Outline of the JavaScript programming language

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to JavaScript:

JavaScript (JS) is a programming language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. It was created by Brendan Eich in 1995. As of 2025, the overwhelming majority of websites (98.9%) uses JavaScript for client side webpage behavior.

What type of language is JavaScript?

• Programming language — artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
  • High-level programming language — a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer, such as having words, making it closer to natural language and easier to use than low level programming languages (which are much more cryptic).
    • Compiled language — source code is converted ("compiled") to an intermediate form in order to be run.
      • Interpreted language — bytecode is executed by a virtual machine, which performs just-in-time compilation.
    • Dynamic programming language — allows various operations to be determined and executed at runtime, such as declaring data types, unlike in static languages, where the structure and types are fixed during compilation.
    • Multi-paradigm programming language — A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to conceptualize and structure the implementation of a computer program. JavaScript supports many paradigms.
      • Scripting language — programming language that is used for scripting, which is the act of writing a script, which is a relatively short and simple set of instructions which automate an otherwise manual process.
      • Event-driven programming language — the flow of programs is determined by external events, such as inputs from mice, keyboards, touchpads and touchscreens, and external sensors.
      • Imperative programming language — code directly controls execution flow and state change, explicit statements that change a program state
        • Procedural programming language — organized as procedures that call each other
        • Object-oriented programming language — organized as objects that contain both data structure and associated behavior, uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
          • Class-based programming language — supports object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
          • Prototype-based programming language — includes object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
      • Declarative programming language — its code declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it, describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes
        • Functional programming language — a desired result is declared as the value of a series of function evaluations, uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data

History of JavaScript

Main article: JavaScript § History

• ECMAScript version history
• Failed proposals
  • AtScript
• Former tools
  • Google Closure Tools
  • JavaScript OSA
  • JavaScript Style Sheets
  • Morfik
• Persons notable for developing JavaScript
  • Douglas Crockford
  • Ryan Dahl
  • Brendan Eich
  • Paul Irish
  • John Resig

Javascript fundamentals

• Userscript
  • Bookmarklet
• Userscript manager
• JavaScript syntax
• JavaScript library

Issues and limitations

• Security issues

Specifications of the language

• ECMAScript – this specification defines and standardizes the JavaScript language, such as its vernacular, syntax, and so on.
  • ECMAScript version history
  • Ecma International – the non-profit organization responsible for ECMAScript and many other communications standards.

Where JavaScript works (its runtime environments)

JavaScript works primarily in two main types of runtime environments:

• in web browsers, which power JavaScript from webpages using a JavaScript engine. This is referred to as being "client-side".
  • List of JavaScript engines
• on Web servers, referred to as being "server-side"
  • List of server-side JavaScript implementations

Adaptive web design

Adaptive web design

• CSS framework
• Media queries
• Parallax scrolling
• Progressive enhancement
• Unobtrusive JavaScript

JavaScript toolchain

• Google Web Toolkit
• WebSharper

Libraries

• List of JavaScript libraries

Package managers

• Bun
• npm
• pnpm
• yarn

Bundlers

• Webpack
• Vite

Transpilers

• Babel

Linters and formatters

• ESLint
• JSHint
• JSLint

Testing tools

• Mocha

Build and development tools

• Vite

General JavaScript concepts

• JavaScript templating
• CommonJS
• Comparison of JavaScript charting libraries
• CSS-in-JS
• Immediately invoked function expression
• Isomorphic JavaScript
• Prototype pollution
• Unobtrusive JavaScript
• Variable hoisting

JavaScript dialects and related languages

• ActionScript – Object-oriented programming language created for the Flash multimedia platform
• AssemblyScript – TypeScript-based programming language
• ClojureScript – Dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platformPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• CoffeeScript – Programming language which compiles to JavaScript
• Dart – Programming language
• Elm – Functional programming language
• Embedded JavaScript (EJS) – Webpage templating language using JavaScript
• Haxe – Cross-platform programming language
• JavaScript XML (JSX) – JavaScript syntax extension
• JS++ – Web programming language
• LiveScript – Functional programming language
• Nim – Programming language
• Opa – Programming language for developing scalable web applications
• PureScript – Strongly typed language that compiles to JavaScript
• Reason – Syntax extension and toolchain for OCaml
• ReScript – Programming language that compiles to JavaScript
• TypeScript – Programming language and superset of JavaScript

JavaScript organizations

• OpenJS Foundation

JavaScript publications

Books about JavaScript

• DOM Scripting – Jeremy Keith
• Eloquent JavaScript – Marijn Haverbeke
• How JavaScript Works – Douglas Crockford
• JavaScript Bible – Danny Goodman
• JavaScript: The Good Parts – Douglas Crockford
• Laura Lemay's Web Workshop: JavaScript – Laura Lemay
• Learn to Program with JavaScript – John Smiley
• Pro JavaScript Techniques and Secrets of the JavaScript Ninja – John Resig

JavaScript programmers

• Douglas Crockford
• Danny Goodman
• Jeremy Keith
• Laura Lemay
• John Resig
• John Smiley

See also

• Index of JavaScript-related articles
• Comparison of programming languages
• List of programmers
• Outline of computer programming
• Outline of software
• Outline of software engineering

Outlines of other programming languages

• Outline of the C programming language
• Outline of the C sharp programming language
• Outline of the C++ programming language
• Outline of the Java programming language
• Outline of the Perl programming language
• Outline of the Python programming language
• Outline of the Rust programming language

External links

• "JavaScript: The First 20 Years". Retrieved 2022-02-06.

Free learning resources

• MDN Web Docs - JavaScript – The official and most authoritative JavaScript documentation by Mozilla, including tutorials, references, and examples for all levels.
• Eloquent JavaScript - Online Book – Highly regarded free book by Marijn Haverbeke that introduces JavaScript concepts through engaging examples and exercises.
• The Modern JavaScript Tutorial – A comprehensive and interactive guide covering modern JavaScript, from basics to advanced topics, maintained and continuously updated by the community.
• The Odin Project - Full Stack Curriculum – A complete open-source curriculum that covers JavaScript through practical, real-world projects.
• Awesome JavaScript Learning List - GitHub – A curated list of JavaScript tutorials, books, and courses maintained by the developer community.