ISO-3166-1-Kodierliste
Diese Liste enthält die in ISO 3166-1 definierten Codeelemente, sortiert nach Ländern.
Die ersten drei Spalten enthalten den ALPHA-2, ALPHA-3 und numerischen Code nach ISO 3166-1. Die vierte Spalte enthält die Top Level Domain. Die fünfte Spalte enthält den Ländercode des Internationalen Olympischen Komitees.
Danach folgen Verweise auf die zum Land gehörigen Codes nach ISO 3166-2 sowie UN/LOCODE. Schließlich folgt der offizielle Name des Staates in deutscher Sprache.
ISO 3166-1 TLD IOC ISO 3166-2 UN/LOCODE Name des Landes AF AFG 004 .af AFG ISO 3166-2:AF UN/LOCODE:AF Afghanistan EG EGY 818 .eg EGY ISO 3166-2:EG UN/LOCODE:EG Ägypten AX¹ Åland AL ALB 008 .al ALB ISO 3166-2:AL UN/LOCODE:AL Albanien DZ DZA 012 ALG ISO 3166-2:DZ UN/LOCODE:DZ Algerien UM UMI 581 .um ISO 3166-2:UM UN/LOCODE:UM Amerikanisch-Ozeanien (US Minor Outlying Islands) AS ASM 016 .as ASA UN/LOCODE:AS Amerikanisch-Samoa VI VIR 850 .vi ISV UN/LOCODE:VI Amerikanische Jungferninseln AD AND 020 .ad AND UN/LOCODE:AD Andorra AO AGO 024 .ao ANG ISO 3166-2:AO UN/LOCODE:AO Angola AI AIA 660 .ai UN/LOCODE:AI Anguilla AQ ATA 010 .aq UN/LOCODE:AQ Antarktis (Sonderstatus durch Antarktis-Vertrag) AG ATG 028 .ag ANT UN/LOCODE:AG Antigua und Barbuda GQ GNQ 226 .gq GEQ ISO 3166-2:GQ UN/LOCODE:GQ Äquatorialguinea AR ARG 032 .ar ARG ISO 3166-2:AR UN/LOCODE:AR Argentinien AM ARM 051 .am ARM ISO 3166-2:AM UN/LOCODE:AM Armenien AW ABW 533 .aw ARU UN/LOCODE:AW Aruba AC¹ ASC .ac Ascension (verwaltet von St. Helena, reserviert für UPU und ITU) AZ AZE 031 .az AZE ISO 3166-2:AZ UN/LOCODE:AZ Aserbaidschan ET ETH 231 .et ETH ISO 3166-2:ET UN/LOCODE:ET Äthiopien AU AUS 036 .au AUS ISO 3166-2:AU UN/LOCODE:AU Australien BS BHS 044 .bs BAH ISO 3166-2:BS UN/LOCODE:BS Bahamas BH BHR 048 .bh BRN ISO 3166-2:BH UN/LOCODE:BH Bahrain BD BGD 050 .bd BAN ISO 3166-2:BD UN/LOCODE:BD Bangladesch BB BRB 052 .bb BAR UN/LOCODE:BB Barbados BY BLR 112 .by BLR ISO 3166-2:BY UN/LOCODE:BY Belarus (Weißrussland) BE BEL 056 .be BEL ISO 3166-2:BE UN/LOCODE:BE Belgien BZ BLZ 084 .bz BIZ ISO 3166-2:BZ UN/LOCODE:BZ Belize BJ BEN 204 .bj BEN ISO 3166-2:BJ UN/LOCODE:BJ Benin BM BMU 060 .bm BER UN/LOCODE:BM Bermuda BT BTN 064 .bt BHU ISO 3166-2:BT UN/LOCODE:BT Bhutan BO BOL 068 .bo BOL ISO 3166-2:BO UN/LOCODE:BO Bolivien BA BIH 070 .ba BIH ISO 3166-2:BA UN/LOCODE:BA Bosnien und Herzegowina BW BWA 072 .bw BOT ISO 3166-2:BW UN/LOCODE:BW Botsuana BV BVT 074 .bv Bouvetinsel BR BRA 