卡斯蒂略洞

卡斯蒂略洞^[1]是位于西班牙坎塔布里亚蓬特维耶斯戈的一个洞穴和一个考古遗址。根据考古地层学的划分，该遗址共可分为约19个文化层，从原始奥瑞纳文化期开始，延续至青铜时代结束。

参考文献

^ Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain. Science. 14 June 2012, 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. . "We present uranium-series disequilibrium dates of calcite deposits overlying or underlying art found in 11 caves, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites of Altamira, El Castillo, and Tito Bustillo, Spain. The results demonstrate that the tradition of decorating caves extends back at least to the Early Aurignacian period, with minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol. These minimum ages reveal either that cave art was a part of the cultural repertoire of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe or that perhaps Neanderthals also engaged in painting caves." The El Castillo red stippled disk (sample O-83) was dated to 7012130648464000000♠41.40±0.57 ka (95% CI, corrected). Table 1: Ages are corrected for detritus by using an assumed ²³²Th/²³⁸U activity of 7000125000000000000♠1.250±0.625 and ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U at equilibrium. See also: Callaway, Ewen. Spain claims top spot for world's oldest cave art : Nature News & Comment. Nature (Nature.com). 14 June 2012 [January 19, 2017]. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10838.

[Pike2012-1] Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain. Science. 14 June 2012, 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. . "We present uranium-series disequilibrium dates of calcite deposits overlying or underlying art found in 11 caves, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites of Altamira, El Castillo, and Tito Bustillo, Spain. The results demonstrate that the tradition of decorating caves extends back at least to the Early Aurignacian period, with minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol. These minimum ages reveal either that cave art was a part of the cultural repertoire of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe or that perhaps Neanderthals also engaged in painting caves." The El Castillo red stippled disk (sample O-83) was dated to 7012130648464000000♠41.40±0.57 ka (95% CI, corrected). Table 1: Ages are corrected for detritus by using an assumed ²³²Th/²³⁸U activity of 7000125000000000000♠1.250±0.625 and ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U and ²³⁴U/²³⁸U at equilibrium. See also: Callaway, Ewen. Spain claims top spot for world's oldest cave art : Nature News & Comment. Nature (Nature.com). 14 June 2012 [January 19, 2017]. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10838.

[1]