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Vorlage:Short description

Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive UN blue helmet

Canada's role in the development of, and participation in, peacekeeping during the 20th century led to its reputation as a positive middle power.[1][2] Canada's strong support for multilateralism and internationalism has been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.[3][4][5] In the late 20th and early 21st century, the Canadian public came to identify the country's peacekeeping role as one of the country's top international identifiable contributions.[6][7]

Prior to Canada's role in the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis, the country was viewed by many as insignificant in issues involving the world's traditional powers.[8] The Suez Crisis saw future prime minister Lester B. Pearson ease tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.[9] The country's successful role in the Suez Crisis gave it credibility and established it as a nation fighting for the common good of all the world's nations and not just its allies.[10] Canada has also faced controversy in the past over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably the 1993 Somalia affair.[11][12]

Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.[13] This resulted in Canada provided the greatest amount of UN peacekeepers during the Cold War.[14][15][16] Since the mid-1990s, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined, with Canada directing its peacekeeping participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly through the UN.[17] More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having given their lives during these operations.[13] Canada was the eighth-largest financial contributor to UN peace operations in 2022.[18]

History

Vorlage:See also Vorlage:See

Royal Canadian Mounted Police peacekeeper in 2011 wearing the distinctive UN blue beret

The notion of peacekeeping is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from its closest ally, the United States.[19][7][20] Canada's foreign policy of peacekeeping has been intertwined with its tendency to pursue multilateral and international solutions since the end of World War II.[21][22] Prior to Canada's role in the 1956 Suez Crisis, the country was viewed by many nations as insignificant in global issues.[8] Canada's successful role in that conflict gave it credibility and established it as a middle power fighting for the "common good" of all nations.[23] Vorlage:External media Canadian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lester B. Pearson is considered to be the father of modern peacekeeping.[24][25] Pearson had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during the Suez Crisis:[26] Pearson and Canada found themselves stuck in the middle of a conflict between their closest allies, being looked upon to find a solution.[27] During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to the security council that a United Nations police force be established to prevent further conflict in the region, allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution.[28] Pearson's proposal and offer to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war.[27] Vorlage:External media Prior to the creation of the formal UN peacekeeping system, Canada had engaged in UN intervention operations, notably the 1948 mission in the second Kashmir conflict,[29] and played a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam beginning in 1954.[30] UN high-profile missions include those in Congo (1961), Cyprus (1964), Lebanon (1978), Angola (1989), Somalia and the Balkans (1992), Rwanda (1993), Croatia (1995), East Timor (1999), Haiti (2004), Mali (2013), and observation missions in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights during the mid-1970s.[31] Since 1989, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel,[32] notably the United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000[33][34] and the NATO led mission in Afghanistan called Resolute Support Mission from 2003 to 2014.[34]

Some argue that Canadian troops may not always have the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping missions.[35][15] Another criticism of Canadian peacekeeping is the perceived lack of clear objectives and strategy.[7] Additionally, some critics have raised concerns about the ethical implications of Canada's peacekeeping operations. In some cases, Canadian troops have been accused of being complicit in human rights abuses or failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones.[36]

A security checkpoint operated by Canadian soldiers at Belet Huen Field in Somalia, 1993

In 1993 the Canadian Armed Forces were deployed during the Somali Civil War to support UNOSOM I,[37] Soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment killed a civilian that was escaping after breaking into their encampment to steal supplies. A week after, members of the airborne regiment tortured and killed a 16-year-old youth that broke into the encampment.[38][39] Coined the Somalia affair, the incident has been described as "the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military".[38][40] In the spring of 1994, Canadian peacekeepers were deployed to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in the genocide that occurred in the country, dispite Canadian General Roméo Dallaire (commander of UNAMIR) warning top to UN officials.[41][42] "A period of reassessment" took place after these incidents,[43][44] followed by a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts.[13] Canada would begin to direct its participation to UN-sanctioned military operations through NATO, rather than directly to the UN.[17]