076 .br BRA ISO 3166-2:BR UN/LOCODE:BR Brasilien VG VGB 092 .vg ISB UN/LOCODE:VG Britische Jungferninseln IO VGB 092 .io UN/LOCODE:IO Britisches Territorium im Indischen Ozean BN BRN 096 .bn BRU ISO 3166-2:BN UN/LOCODE:BN Brunei Darussalam BG BGR 100 .bg BUL ISO 3166-2:BG UN/LOCODE:BG Bulgarien BF BFA 854 .bf BUR ISO 3166-2:BF UN/LOCODE:BF Burkina Faso BU BUR 104 Burma (jetzt Myanmar) BI BDI 108 .bi BDI ISO 3166-2:BI UN/LOCODE:BI Burundi EA¹ Cetura, Melilla CL CHL 152 .cl CHI ISO 3166-2:CL UN/LOCODE:CL Chile CN CHN 156 .cn CHN ISO 3166-2:CN UN/LOCODE:CN China, Volksrepublik CP¹ CPT Clipperton (reserviert für ITU) CK COK 184 .ck COK UN/LOCODE:CK Cookinseln CR CRI 188 .cr CRC ISO 3166-2:CR UN/LOCODE:CR Costa Rica CI CIV 384 .ci CIV ISO 3166-2:CI UN/LOCODE:CI Côte d'Ivoire (Elfenbeinküste) DK DNK 208 .dk DEN ISO 3166-2:DK UN/LOCODE:DK Dänemark DE DEU 276 .de GER ISO 3166-2:DE UN/LOCODE:DE Deutschland DG¹ DGA Diego Garcia (reserviert für ITU) DM DMA 212 .dm DMA UN/LOCODE:DM Dominica DO DOM 214 .do DOM ISO 3166-2:DO UN/LOCODE:DO Dominikanische Republik DJ DJI 262 .dj DJI ISO 3166-2:DJ UN/LOCODE:DJ Dschibuti EC ECU 218 .ec ECU ISO 3166-2:EC UN/LOCODE:EC Ecuador SV SLV 222 .sv ESA ISO 3166-2:SV UN/LOCODE:SV El Salvador ER ERI 232 .er ERI ISO 3166-2:ER UN/LOCODE:ER Eritrea EE EST 233 .ee EST ISO 3166-2:EE UN/LOCODE:EE Estland (Reval) EU¹ .eu Europäische Union FK FLK 238 .fk UN/LOCODE:FK Falklandinseln (Malwinen) FO FRO 234 .fo UN/LOCODE:FO Färöer FJ FJI 242 .fj FIJ ISO 3166-2:FJ UN/LOCODE:FJ Fidschi FI FIN 246 .fi FIN ISO 3166-2:FI UN/LOCODE:FI Finnland FR FRA 250 .fr FRA ISO 3166-2:FR UN/LOCODE:FR Frankreich FX¹ FXX Frankreich, Metropolitan (europ. Festland ohne Übersee-Departments) GF GUF 254 .gf UN/LOCODE:GF Französisch-Guayana PF PYF 258 .pf UN/LOCODE:PF Französisch-Polynesien TF ATF 260 .tf Französische Süd- und Antarktisgebiete GA GAB 266 .ga GAB ISO 3166-2:GA UN/LOCODE:GA Gabun GM GMB 270 .gm GAM ISO 3166-2:GM UN/LOCODE:GM Gambia GE GEO 268 .ge GEO ISO 3166-2:GE UN/LOCODE:GE Georgien GH GHA 288 .gh GHA ISO 3166-2:GH UN/LOCODE:GH Ghana GI GIB 292 .gi UN/LOCODE:GI Gibraltar GD GRD 308 .gd GRN UN/LOCODE:GD Grenada GR GRC 300 .gr GRE ISO 3166-2:GR UN/LOCODE:GR Griechenland GL GRL 304 .gl UN/LOCODE:GL Grönland GP GLP 312 .gp UN/LOCODE:GP Guadeloupe GU GUM 316 .gu GUM UN/LOCODE:GU Guam GT GTM 320 .gt GUA ISO 3166-2:GT UN/LOCODE:GT Guatemala GG¹ GGY .gg Guernsey (Kanalinsel, reserviert für UPU) GN GIN 324 .gn GUI