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Postwar use

See also: Cold War era and Reclaimed symbol
Main articles: Red triangle (badge) § After WWII, LGBTQ symbols § Triangle badges of Nazi Germany, and Pink triangle

The inverted red, pink, purple, black, and blue triangles have also been reclaimed by various remembrance and anti fascist groups, particularly in Europe.[1][2] For example, the red triangle emblem of the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) and other members of the International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists.[3]

Memorials

Commemorative plaque at Mauthausen camp recalling the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses ("Zeugen Jehovas" in German)

Triangle-motifs appear on many postwar memorials to the victims of the Nazis. Most triangles are plain while some others bear nationality-letters. The otherwise potentially puzzling designs are a direct reference to the identification patches used in the camps. On such monuments, typically an inverted (point down, base up) triangle (especially if red) evokes all victims, including also the non-Jewish victims like Poles and other Slavs, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti (see Porajmos), people with disability (see Action T4), Soviet POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses. An inverted triangle colored pink would symbolize gay male victims. A non-inverted (base down, point up) triangle and/or a yellow triangle is generally more evocative of the Jewish victims.[citation needed]

Symbols at protests and rallies

The yellow star, pink triangle, and red triangle, have all been used at recent protests. Occasionally other symbols have also been used.

The yellow star was depicted at rallies in Israel and New York against Donald Trump's ban on Muslim immigration.[4][5][additional citation(s) needed]

The red triangle was rarely used in this context except in Europe, this led to repeated confusion and in the 2020s (further details below). The red triangle was used ambiguously in Facebook ads for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential election campaign (see below). The red triangle allegedly got more common at protests in the United States during the Gaza genocide. This was frequently misinterpreted or misrepresented as a symbol of Nazi antisemitism.

Service medals

See also: German-occupied Europe; Poland in World War II; Cross of the Warsaw Uprising; Revolt in Auschwitz 7 October 1944; and Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium § World War II
Auschwitz Cross and Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945
P (Polish) on the Auschwitz Cross
Reverse of the Auschwitz Cross
B (Belgian) on the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945, a Belgian medal both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms.[6]

The Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 (French: Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945, Dutch: Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by the Germans as political prisoners during the Second World War. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and the right of the widow, the mother or the father of the deceased to wear the cross.[6]

The Auschwitz Cross (Polish: Krzyż Oświęcimski), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz.[7] Auschwitz is a German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe during WWII.[additional citation(s) needed] It was awarded generally to Poles, but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded in 1999. An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferušić, who was awarded it in February 2004.[8] Some of the people awarded the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger).[9]

2020 Trump campaign

Main articles: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign § June 2020, and Trump 2020 § Political positions

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists.[10][11][12]

As an example of the public outcry against the use of the downward-pointing red triangle, as reported by MotherJones, the Twitter account (@jewishaction),[13] the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action,[14] a Progressive Jewish site stated:

"The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors.

Their masks are off. pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup"[15]

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate".[16][17][18][19][20][21] The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States.[22]

Gaza war protests and military media

Main articles: Gaza war protests, Gaza genocide, Denial, and Comparisons to Nazi Germany

Yellow star

See also: Do you condemn Hamas?, Gaza genocide denial, Holocaust revisionism, and Holocaust inversion

In late December 2023, Gilad Erdan, Israel's Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, provoked worldwide controversy by wearing a yellow star at the assembly.[23] Erdan claimed that the Palestinian revolt on 7 October 2023 – killing over 300 Israeli soldiers and approximately 800 Israeli and foreign civilians – was [[Holocaust denial|equivalent to]] Germany's genocide of approximately 6 million Jews during The Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.[24]

Red triangle

See also: red triangle (anti-fascist symbol), red triangle (Palestinian symbol), and Watermelon as a Palestinian symbol

Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war. However, the Nazis used the inverted red triangle to identify prisoners with political views opposed to Nazism, not necessarily Jewish prisoners.[25][26] The red inverted triangle was first used in the 1930s to mark German communists and Social Democrats, then during WWII the inverted red triangle was used to mark people who resisted the Nazi occupation of their countries by Nazi Germany.[27] Refaat Alareer, David Rovics, and others have compared violent Palestinian resistance to uprisings in Warsaw Ghetto and Sobibor extermination camp in occupied Europe in WWII.[28][29] However, news media suggested the symbol used in Palestinian propaganda independently originated from the red section on the Palestinian flag.[30]

