Benutzer:Shi Annan/Jalairs
The Jalayir (Jalaid in plural form) are a Mongol tribe that founded Jalayirid Dynasty in Iran and Iraq and formed a part of Khalkha people in Mongolia.
Early history
The Jalayir might be the Chaladi who were recorded in Chinese sources of 910. According to the record, they colonized eastern Inner Mongolia. The Jalayirs fought the Mongols and defeated the Borjigins utterly. But Khaidu the Borjigon Mongol (or Qaidu I) conquered and dispersed them among Mongol tribes around 1060.
The Jalayirs such as Muqali helped Genghis Khan to found the Mongol Empire. During the Mongol invasion of Khorazm in 1219-1223, Muqali campaigned in North China as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceory. The Jalayirs served under Great Khans as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalayir Moqe noyan to his son Chagatai Khan in Turkestan. And a body of the Jalayir settled in Golden Horde.
Medieval Jalayirs
When Mongke Khan ordered Hulegu to conquer Abbasid caliphate, Ayyubids in Syria and Mamluks in Egypt in 1252, the Jalayirs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kokh-Elege participated sieges of Persian and Arabian fortresses from 1256-1261 and the battle against Berke's commander Nogai Khan in 1262.
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays of Confucian influence in the Yuan Dynasty, or the Empire of Great Khan. The Jalayirs were close to Great Khans in China and Ilkhans in Iran. In Ilkhanate, Jalayir Buqa revolted against Tekuder Khan and installed Hulegu's grandson Arghun in 1284. But his coup was revealed and executed by his protege later. After the death of Qazan Khan (r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the Barlas in the centre, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the Dughlats in the east. Meanwhile, Hasan Buzurg established Jalayirid Dynasty and tried to reunite Turco-Mongol states in the name of his puppet khans in Iraq and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death of Ilkhan Arpa Ke'un in 1336. When Tamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of Ahmad (1383 - 1410), Central Asian Jalayirs were one of main clans in both Timurid Empire and Moghulistan. The Jalayirids in Persia were finally overthrown by Kara Koyunlu Turks in 1432. But the Jalayirs in Central Asia were active for two more centuries.
In 16th century, the Jalayirs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans of Khalkha tumen and Dayan Khan's son Gersenj was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid).
Modern Jalayirs
It is found at present as a clan and a banner in the Jirim and Ordos Leagues as well as Chahar of Inner Mongolia. Even today the Jalayir clans found among Uzbeks, Bashkirs and Kazakhs.
References
Christopher P. Atwood - Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire ISBN 9780816046713, Facts on File, Inc. 2004.
The Chinese government. By William Frederick Mayers, George Macdonald Home Playfair. Published by Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1886.