Participation

More than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomatsVorlage:Sndincluding over 4,000 Canadian police officersVorlage:Sndhave served in peacekeeping operations.[45][13] Canada's ongoing participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (Operation Snowgoose) that began in 1964, has seen over 33,000 Canadians serve.[46] The loss of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when their Buffalo 461 was shot down over Syria on August 9, 1974, remains the largest single loss of life in Canadian peacekeeping history.[47][48] The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti saw the loss of life of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the 2010 earthquake.[49] Approximately 130 Canadians having given their lives during peacekeeping operations (123 in UN missions).[13]

Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.[50] This resulted in Canada having provided the most amount of UN peacekeepers during the Cold War.[16][15][14] Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers,[51] with a record low number of 34 UN designated Canadian peacekeepers in August 2020.[51] In March 2024, there were 59 Canadians deployed in UN peacekeeper missions, resulting in Canada being the 69th-largest, out of 120, personnel contributor.[52] Canada's military in the same period had over 3000 personnel deployed overseas in multiple non-UN operations related to peacekeeping, emergency responses, military training, humanitarian assistance, and law enforcement assistance.[53]

In 2022, Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor,[54] allocating $2.49 billion for UN organizations including those related to peacekeeping, policing services, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.[54] Canada's total military expenditure in the same period was approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).[55]

Recognition

The Peacekeeping Monument commemorates the Canadians who participated in peacekeeping activities.[56]

The Somalia Medal, a campaign medal created in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated in the international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia, has been awarded to 1,422 individuals.[57] In 1992, Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monument was completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead.[58] The 1995 Canadian one-dollar coin displays the Peacekeeping Monument.[59] This commemoration was followed by the 2001 $10 Canadian banknote named "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper.[60] In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers, inspiring the creation of the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal in 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians.[61][62] Since 2008, after a campaign by the Canadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping, August 9 has officially been National Peacekeepers' Day in Canada,[63] with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials and Peacekeeper Parks.[64]

Missions

Vorlage:Seealso Vorlage:Further Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present.

Date UN operation Location Conflict Canadian operation
1948–present United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) Middle East Israeli–Palestinian conflict (initially) Military observers, commanded by Lieutenant-General E.L.M. Burns[65]
1948–1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK) North Korea Korean conflict Several civilian and military personnel[66]
South Korea
1949–1979 United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) India Kashmir conflict First Chief Military Observer and observers over 350 personnel.[67]
Pakistan
1956–1967 United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Egypt Suez Crisis Up to 1,007 personnel[68]
1960–1964 United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) Republic of the Congo Congo Crisis Approx 300 personnel at a time, 1,900 total.[69]
1962–1963 United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) Netherlands New Guinea Transfer of sovereignty over Western New Guinea following the West New Guinea dispute Two aircraft, one observer.[70]
Indonesia
1964–present United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Cyprus Cyprus dispute Operation SNOWGOOSE[71] Major-General Clive Milner force commander[72] over 33,000 have served.[46]
Northern Cyprus
1973–1979 United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East (UNEF II) Egypt Yom Kippur War 1,097 personnel[73]
Israel
1974–present United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Israel Maintains ceasefire following the Yom Kippur War. Operation DANACA[74]
Syria
1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Lebanon 1978 South Lebanon conflict Operation ANGORA 117 personnel[75]
1981–present Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Sinai Peninsula Enforce the Egypt–Israel peace treaty Operation CALUMET[76]
1989–1990 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) Namibia Namibian War of Independence Operation MATADOR 40 personnel[77]
1991–1994 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict Operation PYTHON Major-General Armand Roy military Commander,[78] a maximum of 35 CF personnel from May 1991 – June 1994.[79]
1992–1993 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Cambodia Conflict in Cambodia Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2 approximately 240 personnel[80]
1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav Wars Operation Harmony 2,000 plus personnel[81]
Croatia
Republic of Macedonia
FR Yugoslavia
April 1992 – December 1992 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation CORDON Staff officers[82] General Maurice Baril head of the military division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations from 1992 to 1997[83]
December 1992 – May 1993 Unified Task Force (UNITAF) Somalia Somali Civil War Approximately 1,400 personnel[84] Somalia affair
May 1993 – March 1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation DELIVERANCE 900 personnel[85]
1993–1996 United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) Haiti 1991 Haitian coup d'état Operation CAULDRON - October 1993
Operation PIVOT - March 1995 to April 1996
Operation STANDARD - April 1996 to Sept 1996
soldiers and civilian police[86]
1993–1996 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) Rwanda Rwandan Civil War Operation LANCE Major-General Roméo Dallaire and Major-General Guy Tousignant commanders[87]
1994–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) Croatia Croatian War of Independence Operation HARMONY one Canadian infantry battalion[88]
1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) Macedonia Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars 1 observer[89]
1995–2000 United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Canadian Forces personnel and RCMP and civilian police[90]
1996–1997 United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) Haiti Stabilizing Haiti's democracy Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE 750 personnel[91]
1997–2004 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation CONSTABLE 650 personnel[92]
1997–2000 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) Haiti Training of the Haitian National Police Operation COMPLIMENT 6 Bison armoured personnel carriers with eleven support personnel[93]
1998–2000 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) Central African Republic Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces Operation PRUDENCE 45 personnel at one time[94]
1999–2000 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN 600 personnel,[95]
Indonesia
1999–2002 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Serbia Kosovo War Operation Kinetic[96] and Operation QUADRANT[97]
Kosovo
1999–2005 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Civil War Operation REPTILE[98]
1999–2010 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Democratic Republic of the Congo Second Congo War Operation CROCODILE 9 military observers[99]
2000–2002 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN 600 personnel[95]
Indonesia
2000-2003 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War Operation Addition 450 personnel[100]
Ethiopia
2004 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Haiti Aftermath of the 2004 Haitian coup d'état Operation HALO 500 personnel, 6 helicopters[101]
2005–2009 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War Operation SAFARI 45 personnel [102]
2008 United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Sudan War in Darfur Operation SATURN 6 staff officers[103][104]
2018–2023 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) Mali Mali War Operation PRESENCE[105]

See also

Portal: Canada – Übersicht zu Wikipedia-Inhalten zum Thema Canada

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Further reading

Vorlage:Refbegin

  • M. Bin: On Guard for Thee: Canadian Peacekeeping Missions. BookLand Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-9783793-2-2 (google.com).
  • M.K. Carroll: Pearson's Peacekeepers: Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force, 1956-67. University of British Columbia Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7748-5886-1 (google.com).
  • Peacekeeping: Perspectives Old and New. Centre for International and Defense Policy, 2023, ISBN 978-1-55339-662-8, Martello Papers series 46 (canadacommons.ca).
  • Conrad, John, Lieutenant-Colonel: Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping. Dundurn Press Ltd., 2011, ISBN 978-1-4597-0096-3 (google.com).
  • Vorlage:Citation
  • LeBeuf, Marcel-Eugène: Peacekeeping missions and the police in Canada : an impact study of civilian police officers and police services. PS64-5/2005E-PDF Auflage. 2005, ISBN 0-662-39346-5 (gc.ca).
  • C. McCullough: Creating Canada's Peacekeeping Past (= Studies in Canadian Military History). University of British Columbia Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-7748-3251-9 (google.com).

Vorlage:Refend

Vorlage:Commons category

Archives

Vorlage:CanadaPeacekeeping Vorlage:Canadian military history Vorlage:Foreign relations of Canada

