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教化

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蘇美爾人,居兩河之間。其邦國肇造,世以為天下最古者,上溯至西曆紀元前四千載。此圖所繪,乃其都烏爾城百態,時約紀元前二千五百載,以示邦內民之貴賤等級、百工職分也

教化英字civilization,通譯文明者,蓋謂邦國之成,體制之備者也。其要有四:曰立邦國,曰明等差,曰建城郭,曰興書契。民始去游牧之俗,聚眾而居,營城郭以自守,於是邑里興焉。[][][][][]

邑里既興,生民繁庶,乃有尊卑貴賤之別,之分。上者為,治其民;下者為氓庶,供其役。[] 百工執業,各司其事,耕作營造商賈,莫不井然。權力自此歸於一,政令由此而出。其勢足以制天地之利,役萬民之力。[][][]

世以爲文物聲明之邦,必有宏偉之宮室、堅固之城池、便利之舟車、精巧之器用。禮法、度支、稅畝、權衡之制,亦應運而生。[一〇][一一][一二][一三] 此所以迥異於太古結繩之世,亦有別於漠北穹廬之族也。

考之泰西之語,其謂civilization者,詞源本乎「城邑」。國家地理學會釋之曰:「文物聲明者,城邑所合之羣也。」[一四] 其說甚諦。觀教化之肇始,皆在於稼穡既備,而後城邑興、邦國立,此誠不易之論也。

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  1. Haviland Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge  :第二百五十頁; Cengage Learning,二千一十三年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於13 July 2019 ISBN 978-1-285-67530-5
  2. Fernández-Armesto Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature  ; Simon & Schuster,二千有一年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於1 April 2021 ISBN 978-0-7432-1650-0
  3. Boyden The Biology of Civilisation  ; UNSW Press,二千有四年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016 ISBN 978-0-86840-766-1
  4. Solms-Laubach Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology  ; Walter de Gruyter,二千有七年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016 ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212. ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  5. AbdelRahim Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness  :第八頁; New York:Routledge,二千一十五年; ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2. OCLC 897810261.
  6. Mann The Sources of Social Power  (第一卷); Cambridge University Press,一千九百八十六年
  7. Solms-Laubach Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology  ; Walter de Gruyter,二千有七年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016 ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8
  8. AbdelRahim Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness  :第八頁; New York:Routledge,二千一十五年; ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2
  9. Morris The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations  ; Princeton:Princeton University Press29 May 2023覽之,而原本存於29 May 2023 ISBN 978-0-691-15568-5
  10. Adams, Robert McCormick The Evolution of Urban Society  :第十三頁; Transaction Publishers,一千九百六十六年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016 ISBN 978-0-202-36594-7
  11. Wright A Short History anthropological.  ; House of Anansi Press,二千有四年; ISBN 978-0-88784-706-6
  12. Llobera An Invitation to Anthropology  ; Berghahn Books,二千有三年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016 ISBN 978-1-57181-597-2
  13. Bolesti Barbarism and Its Discontents  ; Stanford University Press,二千一十三年 20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於21 November 2023 ISBN 978-0-8047-8537-2
  14. Civilizations (en)