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Help:IPA/Hebrew

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Modern and Biblical Hebrew language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Since Modern Hebrew has different pronunciations in Israel, certain letters may be transcribed differently depending on the background of the speaker. See Biblical Hebrew phonology and Modern Hebrew phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Hebrew.

Consonants
BH MH Letter(s) Romanization (unofficial) English approximation
b בּ‎ (Beť dǝgušah) b bet
d דּ‎ (Daleť dǝgušah) d dark
ð d ד‎ (Ďaleť rafah) ď, dh, d BH: this
MH: dark
dʒ[1][2] ג׳‎ (Gimel with geresh) j joy
f פ ף‎ (Fei rafah) f or p̄ fool
ɡ גּ‎ (Gimel dǝgušah) g go
ɣ ɡ ג‎ (Ǧimel rafah) ǧ, gh, g BH: No equivalent; Arabic Ghayn (غ‎‎‎)
MH: go
h ה‎ (He) h hen
ħ χ (ħ)[3] ח‎ (Ḥeť) ḥ or ch BH: No equivalent; Arabic ḥāʾ (ح‎‎)
MH: Scottish loch
j י‎ (Yoď) y yes
k כּ ךּ‎ (Kaf dǝgušah)
 k skin
l ל‎ (Lameď) l left
ɬ s שׂ‎ (Sin semalith) ś BH: No equivalent; Welsh llwyd
MH: see
m מ ם‎ (Mem) m man
n נ ן‎ (Nun) n no
p פּ‎ (Pei dǝgušah) p spin
q k ק‎ (Qof) q or k BH: No equivalent; Arabic qāf (ق‎‎‎).
MH: skin.
r ʁ (r)[4] ר‎ (Resh) r BH: trilled or tapped run.
MH: French rouge
s ס‎ (Samekh) s see
sˤ ts[1] צ ץ‎ (Ṣadi) ṣ, ts (or tz) BH: No equivalent; Arabic ṣād (ص‎)
MH: cats
ʃ שׁ‎ (Šin Yemanit) š or sh she
t תּ‎ (Taw) t sting
tˤ t ט‎ (Ṭeť) ṭ, t BH: No equivalent; Arabic ṭāʾ (ط‎)
MH: sting
θ ת‎ (Ťaw) ť, th, t thing
tʃ[1] צ׳ ץ׳‎ (Tsade with geresh) ch chair
v ב‎ (Veť rafah)
 v voice
w v ו‎ (Vav) w, v BH: would
MH: voice
w[5] וו‎ (double Vav) or ו‎ (single Vav) w we
x χ כ ך‎ (Ǩaf rafah) ǩ or ch/kh Scottish loch
ח׳‎[6] (Heth with geresh) kh
z ז‎ (Zayin) z zoo
ʒ[2] ז׳‎ (Zayin with geresh) zh beige
ʕ ʔ (ʕ)[3] ע‎ (Ayin) ʿ or ' BH: No equivalent; Arabic 'ayn (ع)
MH: uh-(ʔ)oh
ʔ א‎ (Alef)
 ʾ or ' uh-(ʔ)oh


Marginal consonants of Modern Hebrew in transliteration and loanwords (used only by some speakers)
IPA Letter(s) Romanisation (unofficial) English
ð[7] ד׳‎ (Dalet with geresh) dh the
ɣ[8] ע׳‎[9] (Ayin with geresh) or ר׳‎[9] (Resh with geresh) gh No equivalent; Arabic Ghayn (غ‎‎‎)
ŋ[10] נג‎ (Nun-Gimel) ng ring
θ[11] ת׳‎[12] (Tav with geresh) th thing
Vowels
TH MH Letter(s) Romanization (unofficial) English approximation
a  (Patach),  (Hataf Patach) a father
e ej (e)[13] י‎(Tzere-Yodh),  (Zeire) e, ei or ey bay
e e Scottish bay
ɛ  (Segol),  (Hataf Segol) ɛ, e TH: bed
MH: Scottish bay
ə  (Shva) ǝ, e TH: comma
∅ ǝ, e or unwritten
i י‎(Hiriq-Yud), (Hiriq) i see
o o  (Holam alone), וֹ‎ (with any mater lectionis) o story
ɔ  (Kamatz katan),  (Hataf Kamatz) ɔ, o TH: off
MH: story
a  (Kamatz) ɔ, a TH: maw
MH: father
u וּ‎ (Vav with shuruk), (Kubutz) u boot


Diphthongs in Modern Hebrew (used in transliteration and loanwords)
IPA Letter(s) Romanization English approximation
ao אוֹ‎ (Patach-Holam), אוֹ‎ (Kamatz-Holam) ao cow
au אוּ‎ (Patach-Shuruk), אוּ‎ (Kamatz-Shuruk) au
eu אוּ‎ (Segol-Shuruk), אוּ‎ (Tzere-Shuruk) eu No English equivalent
ou וֹאוּ‎ (Holam-Shuruk) ou no


Other symbols
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable): אֹכֶל‎ ('food') /ˈʔoχel/, אוֹכֵל‏‎ ('eating' [participle]) /ʔoˈχel/
ˌ Secondary stress, e.g. הַאֻמְנָם?‎ ('oh, really?') /ˌhaʔumˈnam/
ː Long vowels (in Tiberian Hebrew) can be transcribed using the IPA gemination sign ː: the word for "hand" would be יָד‎ /jaːd/ in absolute state and יַד־‎ /jad/ in construct state.[14] Indicating normative consonant gemination uses a double consonant: גַּנָּב‎ ('a thief') /ɡanˈnav/ not /ɡaˈnːav/

Notes

  1. ^ a b c /dