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A conservation scientist (museums) is a museum professional whose focus is on the conservation and study of cultural heritage (e.g. art, artifacts, buildings, and monuments) through scientific inquiry. The primary concern of a conservation scientist is to conduct applied scientific research to determine the material, chemical, and technical aspects of cultural heritage to better conserve and understand them.

Responsibilities & duties

The main responsibility of a conservation scientist is to provide analytical and technical support for the preservation and restoration of cultural objects using scientific analysis and techniques.[1] These tasks are accomplished primarily in four ways: 1.) the identification of materials and fabrication of an object, 2.) studying the degradation mechanisms of the objects, 3.) developing and testing conservation-restoration treatments, and 4.) developing and testing new analytical techniques and equipment. Each task is properly documented with information such as composition, condition, history, and suggested treatments.[2] Additionally, many of these tasks require conservation scientists to collaborate with other museum professionals and industrial/mainstream scientists in order to properly accomplish them, in particular conservators and curators (see Related positions).

Identification

The identification of an object’s component materials is the most basic of conservation science tasks. This is typically accomplished using non-destructive examination techniques or, if necessary, destructive analytical techniques designed for small samples (see Instruments and uses). The information yielded about the object’s material composition aids in the development of preventive conservation measures- such as lighting and humidity controls-and the selection of appropriate conservation-restoration treatments. The analysis of materials can also lead to discoveries about the object’s origin and fabrication.[3] Such studies, called technical art history, can provide insight into the time period of an object, its authenticity, the artist, and previous restoration treatments. In addition to leading to new interpretations, this information impacts the selection of treatments by conservators and scientists.

Degradation

Another key focus of conservation science is studying the degradation or deterioration mechanism of objects. Using chemical analysis, conservation scientists can determine the underlying material processes (i.e. aging and chemical reactions), risk factors, and environmental conditions causing the objects to degrade.[4] This information can then be used by conservation scientists, in collaboration with conservators, to develop appropriate treatments for objects, in particular treatments that can provide long-term stability and preservation.

Development of conservation-restoration treatments

The continuing development of new conservation materials (e.g. cleaning solvents) and techniques is an essential aspect of the conservation of cultural heritage. This research ensures the continued existence of cultural heritage in the best condition possible considering their age and degradation. Conservators often rely on conservation scientists for their scientific knowledge and skills in the development of these materials and treatments. Conservation scientists are asked to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of current materials and treatments, to improve those material/techniques, and to devise new materials and techniques.[5] The goal is to develop conservation treatments that can slow the degradation of materials and further damage.[6]

Development of new analytical techniques and equipment

In addition to developing conservation treatments and materials, conservation scientists collaborate with industrial/mainstream scientists and instrument manufactures in the development of new analytical techniques and equipment.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). They disseminate their research to the conservation community at large to promote the growth and use of the best conservation practices and materials. Lastly, they educate the public about conservation science to promote awareness of the subject.

Knowledge, abilities, & skills

The basic knowledge, skills, and abilities needed by conservation scientists are:

  • advance knowledge in a physical or applied science discipline (e.g. physics, chemistry, material science, biology, engineering, and geology)
  • basic knowledge of conservation and relevant humanities disciplines (e.g. art history, archaeology, anthropology, history, fine arts, etc.)
  • critical thinking and creative problem solving
  • ability to formulate and carry out research[7]
  • experience using a broad range of analytical techniques and equipment (see Instrumentation and uses)
  • ability to collaborate and work in a team
  • ability to communicate effectively

Instrumentation & uses

Conservation scientists use a variety of microscopic, spectroscopic, chromatographic, and other scientific techniques and instruments to physically and chemically examine objects.[8] Non-destructive techniques are favored by conservation scientists so to preserve the originality, integrity, and current state of the object as much as possible. Such non-destructive methods include visual examination, advanced imaging techniques, and X-rays. (MFAH) Sometimes, sampling an object is unavoidable. In these cases, microscopic fragments are removed from the object- rarely visible to the naked eye- and their original location is documented. The scientific and ethical demands of a conservation scientist require a variety of instruments- taken from mainstream science and slightly modified- in order to conduct their research properly. Listed below are some of the most commonly used instruments in museum laboratories today and how they are used by conservation scientists.

