Haplogruppe H (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in Indian Subcontinent. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.

Origins

It is a branch of Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%) (Cordaux et al. 2004, Sengupta et al. 2006, Thanseem et al. 2006).

Distribution

Asia & Europe

Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent & the Roma populations, including approximately 6% (1 out of 17 individuals) of a sample of Kurds from Turkmenistan, 4% (2/53) of Iranians from Samarkand, 2% (1/56) of Uzbeks from Bukhara, 3% (2/70) of Uzbeks from Khorezm, 2% (1/63) of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley, 4% (2/45) of Uzbeks from Samarkand, 12.5% (2/16) of Tajiks from Dushanbe, 2% (1/41) of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan (Wells et al. 2001), 2% (1/50) of Ukrainians, and 5% (1/20) of Syrians. The subclade H1a-M82 has also been found in 2.56% (3/117) of a sample of the population of southern Iran (Regueiro et al. 2006). Some instances of haplogroup H have also been found among populations of the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula, including 2.4% (4/164) haplogroup H*(xH1-M52) and 1.8% (3/164) haplogroup H1a-M82 in Oman and 1.4% (1/72) H1a-M82 in Qatar (Cadenas et al. 2007). Haplogroup H-M69(xH1-M52) has been found in approximately 2% of Tibetans.

Indian Subcontinent

Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India 27% (Hammer et al. 2005), Nepal (approx. 12% in Kathmandu and 6% in Newars), and Pakistan (haplogroup H1-M52 in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 2.5% other Pakistani).

Roma People

Haplogroup H1 is a major lineage cluster in the Roma population 60% (Pericic et al. 2005). A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Roma (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• H
  • H-M69 (M69)
    • H-M52 (M52)
      • H-M82 (M82)
        • H-M36 (M36, M197)
        • H-M97 (M97)
        • H-M39 (M39, M138)
      • H-M370 (M370)
    • H-Apt (Apt)
      • H-P80 (P80)
      • H-P266 (P266)

References

• Alicia M. Cadenas, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A. Underhill, and Rene J. Herrera: "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics, 2007.
• R. Cordaux et al.: "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages." Current Biology, 2004, Vol. 14, p. 231–235
• M. Regueiro et al.: "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity, 2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.
• S. Sengupta et al.: "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists." American Journal of Human Genetics, 2006, p. 202-221
• I. Thamseem et al.: "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA." BMC Genetics, 2006, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/7/42
• Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub: "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan." European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) Vol. 15, p. 121–126. http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html
• R. Spencer Wells, Nadira Yuldasheva, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Peter A. Underhill, Irina Evseeva, Jason Blue-Smith, Li Jin, Bing Su, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi, Karuppiah Balakrishnan, Mark Read, Nathaniel M. Pearson, Tatiana Zerjal, Matthew T. Webster, Irakli Zholoshvili, Elena Jamarjashvili, Spartak Gambarov, Behrouz Nikbin, Ashur Dostiev, Ogonazar Aknazarov, Pierre Zalloua, Igor Tsoy, Mikhail Kitaev, Mirsaid Mirrakhimov, Ashir Chariev, and Walter F. Bodmer: "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v.98(18); Aug 28, 2001

See Also

Evolutionsbaum Haplogruppen Y-chromosomale DNA (Y-DNA)
	Adam des Y-Chromosoms
		A00		A0’1'2’3'4
			A0	A1’2'3’4
				A1	A2’3'4
					A2’3	A4=BCDEF
				A2	A3		B		CT
												|
							DE				CF
				D		E				C		F
								|
									G								IJK		H
									|									|
							G1	G2								IJ	K
																|						|
													I		J						L			K(xLT)		T
													|				|							|
											I1			I2			J1		J2				M	NO		P		S
																								|			|
													|														|
											N		O													Q	R
																												|
																										R1		R2
																										|
																								R1a			R1b

External links

• Spread of Haplogroup H, from National Geographic
• The India Genealogical Project

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