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Help:IPA/Arabic

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The chart below explains how Wikipedia represents Modern Standard Arabic pronunciations with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Wikipedia also has specific charts for [[Help:IPA/EgyptiLebanese Arabic, and Tunisian Arabic. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Arabic phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Modern Standard Arabic, and varieties of Arabic for regional variation.

IPA English
approximation 		Arabic
letter/symbol 		Usual
romanization 		Letter

name

A–B
a[a] cat in British English, only approx. in American English, could also be realised as [æ] َ a, á, e فَتْحَة (fatḥah)
aː[b] not exact, longer far, could also be realised as [æː] ـَا
(ى at word end) 		ā, â, aa, a أَلِف (ʾalif)

الف مقصورة (ʾalif maqṣūrah)

aj[c] /a/+/j/, my or night ْـَي ay, ai, ey, ei يَاء (yāʾ)
aw[d] /a/+/w/, noun ْـَو aw, au وَاو (wāw)
b bee ب b بَاء (bāʾ)
D
d dash د d دَال (dāl)
dˤ[e] emphatic and pharyngealized /d/, no equivalent, can be approximated to RP dawn ض ḍ, dh ضَاد (ḍād)
dʒ jam ج[f] j, ǧ, dj, g جِيم (jīm)
ð these ذ dh, ḏ ذَال (dhāl)
ðˤ[e][g] emphatic and pharyngealized [ð] ظ ẓ ظَاء (ẓāʾ)
F–H
f father ف f فَاء (fāʾ)
h hi ه h هَاء (hāʾ)
ħ hello, but pronounced in the back of your throat ح ḥ حَاء (ḥāʾ)
I–K
i[h] happy ِ i, e كَسْرَة (kasrah)
iː[i] machine ـِي ī, ee, i يَاء (yāʾ)
j yes ي y يَاء (yāʾ)
k[1] scape ك k كَاف (kāf)
L–S
l lease (Received Pronunciation) ل l لَام (lām)
ɫ[j] tool
m me م m مِيم (mīm)
n no ن n نُون (nūn)
q like skit, but further down to the uvula (uvular). ق q, g, ' قَاف (qāf)
r "tapped" or "trilled" r;
Spanish perro 		ر r رَاء (rāʾ)
s snake س s سِين (sīn)
sˤ[e] close to saw, emphatic and pharyngealized /s/ ص ṣ صَاد (ṣād)
ʃ sheep ش sh, š, ch شِين (shīn)
T–W
t[1] stop ت
(sometimes ة) 		t تَاء (tāʾ)

تاء مربوطة (tāʾ marbūṭah)

tˤ[e] emphatic and pharyngealized /t/, no equivalent ط ṭ طَاء (ṭāʾ)
θ think ث th, ṯ ثَاء (thāʾ)
u[k] fruition ُ u, o, ou ضَمَّة (ḍammah)
uː[l] cool style="text-align

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æ] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  2. ^ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  3. ^ In colloquial pronunciation, /aj/ may be realized as [eː]~[ɛː]~[ej] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595; Kaye 1997, p. 198).
  4. ^ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː]~[ow] may occur (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595; Kaye 1997, p. 198).
  5. ^ a b c d Emphatic consonants may be either pharyngealized or velarized and are accompanied with labialization (Al-Ani 2008, p. 599; Kaye 1997, p. 193–194).
  6. ^ The letter ج represents [ɡ] in Egypt and [ʒ] in the Levant and the Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008, p. 598; Gairdner 1925, p. 23).
  7. ^ The letter ظ represents either [ðˤ] or [zˤ], depending on the speaker's dialect (Al-Ani 2008, p. 601).
  8. ^ Allophones of /i/ include [ɪ]~[e] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /ɪ/ completely becomes /e/ in some other particular dialects.
  9. ^ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
  10. ^ [ɫ] occurs only in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600; Kaye 1997, p. 196; Kaye 2009, p. 564).
  11. ^ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /u/ completely becomes /o/ in some other particular dialects.
  12. ^ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53; Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).

References

  • Al-Ani, Salman H. (2008). "Phonetics". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. III. Brill. pp. 593–603. ISBN 978-90-04-14973-1.
  • Gairdner, W. H. T. (1925). The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
  • Kaye, Alan S. (1997). "Arabic Phonology". Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. I. pp. 187–204.
  • Kaye, Alan S. (2009). "Arabic". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (PDF) (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 560–577. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Mitchell, T. F. (1990). Pronouncing Arabic. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815151-9.
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram (1999). "Arabic". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–54.
  1. ^ a b May be aspirated, see arabic phonology
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