo, Philip M. Armillaria Root Rot: The Puzzle Is Being Solved. Plant Disease. 1985, 69 (10): 826. doi:10.1094/PD-69-826.
- ^ Entry, J. A. Response of Western Coniferous Seedlings to Infection by Armillaria ostoyae Under Limited Light and Nitrogen. Phytopathology. 1991, 81 (1): 89. doi:10.1094/Phyto-81-89.
- ^ Lee, Christopher A.; Dey, Daniel C.; Muzika, Rose-Marie. Oak stump-sprout vigor and Armillaria infection after clearcutting in southeastern Missouri, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 2016-08, 374: 211–219. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.014.
- ^ Kim, M.-S.; Blaedow, R. A.; McKeever, K. M.; Olatinwo, R. O.; Klopfenstein, N. B. First Report of the Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria solidipes , on Black Oak ( Quercus velutina ) in North Carolina, U.S.A.. Plant Disease. 2023-07-01, 107 (7): 2261. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2689-PDN.
- ^ Perazzolli, M.; Faccin, S.; Ciccotti, A.M.; Schwarz, F.; Moser, M.; De Luca, F.; Velasco, R.; Gessler, C.; Pertot, I.; Moser, C. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE GRAPE DEFENCE RESPONSE AGAINST THE ROOT ROT AGENT ARMILLARIA MELLEA. Acta Horticulturae. 2009-05, (827): 619–622. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.827.108.
- ^ Rishbeth, J. Infection cycle of Armillaria and host response. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 1985-10, 15 (5-6): 332–341. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01108.x.
- ^ Jagtap, SS; Dhiman, SS; Kim, TS; Li, J; Lee, JK; Kang, YC. Enzymatic hydrolysis of aspen biomass into fermentable sugars by using lignocellulases from Armillaria gemina.. Bioresource technology. 2013-04, 133: 307–14. PMID 23434807. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.118.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Hanna, J. W.; Klopfenstein, N. B.; Cram, M. M.; Olatinwo, R. O.; Fraedrich, S. W.; Kim, M.-S. First Report of Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria gallica , on Rhododendron and Quercus rubra in Georgia, U.S.A.. Plant Disease. 2021-04, 105 (4): 1226–1226. doi:10.1094/PDIS-07-20-1567-PDN.
- ^ Linnakoski, Riikka; Sutela, Suvi; Coetzee, Martin P. A.; Duong, Tuan A.; Pavlov, Igor N.; Litovka, Yulia A.; Hantula, Jarkko; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Vainio, Eeva J. Armillaria root rot fungi host single-stranded RNA viruses. Scientific Reports. 2021-04-01, 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86343-7.
外部链接
[编辑]- Armillaria （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Index Fungorum