ISO 3166-2:GN UN/LOCODE:GN Guinea GW GNB 624 .gw GBS ISO 3166-2:GW UN/LOCODE:GW Guinea-Bissau GY GUY 328 .gy GUY ISO 3166-2:GY UN/LOCODE:GY Guyana HT HTI 332 .ht HAI ISO 3166-2:HT UN/LOCODE:HT Haiti HM HMD 334 .hm ISO 3166-2:HN UN/LOCODE:HM Heard und McDonaldinseln HN HND 340 .hn HON UN/LOCODE:HN Honduras HK HKG 344 .hk HKG UN/LOCODE:HK Hongkong IN IND 356 .in IND ISO 3166-2:IN UN/LOCODE:IN Indien ID IDN 360 .id INA ISO 3166-2:ID UN/LOCODE:ID Indonesien IM¹ IMN 833 .im Insel Man (reserviert für UPU) IQ IRQ 368 .iq IRQ ISO 3166-2:IQ UN/LOCODE:IQ Irak IR IRN 364 .ir IRI ISO 3166-2:IR UN/LOCODE:IR Iran, Islamische Republik IE IRL 372 .ie IRL ISO 3166-2:IE UN/LOCODE:IE Irland IS ISL 352 .is ISL ISO 3166-2:IS UN/LOCODE:IS Island IL ISR 376 .il ISR ISO 3166-2:IL UN/LOCODE:IL Israel IT ITA 380 .it ITA ISO 3166-2:IT UN/LOCODE:IT Italien JM JAM 388 .jm JAM ISO 3166-2:JM UN/LOCODE:JM Jamaika JP JPN 392 .jp JPN ISO 3166-2:JP UN/LOCODE:JP Japan YE YEM 887 .ye YEM ISO 3166-2:YE UN/LOCODE:YE Jemen JE¹ JEY .je Jersey (Kanalinsel, reserviert für UPU) JO JOR 400 .jo JOR ISO 3166-2:JO UN/LOCODE:JO Jordanien YU YUG 891 .yu YUG ISO 3166-2:YU Jugoslawien (jetzt Serbien und Montenegro KY CYM 136 .ky CAY UN/LOCODE:KY Kaimaninseln KH KHM 116 .kh CAM ISO 3166-2:KH UN/LOCODE:KH Kambodscha CM CMR 120 .cm CMR ISO 3166-2:CM UN/LOCODE:CM Kamerun CA CAN 124 .ca CAN ISO 3166-2:CA UN/LOCODE:CA Kanada IC¹ Kanarische Inseln CV CPV 132 .cv CPV ISO 3166-2:CV UN/LOCODE:CV Kap Verde KZ KAZ 398 .kz KAZ ISO 3166-2:KZ UN/LOCODE:KZ Kasachstan QA QAT 634 .qa QAT ISO 3166-2:QA UN/LOCODE:QA Katar KE KEN 404 .ke KEN ISO 3166-2:KE UN/LOCODE:KE Kenia KG KGZ 417 .kg KGZ ISO 3166-2:KG UN/LOCODE:KG Kirgisistan KI KIR 296 .ki ISO 3166-2:KI UN/LOCODE:KI Kiribati CC CCK 166 .cc UN/LOCODE:CC Kokosinseln (Keelinginseln) CO COL 170 .co COL UN/LOCODE:CO Kolumbien KM COM 174 .km ISO 3166-2:KM UN/LOCODE:KM Komoren CD COD 180 .cd COD ISO 3166-2:CD UN/LOCODE:CD Kongo, Demokratische Republik (ehem. Zaire) CG COG 178 .cg CGO ISO 3166-2:CG UN/LOCODE:CG Republik Kongo KP PRK 408 .kp PRK ISO 3166-2:KP UN/LOCODE:KP Korea, Demokratische Volksrepublik (Nordkorea) KR KOR 410 .kr KOR ISO 3166-2:KR UN/LOCODE:KR Korea, Republik (Südkorea) HR HRV 191 .hr CRO ISO 3166-2:HR UN/LOCODE:HR Kroatien (Hrvatska) CU CUB 192 .cu CUB ISO 3166-2:CU UN/LOCODE:CU Kuba KW KWT 414 .kw KUW ISO 3166-2:KW UN/LOCODE:KW Kuwait LA LAO 418 .la LAO ISO 3166-2:LA UN/LOCODE:LA Laos, Demokratische Volksrepublik