  1. ↑ Adam Chapnick: The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations. UBC Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-7748-4049-1, S. 2–5 (google.com [abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024]).
  2. ↑ M. Gabryś, T. Soroka: Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 (= Societas). Neriton, Wydawnictwo, 2017, ISBN 978-83-7638-792-5, S. 39 (google.com [abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024]).
  3. ↑ Allen Sens, Peter Stoett: Global Politics. 5th Auflage. Nelson Education, 2013, ISBN 978-0-17-648249-7, S. 6 (google.com [abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024]).
  4. ↑ Plans at a glance and operating context. Global Affairs Canada, archiviert vom Original am 25. September 2020; abgerufen am 4. August 2020.
  5. ↑ Don Munton, Tom Keating: Internationalism and the Canadian Public. In: Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. 34. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Canadian Political Science Association, 2001, ISSN 0008-4239, S. 517–549, doi:10.1017/S0008423901777992, JSTOR:3233002 (jstor.org [abgerufen am 5. März 2024]).
  6. ↑ Lane Anker: Peacekeeping and Public Opinion. Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy, 20. Juni 2005, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  7. ↑ a b c Michael K Carroll: Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future? In: International Journal. 71. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council], 2016, ISSN 0020-7020, S. 167–176, doi:10.1177/0020702015619857, JSTOR:44631172 (jstor.org [abgerufen am 28. Februar 2024]). Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag. Der Name „Carroll 2016 pp. 167–176“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert.
  8. ↑ a b Greg Donaghy: The politics of accommodation: Canada, the Middle East, and the Suez Crisis, 1950–1956. In: International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis. 71. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2016, ISSN 0020-7020, S. 313–327, doi:10.1177/0020702016643261.
  9. ↑ Steven Kendall Holloway: Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest. University of Toronto Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55111-816-1, S. 102–103 (google.com).
  10. ↑ Fred Gaffen: In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping. Deneau & Wayne Publishers LTD., Toronto 1987, S. 43.
  11. ↑ Clyde H Farnsworth: Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada In: The New York Times, November 27, 1994 
  12. ↑ G. Dawson: "Here Is Hell": Canada's Engagement in Somalia. UBC Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-7748-4016-3, S. 3 (google.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2024]).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Canada and Peacekeeping. In: The Canadian Encyclopedia. 30. Juni 2023, abgerufen am 14. März 2024.
  14. ↑ a b Walter Dorn: Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth. In: Royal Canadian Military Institute. 17. März 2013, abgerufen am 28. Februar 2024.
  15. ↑ a b c A. Walter Dorn, Joshua Libben: Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training. In: International Journal. 73. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. [Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council], 2018, ISSN 0020-7020, S. 257–281, doi:10.1177/0020702018788552, JSTOR:26499686 (jstor.org [abgerufen am 29. Februar 2024]). Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag. Der Name „Dorn Libben 2018 pp. 257–281“ wurde mehrere Male mit einem unterschiedlichen Inhalt definiert.
  16. ↑ a b The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived? In: NAOC. 31. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 14. März 2024: „This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping.“
  17. ↑ a b Linda McQuaig: Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire. Random House Digital, 2010, ISBN 978-0-385-67297-9, S. 50 (google.com).
  18. ↑ Global Affairs Canada: Canada bolsters support and commitments to peacekeeping at 2023 United Nations Peacekeeping Ministerial. In: Canada.ca. 6. Dezember 2023, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  19. ↑ Maria Teresa Gutiérrez-Haces: Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy (= Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series). University of Ottawa Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0-7766-2722-9, S. 231–250 (openedition.org [abgerufen am 4. März 2024]).
  20. ↑ Canada's Current Role in World. Environics Institute for Survey Research, abgerufen am 4. März 2024.
  21. ↑ T.F. Keating: Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-541529-2, S. 108,112.
  22. ↑ S. Whitworth: Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis (= Critical security studies). Lynne Rienner Pub., 2004, ISBN 978-1-58826-296-7, S. 91 (google.com [abgerufen am 5. März 2024]).
  23. ↑ Fred Gaffen: In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping. Deneau & Wayne Publishers, 1987, ISBN 978-0-88879-160-3, 43 (archive.org).
  24. ↑ Terry M. Mays: Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping. Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-7516-6, S. 218– (google.com).
  25. ↑ W.J. Durch: Twenty-first-century Peace Operations. United States Institute of Peace and the Henry L. Stimson Center, 2006, ISBN 978-1-929223-91-6, S. 12 (google.com [abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024]).
  26. ↑ Alan Vaughan Lowe, Adam Roberts, Jennifer Welsh: The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945. Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5, S. 280 (google.com).
  27. ↑ a b Andrew Cohen: Lester B. Pearson. Penguin Canada, 2008, ISBN 978-0-14-317269-7, 116–125 (archive.org).