Microscopic:

  • Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR): Uses the infrared spectrum (IR) to identify the functional groups or covalent bonding information of an object.[9] In conservation science, it is an important technique for the identification of materials, in particular for classifying organic materials.[10] Microscopic samples can provide information on the chemistry of the various materials which comprise the object.
  • Raman microspectroscopy: Uses vibrational spectroscopy methods to identify certain materials.[11] In conservation science, it is used to identify and characterize materials of objects such as amber, glass, glazed ceramics, pigments, and polymers.[12]
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS): Uses an electronic beam to scan the surface of a sample, producing detailed images at a high magnification/resolution.[13] In conservation science, it is used to study the surface of materials and identify the materials present.[14]

Spectrometric:

  • X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy: Uses an X-ray beam on the surface of an object which produces a characteristic fluorescence X-ray of the elements present. [15] A non-destructive technique, it is used in conservation science to identify the elemental and chemical content of the materials present in the examined area.
  • Chromatography: A set of laboratory techniques used to separate mixtures of compounds.[16] Several of the techniques are extremely adept in the positive identification of organic materials.[17]
    • Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS): Combines liquid chromatography (which uses liquid “to separate complex mixtures of organic materials into their individual chemical components”.[18] and mass spectrometry. The combination provides a detailed identification of the components in the examined material[19]
    • Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS): Combines gas chromatography (which uses gas “to separate complex mixtures of organic materials into their individual chemical components”[20] and mass spectrometry. The combination provides a detailed identification of the components in an object at the low parts per billion level.[21]
    • Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS): Combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry on a heated sample. The heat decomposes the sample, producing smaller molecules to be separated by the gas chromatography and detected by the mass spectrometry. The technical is useful in the identification of synthetic polymeric media.[22]

Others:

  • X-Radiography: An imaging technique that uses high energy radiation (X-rays) to view the internal structure of an object component materials differ in densities. The technique is used in conservation science to examine the structural makeup of objects and identify cracks, manufacturing clues, etc. that are not visible to the naked eye.[23]
  • Microfademetry (MFT): Measures the light sensitivity of an object. In conservation science, it is used to study the deterioration rate of colors when exposed to light and oxygen.[24]

Education & training

There is much discussion and debate in the field of conservation science about the amount and type of education and training that should be required for people entering the field. Currently, there is no one set path to becoming a conservation scientist. A 2013 survey conducted by the International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) on the education and training paths for conservation scientists worldwide concluded that:experience, and 41% think you need 3 years or more.”[25]

the largest categories of recommend qualifications are the combinations BA+MA (24%) in conservation and BSc+MA in Conservation (23%). The majority, 87%, thinks you need both science and conservation qualifications. 44% of the respondents thing you should have 0-2 years of working

This survey demonstrates that there is no world-wide consensus on the type and amount of education and training needed to become a conservation scientist, resulting in regional and institutional variations.

In the United States, the most common route taken is an advanced degree in a physical, natural, or applied science discipline such as physics, chemistry, material science, biology, engineering, and geology.[26] Master’s degrees are acceptable, but most conservation scientists have their PhD. In fact, a doctoral degree is becoming an increasingly common requirement for even entry-level conservation science positions.[27] A basic knowledge of conservation theory and practice, art history, or other relevant humanities disciplines (e.g. archaeology, anthropology, fine arts, history, etc.) is also essential. Scientists seeking to enter the field typically gain this experience and knowledge through postdoctoral fellowships. There are several postdoctoral programs in particular for scientists to receive specialized training in conservation science, including those at the National Gallery of Art (the Charles Culpepper Fellowships), Harvard University Art Museum, and the Getty Conservation Institute. Numerous museums and cultural institutions also have individual advanced training fellowships in conservation science through such organizations as the Kress Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.[28] The Northwestern University-Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies (NU-ACCESS) is one example of a Andrew W. Mellon funded fellowship.[29]

