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Template:Infobox selenium

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Selenium, 00Se
Selenium
Pronunciation/sɪˈliːniəm/ ​(sə-LEE-nee-əm)
Appearanceblack, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Se)
Selenium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
S
↑
Se
↓
Te
arsenic ← selenium → bromine
Groupgroup 16 (chalcogens)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point494 K ​(221 °C, ​430 °F)
Boiling point958 K ​(685 °C, ​1265 °F)
Density (near r.t.)gray: 4.81 g/cm3
alpha: 4.39 g/cm3
vitreous: 4.28 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)3.99 g/cm3
Critical point1766 K, 27.2 MPa
Heat of fusiongray: 6.69 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization95.48 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.363 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 500 552 617 704 813 958
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −2, +2, +4, +6
−1,[3] 0,[4] +1,[5] +3,[6] +5?
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 941.0 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2045 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2973.7 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 120 pm
Covalent radius120±4 pm
Van der Waals radius190 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of selenium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal
Hexagonal crystal structure for selenium
Thermal expansionamorphous: 37 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivityamorphous: 0.519 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[7]
Young's modulus10 GPa
Shear modulus3.7 GPa
Bulk modulus8.3 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod3350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.33
Mohs hardness2.0
Brinell hardness736 MPa
CAS Number7782-49-2
History
Namingafter Selene, Greek goddess of the moon
Discovery and first isolationJöns Jakob Berzelius and Johann Gottlieb Gahn (1817)
Isotopes of selenium
Main isotopes[8] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
72Se synth 8.4 d ε 72As
γ –
74Se 0.860% stable
75Se synth 119.8 d ε 75As
γ –
76Se 9.23% stable
77Se 7.60% stable
78Se 23.7% stable
79Se trace 3.27×105 y β− 79Br
80Se 49.8% stable
82Se 8.82% 8.76×1019 y β−β− 82Kr
 Category: Selenium
| references

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Selenium". CIAAW. 2013.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(Se2−2, such as disodium diselenide (Na2Se2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. ISBN 9783110206845. and H. Föppl; E. Busmann; F.-K. Frorath (1962). "Die Kristallstrukturen von α-Na2S2 und K2S2, β-Na2S2 und Na2Se2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 314 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1002/zaac.19623140104.
  4. ^ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
  5. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  6. ^ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
  7. ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  8. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  9. ^ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
  10. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
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