  28. ↑ Fred Gaffen: In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping. Deneau & Wayne, 1987, ISBN 978-0-88879-160-3, 40–41 (archive.org).
  29. ↑ Andrew Cohen: While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World. Random House Digital, 2011, ISBN 978-1-55199-587-8, S. 82 (google.com).
  30. ↑ Andrew Preston: Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965. In: Diplomatic History. 27. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Oxford University Press, 2003, ISSN 0145-2096, S. 73–111, doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00340, JSTOR:24914431 (jstor.org [abgerufen am 29. Februar 2024]).
  31. ↑ Frederick H. Fleitz: Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s: causes, solutions, and U.S. interests. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 978-0-275-97367-4, S. 54–55 (google.com).
  32. ↑ The International Police Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Program. In: Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada. 11. Januar 2019, abgerufen am 5. März 2024.
  33. ↑ Blanca Antonini: United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH). Hrsg.: Joachim A. Koops, Thierry Tardy, Norrie MacQueen. Oxford University Press, 9. Juli 2015, S. 12, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.53.
  34. ↑ a b The RCMP and overseas service. In: Veterans Affairs Canada. 25. März 2009, abgerufen am 14. März 2024.
  35. ↑ Canada and Peacekeeping Operations. In: Canadian War Museum. 26. Juli 1956, abgerufen am 18. März 2024.
  36. ↑ Sherene Razack: From the. In: Cultural Anthropology. 15. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. [Wiley, American Anthropological Association], 2000, ISSN 0886-7356, S. 127–163, JSTOR:656642 (jstor.org [abgerufen am 18. März 2024]).
  37. ↑ Kim Richard Nossal: Diplomatic Departures: Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy. UBC Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7748-0865-1, S. 120 (google.com).
  38. ↑ a b Richard Foot: Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia. In: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada, 2. August 2019, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  39. ↑ Sherene Razack: Dark threats and white knights: the Somalia Affair, peacekeeping, and the new imperialism. University of Toronto Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8020-8663-1, S. 4 (google.com).
  40. ↑ S.A. Cohen: Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective (= BESA studies in international security). Taylor & Francis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-135-16956-5, S. 160 (google.com [abgerufen am 27. Februar 2024]).
  41. ↑ Smin Adams: The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later. In: Huffington Post. 21. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 14. April 2015.
  42. ↑ Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda. In: The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2. Mai 2022, abgerufen am 19. März 2024.
  43. ↑ Peter MacKay: Peacekeeping is not suited to today’s conflicts. In: Policy Options. 3. März 2021, abgerufen am 18. März 2024.
  44. ↑ Our history. In: United Nations Peacekeeping. 20. Oktober 2016, abgerufen am 15. März 2024.
  45. ↑ The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders. In: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 15. Januar 2024, abgerufen am 29. Februar 2024.
  46. ↑ a b Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus. In: The Canadian Encyclopedia. 5. Dezember 2023, abgerufen am 13. März 2024.
  47. ↑ 9 Killed in U.N. Plane Downed in Syria In: The New York Times, 10 August 1974. Abgerufen im 9 February 2021 
  48. ↑ Canadian Remember Lost Peacekeepers. In: Golan: The UNDOF Journal. Nr. 100, S. 11 (unmissions.org [PDF; abgerufen am 27. Februar 2024]).
  49. ↑ Haiti. In: Veterans Affairs Canada. 25. März 2009, abgerufen am 5. März 2024.
  50. ↑ Lauri Johnson, Reva Joshee: Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States. UBC Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7748-1325-9, S. 23 (google.com).
  51. ↑ a b Dr. Walter Dorn: Tracking the Promises -- Canada's Current Contributions to UN Peacekeeping. Canadian Forces Collegee, 30. September 2023, abgerufen am 28. Februar 2024.
  52. ↑ Canada. In: United Nations Peacekeeping. Abgerufen am 15. März 2024: „Today (2024-03-15), Canada provides 59 uniformed personnel, including 18 women, to six UN peace operations making it the 69th-largest contributor. Its largest contribution of personnel is to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), where 23 of its women and men now serve. Canada also contributes to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS); UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO); the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH); and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)“
  53. ↑ National Defence: Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list. In: Canada.ca. 2024, abgerufen am 15. März 2024.
  54. ↑ a b Prime Minister advances progress toward a peaceful, healthy future at United Nations General Assembly. In: Prime Minister of Canada. 21. September 2023, abgerufen am 15. März 2024.
  55. ↑ Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2023, abgerufen am 29. April 2023.
  56. ↑ National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM). In: Veterans Affairs Canada. 25. März 2009, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  57. ↑ Somalia Medal. In: Veterans Affairs Canada. 25. März 2009, abgerufen am 4. März 2024.
  58. ↑ P. Gough: ' Invicta Pax ' Monuments, Memorials and Peace: an analysis of the Canadian Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa. In: International Journal of Heritage Studies. 8. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 2002, ISSN 1352-7258, S. 201–223, doi:10.1080/1352725022000018903.
