ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេសពាក្យ អរិយធម៌ បានមកពីភាសាបារាំងcivilisé ក្នុងសតវត្សទី 16 ហើយនិងបានមកពីភាសាឡាទីន civilis ដែលទាក់ទងទៅនឹង civis ( "ពលរដ្ឋ") និង civitas ( "ទីក្រុង") ។ [១១] អភិប្រាយជាមូលដ្ឋានគ្រឹះ គឺមានក្នុងសៀវភៅរបស់លោក Norbert Elias មានចំណងជើងថាដំណើរការនៃការកសាងអារ្យធម៌ (ឆ្នាំ 1939) ដែលរម្លឹកអំពីបទដ្ឋានសង្គម ដែលចាប់ពីសង្គមនៃមជ្ឈិមសម័យ រហូតដល់ដើមសម័យទំនើប ។ នៅក្នុងសៀវភៅ The Philosophy of Civilization (1923) លោក Albert Schweitzer គូសបញ្ជាក់នូវគំនិតពីរ៖ មួយជា សម្ភារៈ សុទ្ធសាធ និងមួយទៀតជាសម្ភារៈ និង សីលធម៌ ។ គាត់បាននិយាយថាវិបត្តិពិភពលោកគឺមកពីមនុស្សជាតិបាត់បង់គំនិតសីលធម៌នៃអរិយធម៌ "វឌ្ឍនភាពទាំងអស់ដែលបង្កើតឡើងដោយមនុស្សក្នុងគ្រប់ទម្រង់នៃសកម្មភាពនិងពីគ្រប់ទិដ្ឋភាពរហូតដល់ការរីកចំរើនជួយឆ្ពោះទៅរកភាពល្អឥតខ្ចោះខាងស្មារតីនៃបុគ្គលថាជាវឌ្ឍនភាពដែលនាំទៅដល់វឌ្ឍនភាពនៃអ្វីៗទាំងអស់” ។ [១២]
ពាក្យដែលទាក់ទងដូចជា "civility" ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅពាក់កណ្តាលសតវត្សទី 16 ។ "អរិយធម៌" ដែលមានន័យថា "លក្ខខណ្ឌស៊ីវិល" បានលេចឡើងក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ 1760 ម្តងទៀតពីភាសាបារាំង។ ការប្រើប្រាស់ដំបូងគេជាភាសាបារាំងគឺនៅឆ្នាំ 1757 ដោយ Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau ហើយការប្រើប្រាស់ដំបូងជាភាសាអង់គ្លេសគឺត្រូវបានគេសន្មតថាជាលោក Adam Ferguson នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ 1767 នៃបទនិពន្ធរបស់គាត់ Essay on the History of Civil Society បានសរសេរថា "មិនត្រឹមតែភាពរីកចម្រើនរបស់បុគ្គលតាំងពីក្មេងរហូតដល់ភាពជាមនុស្សចាស់ ប៉ុន្តែពូជនៃមនុស្សខ្លួនឯងផ្ទាល់ក៍បានចេញពីភាពមនុស្សព្រៃរហូតដល់មានអរិយធម៌»។ [១៣] ដូច្នេះ ពាក្យនេះត្រូវបានប្រឆាំងនឹងភាពព្រៃនិយម ក្នុងការបន្តយ៉ាងសកម្មនូវបុគ្គលិកលក្ខណភាពកាន់តែរីកចម្រើនរហូតដល់យុគសម័យពន្លឺវិជ្ជា។
Ibn Khaldūn's Muqaddimah influenced theories of the analysis, growth and decline of the Islamic civilization.[៥០] He suggested repeated invasions from nomadic peoples limited development and led to social collapse.Barbarian invasions played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire.ស្នាដៃរបស់លោក Edward Gibbon កាធ្លា់ចុះនិងការដួលរលំនៃចក្រភពរ៉ូម៉ាំងThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ត្រូវបានគេទទួលស្គាលយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយ និងបានធ្វើការវិភាកយ៉ាងលំអិតអំពីការដួលរលំនៃអរិយធម៌រ៉ូម៉ាំង។ Gibbon បានអះអាងថាសកម្មភាពចុងក្រោយនៃការដួលរលំចក្រកភពរ៉ម៉ាំងគឺការផ្តួលរំលំនៃទីក្រុង Constantinople ដោយជនជាតិតួកនៃចក្រភព Ottoman ក្នុងឆ្នាំ1453នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ។ ចំពោះលោក Gibbon "ការធ្លក់ចុះនៃចក្រភព Rome គឺជាភាពប៉ះពាល់យ៉ាងហួសប្រមាណតាមបែបធម្មជាតិនិងមិនអាចចៀសវាងបាន។ Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the cause of the destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. The story of the ruin is simple and obvious; and instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it has subsisted for so long".
Theodor Mommsen in his History of Rome suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".
Oswald Spengler, in his Decline of the West rejected Petrarch's chronological division, and suggested that there had been only eight "mature civilizations". Growing cultures, he argued, tend to develop into imperialistic civilizations, which expand and ultimately collapse, with democratic forms of government ushering in plutocracy and ultimately imperialism.
Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen. The cause of the fall of a civilization occurred when a cultural elite became a parasitic elite, leading to the rise of internal and external proletariats.
Joseph Tainter in The Collapse of Complex Societies suggested that there were diminishing returns to complexity, due to which, as states achieved a maximum permissible complexity, they would decline when further increases actually produced a negative return. Tainter suggested that Rome achieved this figure in the 2nd century CE.
Jared Diamond in his 2005 book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed suggests five major reasons for the collapse of 41 studied cultures: environmental damage, such as deforestation and soil erosion; climate change; dependence upon long-distance trade for needed resources; increasing levels of internal and external violence, such as war or invasion; and societal responses to internal and environmental problems.
Peter Turchin in his Historical Dynamics and Andrey Korotayev et al. in their Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Secular Cycles, and Millennial Trends suggest a number of mathematical models describing collapse of agrarian civilizations. For example, the basic logic of Turchin's "fiscal-demographic" model can be outlined as follows: during the initial phase of a sociodemographic cycle we observe relatively high levels of per capita production and consumption, which leads not only to relatively high population growth rates, but also to relatively high rates of surplus production. As a result, during this phase the population can afford to pay taxes without great problems, the taxes are quite easily collectible, and the population growth is accompanied by the growth of state revenues. During the intermediate phase, the increasing population growth leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state. As a result, during this phase the state starts experiencing considerable fiscal problems. During the final pre-collapse phases the overpopulation leads to further decrease of per capita production, the surplus production further decreases, state revenues shrink, but the state needs more and more resources to control the growing (though with lower and lower rates) population. Eventually this leads to famines, epidemics, state breakdown, and demographic and civilization collapse (Peter Turchin. Historical Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2003:121–127; Andrey Korotayev et al. Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006).
Peter Heather argues in his book The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians[៥១] that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the Han and Tang dynasties of China, to the Muslim Abbasid Caliphate and others.
Bryan Ward-Perkins, in his book The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization,[៥២] argues from mostly archaeological evidence that the collapse of Roman civilization in western Europe had deleterious impacts on the living standards of the population, unlike some historians who downplay this. The collapse of complex society meant that even basic plumbing for the elite disappeared from the continent for 1,000 years. Similar impacts have been postulated for the Dark Age after the Late Bronze Age collapse in the Eastern Mediterranean, the collapse of the Maya, on Easter Island and elsewhere.
Arthur Demarest argues in Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization,[៥៣] using a holistic perspective to the most recent evidence from archeology, paleoecology, and epigraphy, that no one explanation is sufficient but that a series of erratic, complex events, including loss of soil fertility, drought and rising levels of internal and external violence led to the disintegration of the courts of Mayan kingdoms, which began a spiral of decline and decay. He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.
Jeffrey A. McNeely has recently suggested that "a review of historical evidence shows that past civilizations have tended to over-exploit their forests, and that such abuse of important resources has been a significant factor in the decline of the over-exploiting society".
Thomas Homer-Dixon in The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization, where he considers that the fall in the energy return on investments. The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations. The degree of social complexity is associated strongly, he suggests, with the amount of disposable energy environmental, economic and technological systems allow. When this amount decreases civilizations either have to access new energy sources or they will collapse.
Feliks Koneczny in his work "On the Plurality of Civilizations" calls his study the science on civilizations. Civilizations fall not because they must or there exist some cyclical or a "biological" life span. There still exist two ancient civilizations – Brahmin-Hindu and Chinese – which are not ready to fall any time soon. Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it. One of Koneczny's claims in his study on civilizations is that "a person cannot be civilized in two or more ways" without falling into what he calls an "abcivilized state" (as in abnormal). He also stated that when two or more civilizations exist next to one another and as long as they are vital, they will be in an existential combat imposing its own "method of organizing social life" upon the other.[៥៤] Absorbing alien "method of organizing social life" that is civilization and giving it equal rights yields a process of decay and decomposition.
The Acropolis in Greece, directly influencing architecture and engineering in Western, Islamic and Eastern civilizations up to the present day, 2400 years after construction.
The Persepolis in Iran: Pictures of the Gate of All Nations, the main entrance for all representatives of other nations and states. Persepolis appears to have been a grand ceremonial complex, that it was especially used for celebrating Nowruz, the Persian New Year, in 515 BC.
The Roman Forum in Rome, Italy, the political, economic, cultural and religious center of the Ancient Rome civilization, during the Republic and later Empire, its ruins still visible today in modern-day Rome.
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↑Cited after Émile Benveniste, Civilisation. Contribution à l'histoire du mot (Civilisation. Contribution to the history of the word), 1954, published in Problèmes de linguistique générale, Éditions Gallimard, 1966, pp. 336–345 (translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek as Problems in general linguistics, 2 vols., 1971).
↑ ១៤,០១៤,១Velkley, Richard (2002), "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy", Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question, The University of Chicago Press, pp. 11–30
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