LS LSO 426 .ls LES ISO 3166-2:LS UN/LOCODE:LS Lesotho LV LVA 428 .lv LAT ISO 3166-2:LV UN/LOCODE:LV Lettland LB LBN 422 .lb LIB ISO 3166-2:LB UN/LOCODE:LB Libanon LR LBR 430 .lr LBR ISO 3166-2:LR UN/LOCODE:LR Liberia LY LBY 434 .ly LBA ISO 3166-2:LY UN/LOCODE:LY Libysch-Arabische Dschamahirija (Libyen) LI LIE 438 .li LIE UN/LOCODE:LI Liechtenstein LT LTU 440 .lt LTU ISO 3166-2:LT UN/LOCODE:LT Litauen LU LUX 442 .lu LUX ISO 3166-2:LU UN/LOCODE:LU Luxemburg MO MAC 446 .mo UN/LOCODE:MO Macao MG MDG 450 .mg MAD ISO 3166-2:MG UN/LOCODE:MG Madagaskar MW MWI 454 .mw MAW ISO 3166-2:MW UN/LOCODE:MW Malawi MY MYS 458 .my MAS ISO 3166-2:MY UN/LOCODE:MY Malaysia MV MDV 462 .mv MDV ISO 3166-2:MV UN/LOCODE:MV Malediven ML MLI 466 .ml MLI ISO 3166-2:ML UN/LOCODE:ML Mali MT MLT 470 .mt MLT UN/LOCODE:MT Malta MA MAR 504 .ma MAR ISO 3166-2:MA UN/LOCODE:MA Marokko MH MHL 584 .mh ISO 3166-2:MH UN/LOCODE:MH Marshallinseln MQ MTQ 474 .mq UN/LOCODE:MQ Martinique MR MRT 478 .mr MTN ISO 3166-2:MR UN/LOCODE:MR Mauretanien MU MUS 480 .mu MRI ISO 3166-2:MU UN/LOCODE:MU Mauritius YT MYT 175 .yt UN/LOCODE:YT Mayotte MK MKD 807 .mk MKD UN/LOCODE:MK Mazedonien, ehem. jugoslawische Republik [2b] MX MEX 484 .mx MEX ISO 3166-2:MX UN/LOCODE:MX Mexiko FM FSM 583 .fm FSM ISO 3166-2:FM UN/LOCODE:FM Mikronesien MD MDA 498 .md MDA ISO 3166-2:MD UN/LOCODE:MD Moldawien (Republik Moldau) MC MCO 492 .mc MON UN/LOCODE:MC Monaco MN MNG 496 .mn MGL ISO 3166-2:MN UN/LOCODE:MN Mongolei MS MSR 500 .ms UN/LOCODE:MS Montserrat MZ MOZ 508 .mz MOZ ISO 3166-2:MZ UN/LOCODE:MZ Mosambik MM MMR 104 .mm MYA ISO 3166-2:MM UN/LOCODE:MM Myanmar (Burma) NA NAM 516 .na NAM ISO 3166-2:NA UN/LOCODE:NA Namibia NR NRU 520 .nr NRU UN/LOCODE:NR Nauru NP NPL 524 .np NEP ISO 3166-2:NP UN/LOCODE:NP Nepal NC NCL 540 .nc UN/LOCODE:NC Neukaledonien NZ NZL 554 .nz NZL ISO 3166-2:NZ UN/LOCODE:NZ Neuseeland NT NTZ Neutrale Zone (Saudi-Arabien und Irak) NI NIC 558 .ni NCA ISO 3166-2:NI UN/LOCODE:NI Nicaragua NL NLD 528 .nl NED ISO 3166-2:NL UN/LOCODE:NL Niederlande AN ANT 530 .an AHO UN/LOCODE:AN Niederländische Antillen NE NER 562 .ne NIG ISO 3166-2:NE UN/LOCODE:NE Niger NG NGA 566 .ng NGR ISO 3166-2:NG UN/LOCODE:NG Nigeria NU NIU 570 .nu UN/LOCODE:NU Niue MP MNP 580 .mp UN/LOCODE:MP Nördliche Marianen NF NFK 574 .nf UN/LOCODE:NF Norfolkinsel NO NOR 578 .no NOR ISO 3166-2:NO UN/LOCODE:NO Norwegen OM OMN 512 .om OMA ISO 3166-2:OM UN/LOCODE:OM Oman AT AUT 040 .at AUT UN/LOCODE:AT