教化
外觀

教化(英字civilization,通譯文明)者,蓋謂邦國之成,體制之備者也。其要有四:曰立邦國,曰明等差,曰建城郭,曰興書契。民始去漁獵、游牧之俗,聚眾而居,營城郭以自守,於是邑里興焉。[一][二][三][四][五]
邑里既興,生民繁庶,乃有尊卑貴賤之別,士農工商之分。上者為君長,治其民;下者為氓庶,供其役。[六] 百工執業,各司其事,耕作、採冶、營造、商賈,莫不井然。權力自此歸於一,政令由此而出。其勢足以制天地之利,役萬民之力。[七][八][九]
世以爲文物聲明之邦,必有宏偉之宮室、堅固之城池、便利之舟車、精巧之器用。禮法、度支、稅畝、權衡之制,亦應運而生。[一〇][一一][一二][一三] 此所以迥異於太古結繩之世,亦有別於漠北穹廬之族也。
考之泰西之語,其謂civilization者,詞源本乎「城邑」。國家地理學會釋之曰:「文物聲明者,城邑所合之羣也。」[一四] 其說甚諦。觀教化之肇始,皆在於稼穡既備,而後城邑興、邦國立,此誠不易之論也。
據
[纂]- ↑ Haviland Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge :第二百五十頁; Cengage Learning,二千一十三年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於13 July 2019) ISBN 978-1-285-67530-5
- ↑ Fernández-Armesto Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature ; Simon & Schuster,二千有一年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於1 April 2021) ISBN 978-0-7432-1650-0
- ↑ Boyden The Biology of Civilisation ; UNSW Press,二千有四年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016) ISBN 978-0-86840-766-1
- ↑ Solms-Laubach Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology ; Walter de Gruyter,二千有七年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016) ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212. ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ↑ AbdelRahim Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness :第八頁; New York:Routledge,二千一十五年; ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2. OCLC 897810261.
- ↑ Mann The Sources of Social Power (第一卷); Cambridge University Press,一千九百八十六年
- ↑ Solms-Laubach Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology ; Walter de Gruyter,二千有七年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016) ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8
- ↑ AbdelRahim Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness :第八頁; New York:Routledge,二千一十五年; ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2
- ↑ Morris The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations ; Princeton:Princeton University Press(29 May 2023覽之,而原本存於29 May 2023) ISBN 978-0-691-15568-5
- ↑ Adams, Robert McCormick The Evolution of Urban Society :第十三頁; Transaction Publishers,一千九百六十六年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016) ISBN 978-0-202-36594-7
- ↑ Wright A Short History anthropological. ; House of Anansi Press,二千有四年; ISBN 978-0-88784-706-6
- ↑ Llobera An Invitation to Anthropology ; Berghahn Books,二千有三年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於30 December 2016) ISBN 978-1-57181-597-2
- ↑ Bolesti Barbarism and Its Discontents ; Stanford University Press,二千一十三年 (20 June 2015覽之,而原本存於21 November 2023) ISBN 978-0-8047-8537-2
- ↑ Civilizations (en)