Images of memorials and other post-war use

  1. ^ Julie Gregson (4 August 2024). "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban". Deutsche Welle. After the end of World War II in 1945, the persecuted survivors, their relatives and supporters embraced the symbol as a badge of honor for the fight against fascism — primarily in Germany, but also right across Europe. Likewise, the gay rights movement subsequently reclaimed the Nazi pink triangle.
  2. ^ Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight. Archived from the original on 2025-09-06.
  3. ^ "VVN-BdA supports FIR campaign – Fédération Internationale des Résistants". www.fir.at. International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists (FIR). Archived from the original on 2025-12-02.
  4. ^ https://www.972mag.com/photos-americans-israelis-protest-trump-refugee-ban-in-jlm-and-tel-aviv/
  5. ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-from-us-trumps-ban-rankles-israeli-press/
  6. ^ a b [full citation needed] Royal Decree of the Regent of 13 November 1947 creating the Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945 (Report). Belgian Defence Ministry. 1947-11-13.
  7. ^ "Auschwitz Cross". POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  8. ^ Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  9. ^ "Szymon Kluger's Auschwitz Cross". Archived from the original on 2025-07-14. Instituted by Poland in 1985, the Auschwitz Cross is a decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps. Szymon Kluger (1925–2000), the last Jewish resident of Oświęcim, was presented with the Auschwitz Cross on 27 September 1989. Szymon Kluger was one of the Jewish residents of Oświęcim who survived the Holocaust and eventually returned to their hometown
  10. ^ Breland, Ali. "Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  11. ^ Morrison, Sara (2020-06-18). "Facebook takes down another Trump campaign ad, this time for Nazi imagery". Vox. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  12. ^ Rodrigo, Chris Mills (2020-06-18). "Facebook takes down Trump ads featuring symbol used by Nazis to mark political prisoners". The Hill (newspaper). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  13. ^ "@jewishaction" on Twitter
  14. ^ "Home". Bend the Arc.
  15. ^ Breland, Ali. "Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  16. ^ Shannon, Joel. "Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad". USA Today. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  17. ^ Crowley, James (18 June 2020). "The History of The Concentration Camp Badge in a Team Trump Ad For Facebook". Newsweek. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  18. ^ Feldman, Ari (18 June 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ad that identifies Antifa with red triangle similar to Nazi symbol". The Forward.
  19. ^ Goforth, Claire (27 January 2021). "Trump campaign accused of using a Nazi symbol in Facebook ad". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  20. ^ "Facebook removes Trump ads for violating 'organized hate' policy". NBC News. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  21. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac. "Facebook removes Trump ads with symbol once used by Nazis to designate political prisoners". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  22. ^ Karni, Annie (June 18, 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ads displaying symbol used by Nazis". The New York Times.
  23. ^ https://www.israelhayom.com/2023/10/31/erdan-puts-on-yellow-star-of-david-until-un-security-council-condemns-the-atrocities-of-hamas/
  24. ^ https://www.livemint.com/news/world/why-did-israels-envoy-gilad-erdan-wear-a-nazi-era-yellow-star-while-addressing-a-un-meeting-on-the-israel-hamas-war-11698726314555.html
  25. ^ "What does the inverted red triangle used by some pro-Palestinian demonstrators symbolize?". CBC. 4 June 2024.
  26. ^ Markoe, Lauren (2024-06-13). "Vandals painted a red triangle on the home of a Jewish museum director. What does it mean?". The Forward. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  27. ^ Gregson 2024: "From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle... "At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors', Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald… told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries."
  28. ^ Rovics, David (9 October 2023). "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". CounterPunch.
    Rovics, David (25 October 2023). "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. American Educational Trust, Inc. Archived from the original on 2025-07-20.
  29. ^ "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". The Brooklyn Rail. May 2024. Archived from the original on 2025-08-12. Another case that is especially important to me as a Jewish person, having studied our history of persecution and rebellion, is the Sobibor Uprising. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is of course the most famous Jewish revolt of that era, and many people made the analogy, including Refaat Alareer... Sobibor was a concentration camp where, in 1943, realizing they were all going to get killed, a small group of maybe twenty people, some of them prisoners of war, organized in secrecy, came up with a sophisticated plan to kill high-ranking SS officers, sabotage the electricity and communications infrastructure... Approximately half of the camp escaped... I instantly thought about it when I got the news from my sister, who lived in one of the settlements of the Envelope until October 7, in the family WhatsApp group, saying that their power went out...
  30. ^ Gregson 2024: "A red triangle — though not inverted — also appears, however, in the Palestinian flag, which derives from a 1916 pan-nationalist design."
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