In Europe, there are two common routes taken to become a conservation scientist.[30] The first path is a postgraduate course in conservation science that includes training, research, and practice/experience with practicing conservators-restorers. The European PhD in Science for Conservation (EPISCON), which is a three year fellowship program at ten participating institutions, is an example of such a program. The second pathway is on the job training on a conservation science team combined with continuous professional development.

Professional organizations

As a unique mixture of academic disciplines, conservation scientists may join an assortment of professional organizations to suit their varied needs and specializations. These organizations may include those dedicated solely to conservation science, conservation, or a related science field. Many of the general conservation and related science societies, in fact, have specialized groups for conservation science. The American Ceramic Society, for example, has an Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science division devoted to advancing the scientific study of ceramics and their preservation.[31]

The following list is by no means comprehensive for possible organizations as there are numerous regional, national, and international associations for each category.

Conservation science organizations

Conservation/preservation organizations

  • International
    • International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)- Materials and technology
    • International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC)
    • International Council of Museums- Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC)- Scientific Research
    • The Institute of Conservation (ICON)- Science Group

Scientific organizations

Notable individuals

  • Rutherford John Gettens: Pioneer in conservation science; he was first chemist in the United States to be permanently employed by an art museum (Fogg Art Museum) and a founding member of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (ICC)
  • Robert L. Feller: Pioneer conservation scientist; he was the first scientific technical advisor to the National Gallery of Art (1950), tested and introduced Acryloid B-72 to the field, and contributed heavily to our knowledge about natural and synthetic picture varnish, color, the damaging effects of light exposure, and polymer and paper degradation[32]
  • Andrew Oddy: Created the Oddy test, which determines the safety of materials to art objects
  • Alexander Scott: Pioneer in conservation science in the United Kingdom; he was the first scientist (chemist) hired at the British Museum
  • Harold Plenderleith: Pioneer in conservation science in the United Kingdom; he was one of the first scientists (chemist) hired by the British Museum, authored The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art: Treatment Repair, and Restoration (1956), and became the first director of ICCROM[33]
  • Alan Burroughs: Fogg Art Museum scientist who used X-rays and X-radiography to study art, especially old master paintings; his studies were the impetus for more collaborations between curators and conservators and scientists[34]
  • Michael Faraday: Involved in the development of science in museums and galleries in Britain with analytical and deterioration studies for the National Gallery in London[35]

Due to their role and positions in cultural heritage institutions, conservation scientists are also sometimes referred to as “scientists,” “museum scientists,” “art scientists,” or “cultural heritage scientists.” They are generally located organizationally in the conservation or science department of cultural institutions; although, some museums do have departments solely dedicated to conservation science (e.g. Kunsthistorisches Museum).

Conservation scientists also collaborate with a variety of museum professionals and industrial scientists in order to accomplish all of their responsibilities and duties.[36] Due to the similar nature of their duties, they most frequently work with conservators (i.e. conservator-restorer and object conservator) and curators to complete technical studies on the objects in their museum’s collection to determine the materials used, the artist’s techniques, the authenticity of the work, and previous conservation treatments. These three professions also collaborate to determine conservation treatment goals and the ideal environmental conditions (preventive conservation) for the objects. Exhibition designers, architects, and collections managers also consult with conservation scientists to ensure that environmental conditions are suitable for the objects while either in storage or on display.