Österreich PK PAK 586 .pk PAK ISO 3166-2:PK UN/LOCODE:PK Pakistan PS PSE 275 .ps PLE Palästinensische Autonomiegebiete PW PLW 585 .pw PLW UN/LOCODE:PW Palau PA PAN 591 .pa PAN ISO 3166-2:PA UN/LOCODE:PA Panama PG PNG 598 .pg ISO 3166-2:PG UN/LOCODE:PG Papua-Neuguinea PY PRY 600 .py PAR ISO 3166-2:PY UN/LOCODE:PY Paraguay PE PER 604 .pe PER ISO 3166-2:PE UN/LOCODE:PE Peru PH PHL 608 .ph PHI ISO 3166-2:PH UN/LOCODE:PH Philippinen PN PCN 612 .pn UN/LOCODE:PN Pitcairninsel PL POL 616 .pl POL ISO 3166-2:PL UN/LOCODE:PL Polen PT PRT 620 .pt ISO 3166-2:PT UN/LOCODE:PT Portugal PR PRI 630 .pr PUR UN/LOCODE:PR Puerto Rico RE REU 638 .re UN/LOCODE:RE Réunion RW RWA 646 .rw RWA ISO 3166-2:RW UN/LOCODE:RW Ruanda RO ROU 642 .ro ROM ISO 3166-2:RO UN/LOCODE:RO Rumänien RU RUS 643 .ru RUS ISO 3166-2:RU UN/LOCODE:RU Russische Föderation SB SLB 090 .sb SOL ISO 3166-2:SB UN/LOCODE:SB Salomonen ZM ZMB 894 .zm ZAM ISO 3166-2:ZM UN/LOCODE:ZM Sambia WS WSM 882 .ws SAM ISO 3166-2:WS UN/LOCODE:WS Samoa SM SMR 674 .sm SMR UN/LOCODE:SM San Marino ST STP 678 .st STP ISO 3166-2:ST UN/LOCODE:ST São Tomé und Príncipe SA SAU 682 .sa KSA ISO 3166-2:SA UN/LOCODE:SA Saudi-Arabien SE SWE 752 .se SWE ISO 3166-2:SE UN/LOCODE:SE Schweden CH CHE 756 .ch SUI ISO 3166-2:CH UN/LOCODE:CH Schweiz (Confoederatio Helvetica) SN SEN 686 .sn SEN ISO 3166-2:SN UN/LOCODE:SN Senegal CS SCG 891 .yu YUG ISO 3166-2:CS UN/LOCODE:CS Serbien und Montenegro SC SYC 690 .sc SEY UN/LOCODE:SC Seychellen SL SLE 694 .sl SLE ISO 3166-2:SL UN/LOCODE:SL Sierra Leone ZW ZWE 716 .zw ZIM ISO 3166-2:ZW UN/LOCODE:ZW Simbabwe SG SGP 702 .sg SIN UN/LOCODE:SG Singapur SK SVK 703 .sk SVK ISO 3166-2:SK UN/LOCODE:SK Slowakei SI SVN 705 .si SLO ISO 3166-2:SI UN/LOCODE:SI Slowenien SO SOM 706 .so SOM ISO 3166-2:SO UN/LOCODE:SO Somalia ES ESP 724 .es ESP ISO 3166-2:ES UN/LOCODE:ES Spanien LK LKA 144 .lk SRI ISO 3166-2:LK UN/LOCODE:LK Sri Lanka SH SHN 654 .sh ISO 3166-2:SH UN/LOCODE:SH St. Helena KN KNA 659 .kn SKN UN/LOCODE:KN St. Kitts und Nevis LC LCA 662 .lc LCA UN/LOCODE:LC St. Lucia PM SPM 666 .pm UN/LOCODE:PM St. Pierre und Miquelon VC VCT 670 .vc VIN UN/LOCODE:VC St. Vincent und die Grenadinen ZA ZAF 710 .za RSA ISO 3166-2:ZA UN/LOCODE:ZA Südafrika SD SDN 736 .sd SUD ISO 3166-2:SD UN/LOCODE:SD Sudan GS SGS 239 .gs UN/LOCODE:GS Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln SR SUR 740 .sr SUR ISO 3166-2:SR UN/LOCODE:SR Suriname SJ SJM 744 .sj UN/LOCODE:SJ Svalbard und Jan