  59. ↑ 1 DOLLAR. The Royal Canadian Mint, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  60. ↑ Canadian Journey Series $10 Note. In: Bank of Canada Museum. 20. Juli 2014, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  61. ↑ Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal (CPSM). In: Veterans Affairs Canada. 25. März 2009, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  62. ↑ Christopher McCreery: The Canadian honours system. Dundurn Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-55002-554-5, S. 181 (google.com).
  63. ↑ National Peacekeepers' Day Act. In: Site Web de la législation (Justice). 18. Juni 2008, abgerufen am 26. Februar 2024.
  64. ↑ Mishall Rehman: Peacekeepers' Day Marks 15th Anniversary. In: Canadian Military Family Magazine. 10. August 2023, abgerufen am 29. Februar 2024.
  65. ↑ UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948. In: Home. 4. April 1949, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  66. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Commission on Korea (UNCOK). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  67. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). In: Canada.ca. 14. März 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  68. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  69. ↑ National Defence: Opération des Nations unies au Congo (ONUC). In: Canada.ca. 26. März 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  70. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF). In: Canada.ca. 3. Juni 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  71. ↑ National Defence: Operation SNOWGOOSE. In: Canada.ca. 20. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  72. ↑ Major-General Clive Milner. In: The Governor General of Canada. 14. Mai 1992, abgerufen am 16. März 2024.
  73. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II). In: Canada.ca. 15. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  74. ↑ National Defence: Operation DANACA. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  75. ↑ National Defence: Operation Angora. In: Canada.ca. 10. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  76. ↑ National Defence: Operation Calumet. In: Canada.ca. 20. August 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  77. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Transition Assistance Group Namibia. In: Canada.ca. 18. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  78. ↑ Major-General Armand Roy appointed Military Commander of United Nations Mission in Western Sahara. In: United Nations Digital Library System. 26. Juni 1991, abgerufen am 16. März 2024.
  79. ↑ National Defence: Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el referéndum del Sàhara Occidental. In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  80. ↑ National Defence: MARQUIS (UNTAC). In: Canada.ca. 25. Oktober 2020, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  81. ↑ National Defence: Operation HARMONY. In: Canada.ca. 17. Dezember 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  82. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Operation in Somalia I. In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  83. ↑ Serge Bernier: Baril, Maurice. 2008, archiviert vom Original am 9. Juli 2011; abgerufen am 13. September 2008.
  84. ↑ Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia. In: The Canadian Encyclopedia. 25. Juli 2019, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  85. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  86. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  87. ↑ National Defence: LANCE (UNAMIR). In: Canada.ca. 26. Oktober 2020, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  88. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Confidence Restoration Organization (UNCRO). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  89. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  90. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovenia (UNMIBH). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  91. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  92. ↑ National Defence: Operation CONSTABLE. In: Canada.ca. 30. Juli 1997, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  93. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  94. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  95. ↑ a b National Defence: Operation TOUCAN. In: Canada.ca. 5. November 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  96. ↑ National Defence: Operation Kinetic. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  97. ↑ National Defence: Operation QUADRANT. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  98. ↑ National Defence: Operation REPTILE. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  99. ↑ National Defence: Operation CROCODILE. In: Canada.ca. 20. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  100. ↑ National Defence: Operation ADDITION. In: Canada.ca. 21. November 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  101. ↑ National Defence: Operation HALO. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  102. ↑ National Defence: Operation SAFARI. In: Canada.ca. 22. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  103. ↑ National Defence: Operation SATURN. In: Canada.ca. 20. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  104. ↑ National Defence: United Nations Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID). In: Canada.ca. 11. Dezember 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
  105. ↑ National Defence: Operation PRESENCE. In: Canada.ca. 5. Juli 2018, abgerufen am 12. März 2024.
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