Reşwan (Stamm)
Vorlage:Short description Reşwan (also known as Reşiyan; Vorlage:Lang-ku;[1] Vorlage:Lang-tr[2]) is a Kurdish tribe, native to the western frontier of Kurdistan,[3] mostly populating Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Kahramanmaraş and Malatya provinces in Turkey and also present in Konya and Ankara provinces, Raqqa in Syria, and Qazvin Province in Iran.[4][5] Members of the tribe mostly adhere to the Hanafi school of Islam but some are Alevi.[3][6] During the 1890s, the leader of the tribe Yakup Ragıp protected Armenians from Ottoman massacres.[7]
Etymology
Scholar and editor of Bîrnebûn Nuh Ateş suggests that the name Reşwan is a compound of the Kurdish words reş (Vorlage:Translation) and the plural form -ân.Vorlage:Sfnp Stefan Winter argues Reşwan can be understood as "The Blacks" in Kurdish.[8] According to the tax records from the 16th century in the Ottoman Sancak in Urfa, the tribe was referred to as a remnant of the predominantly Kurdish Black Nation tribal confederation from the Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep).[8] Nonetheless, the name of the tribe was written in over fifty different ways in Ottoman documents due to erroneous translations from Kurdish. The tribe also goes by the name Reşî.[9]
History
A tribe by the name of "Reşan" is mentioned in a Yezidi mişûr (manuscript) from 1207 AD, as one of the tribes affiliated to Pir Sini Darani, a Yezidi saint who is represented as the Lord of sea in the Yezidi religion.[10]
The name of the tribe was recorded in the defter for Kahta, Besni and Adıyaman in 1519, after Sultan Selim I conquered the area. The tribe was recorded again in 1524 and 1536. During this period, there were inconsistencies about which families were part of the tribe and its population. Nonetheless, they were mainly transhumant nomadic and engaged in agriculture as well.Vorlage:Sfnp Somewhen in the 17th century, the earliest mention is from 1683, the tribes taxes were included into the Ottoman foundation financing the construction and maintenance of the Atik Valide Mosque.[11]
Sedentarization in Central Anatolia (1830-1880)
In early 19th century, Reşwan members who lived a nomadic life around Ankara and Konya were subjected to sedentarization attempts by the Ottomans, as part of the Tanzimat. The first attempt took place in 1830, wherein the authorities notified the Reşwan headmen of the Central Anatolian plains regarding their plans to settle them around Sivas. This led to discontent among the leaders who suggested Konya and Ankara as areas of settlement, which the Ottomans agreed on.Vorlage:Sfnp In other places, the tribe resisted and it is well-documented that they would bribe and even give up everything to continue their semi-nomadic life.Vorlage:Sfnp During the sedentarization, authorities would both construct new villages for the tribe but also divide and distribute them to already-existing villages to mitigate any rebellion.Vorlage:Sfnp An 1859 document shows that about 500 households of the tribe lived in Haymana, being sedentarized in 43 villages.Vorlage:Sfnp By 1880, this section of the tribe had been sedentarized. These tribe members were originally from Adıyaman, Islahiye and Gaziantep.Vorlage:Sfnp
Politics and elections
In the 2000s, the tribe mainly voted for the conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP)[12] until 2014, when the well-known Reşvan Kurdish politician Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat resigned from AKP and decided to run for the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) in the local election in 2015.[13][14] The leaders of the tribe decided to vote for HDP in the general election in June 2015.[15]
See also
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
- ↑ Nûbihar. (google.com [abgerufen am 12. September 2022]).
- ↑ Başak Kaya: Aşiretler CHP’ye yöneldi. In: Sözcü. Abgerufen am 12. September 2022.
- ↑ a b Martin van Bruinessen: The Kurds as objects and subjects of historiography: Turkish and Kurdish nationalists struggling over identity. In: Festschrift zum 65. 2016, S. 4.
- ↑ Rişvan Aşireti'nden Vali Ramazan Sodan'a Ziyaret, 9 June 2012. Abgerufen im 29 March 2015 (türkisch).
- ↑ De midtanatolske kurdere - en ufortalt historie, 16 August 2011. Abgerufen im 29 March 2015 (dänisch).
- ↑ Aşiretler, derneklerle kültürel bağları güçlü tutmaya çalışıyor, 14 August 2015. Abgerufen im 25 June 2020 (türkisch).
- ↑ Şemsa Özar, Nesrin Uçarlar, Osman Aytar: From past to present a paramilitary organization in Turkey. 2013, ISBN 978-6-05545819-5, S. 26 (dealingwiththepast.org [PDF; abgerufen am 18. Mai 2015]).
- ↑ a b Stefan Winter: The Reşwan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria, 1683-1741. In: Oriente Moderno. 97. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2017, ISSN 0030-5472, S. 258 (jstor.org).
- ↑ Reşîlerin tarihi. In: kurdenanatolien.com. 20. Januar 2018, abgerufen am 25. Juni 2020.
- ↑ Dimitri Pirbari, Nodar Mossaki, Mirza Sileman Yezdin: A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis. In: Iranian Studies. 53. Jahrgang, Nr. 1–2, 19. November 2019, ISSN 0021-0862, S. 223–257, doi:10.1080/00210862.2019.1669118 (doi.org).
- ↑ Winter, Stefan (2017),p.261
- ↑ Aşiret oyları cepte değil, Aksiyon, 1 March 2004. Abgerufen im 29 March 2015
- ↑ Failure of pro-Kurdish HDP to enter Parliament could spell trouble, 28 March 2015. Abgerufen im 29 March 2015
- ↑ Pro-Kurdish leaders to run in elections despite HDP's two-term limit. Abgerufen im 29 March 2015
- ↑ HDP aşiretleri nasıl ikna etti?, 11 May 2015. Abgerufen im 5 June 2015 (türkisch).