Mayen SZ SWZ 748 .sz SWZ ISO 3166-2:SZ UN/LOCODE:SZ Swasiland SY SYR 760 .sy SYR ISO 3166-2:SY UN/LOCODE:SY Syrien, Arabische Republik TJ TJK 762 .tj TJK ISO 3166-2:TJ UN/LOCODE:TJ Tadschikistan TW TWN 158 .tw TPE ISO 3166-2:TW UN/LOCODE:TW Taiwan (Formosa) TZ TZA 834 .tz TAN ISO 3166-2:TZ UN/LOCODE:TZ Tansania, Vereinigte Republik TH THA 764 .th THA ISO 3166-2:TH UN/LOCODE:TH Thailand TL TLS 626 ISO 3166-2:TL UN/LOCODE:TL Timor-Leste TG TGO 768 .tg TOG ISO 3166-2:TG UN/LOCODE:TG Togo TK TKL 772 .tk UN/LOCODE:TK Tokelau TO TON 776 .to TGA UN/LOCODE:TO Tonga TT TTO 780 .tt TRI ISO 3166-2:TT UN/LOCODE:TT Trinidad und Tobago TA¹ TAA Tristan da Cunha (verwaltet von St. Helena, reserviert für UPU) TD TCD 148 .td CHA ISO 3166-2:TD UN/LOCODE:TD Tschad CZ CZE 203 .cz CZE ISO 3166-2:CZ UN/LOCODE:CZ Tschechische Republik CS CSK 200 .cs TCH Tschechoslowakei (ehemalig) TN TUN 788 .tn TUN ISO 3166-2:TN UN/LOCODE:TN Tunesien TR TUR 792 .tr TUR ISO 3166-2:TR UN/LOCODE:TR Türkei TM TKM 795 .tm TKM ISO 3166-2:TM UN/LOCODE:TM Turkmenistan TC TCA 796 .tc UN/LOCODE:TC Turks- und Caicosinseln TV TUV 798 .tv UN/LOCODE:TV Tuvalu SU SUN 810 URS UdSSR (jetzt: Russische Föderation) UG UGA 800 .ug UGA ISO 3166-2:UG UN/LOCODE:UG Uganda UA UKR 804 .ua UKR ISO 3166-2:UA UN/LOCODE:UA Ukraine HU HUN 348 .hu HUN ISO 3166-2:HU UN/LOCODE:HU Ungarn UY URY 858 .uy URU ISO 3166-2:UY UN/LOCODE:UY Uruguay UZ UZB 860 .uz UZB ISO 3166-2:UZ UN/LOCODE:UZ Usbekistan VU VUT 548 .vu VAN ISO 3166-2:VU UN/LOCODE:VU Vanuatu VA VAT 336 .va UN/LOCODE:VA Vatikanstadt (Heiliger Stuhl) VE VEN 862 .ve VEN ISO 3166-2:VE UN/LOCODE:VE Venezuela AE ARE 784 .ae UAE ISO 3166-2:AE UN/LOCODE:AE Vereinigte Arabische Emirate US USA 840 .us USA ISO 3166-2:US UN/LOCODE:US Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika GB GBR 826 .uk GBR ISO 3166-2:GB UN/LOCODE:GB Vereinigtes Königreich von Großbritannien und Nordirland VN VNM 704 .vn VIE ISO 3166-2:VN UN/LOCODE:VN Vietnam WF WLF 876 .wf UN/LOCODE:WF Wallis und Futuna CX CXR 162 .cx UN/LOCODE:CX Weihnachtsinsel EH ESH 732 .eh UN/LOCODE:EH Westsahara ZR ZAR 180 Zaire (jetzt Demokratische Republik Kongo) CF CAF 140 .cf CAF ISO 3166-2:CF UN/LOCODE:CF Zentralafrikanische Republik CY CYP 196 .cy CYP ISO 3166-2:CY UN/LOCODE:CY Zypern
¹ Ausnahmsweise reservierter Code in ISO 3166-1. Dieser Code existiert nur aufgrund der Verwendung in anderen Standards und sollte nicht für eine Kodierung nach ISO 3166-1 verwendet werden.