Industrial scientists are also consulted by conservation scientists about object materials and chemical studies. The two groups of scientists, along with instrument manufactures, also collaborate “to develop and adapt new non-invasive analytical techniques.”[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Whitmore, P. (Eds.). (2005). Conservation Science Research: Activities, Needs, and Funding Opportunities. (A Report to the National Science Foundation). Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  2. ^ Whitmore, P. (Eds.). (2005). Conservation Science Research: Activities, Needs, and Funding Opportunities. (A Report to the National Science Foundation). Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  3. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Huston. (2013). Conservation Science. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  4. ^ The Getty Conservation Institute. (2013) Science Department. Retrieved April 13, 2104.
  5. ^ Whitmore, P. (Eds.). (2005). Conservation Science Research: Activities, Needs, and Funding Opportunities. (A Report to the National Science Foundation). Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  6. ^ The Getty Conservation Institute. (2013) Science Department. Retrieved April 13, 2104.
  7. ^ EPISCON. (1999). Bologna document. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  8. ^ Indianapolis Museum of Art. (n.d.). Instrumentation. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  9. ^ Oneida Research Services, Inc. (n.d.). Micro-FT-IR Spectroscopy. Retrieve April 19, 2014
  10. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  11. ^ Ocean Optics. (n.d.). Tools for Art Preservation and Analysis. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  12. ^ CAMEO. (2014). Raman spectroscopy. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  13. ^ University of Buffalo staff. (n.d.). SEM/EDS: Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray microanalysis. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  14. ^ National Museums, Liverpool. (n.d.). Scanning electron microscopy. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  15. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  16. ^ CAMEO. (2014). Chromatography. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  17. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  18. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  19. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  20. ^ Duffy, K. & Carlson, J. (2000). Science and Your Collection. In G. Landrey The Winterthur Guide to Caring for Your Collection. Winterthur, DE: Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Incorporated
  21. ^ CAMEO. (2014).Gas chromatography. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  22. ^ National Gallery of Art. (n.d.). Conservation: Scientific Research: Glossary of Terms and Techniques. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  23. ^ National Museums, Liverpool. (n.d.). X-radiography. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  24. ^ Getty Conservation Institute. (n.d.). New Analytical Technologies and Protocols. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  25. ^ ICCROM. (2013). Survey of Conservation Education Programmes. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  26. ^ Trentelman, K. (Summer 2005). Training and Education in Conservation Science. GCI Newsletter, 20.2. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  27. ^ Trentelman, K. (Summer 2005). Training and Education in Conservation Science. GCI Newsletter, 20.2. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  28. ^ Trentelman, K. (Summer 2005). Training and Education in Conservation Science. GCI Newsletter, 20.2. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  29. ^ Northwestern University. (2013). Material Science and Engineering: Art Conservation Science. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  30. ^ EPISCON. (1999). Bologna document. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  31. ^ The American Ceramic Society. (2013). Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  32. ^ Whitmore, P. (2011). The 2011 Robert L. Fellow Award: Presentation Remarks. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  33. ^ British Museum. (n.d.) Conservation and Science: History of the Department. Retrieved April 19, 2014
  34. ^ Ainsworth, M. (2005). From Connoisseurship to Technical Art History: The Evolution of the Interdisciplinary Study of Art. GCI Newsletter, 20.1. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  35. ^ British Museum. (n.d.) Conservation and Science: History of the Department. Retrieved April 19, 2014
  36. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Huston. (n.d.). Conservation Science. Retrieved April 19, 2014
  37. ^ Museum of Fine Arts, Huston. (n.d.). Conservation Science. Retrieved April 19, 2014

Further reading

  • May, E. & Jones, M. (2006). Conservation Science: Heritage Materials. The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge.
  • Mills, J. & White, R. (1994). The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects: Second Edition. Routledge: New York.
  • Derrick, M., D. Stulik, & J. Landry. (1999). Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science. The J. Paul Getty Trust: Los Angeles.
  • Varella, E. (Eds.). (2013). Conservation Science for the Cultural Heritage: Applications of Instrumental Analysis. Springer: Heidelberg.
  • Whitmore, P. (Eds.). (2003). Contributions to Conservation Science: A Collection of Robert Feller's Published Works on Artist's Paints, Paper, and Varnishes. Carnegie Mellon University Press: Pittsburgh.
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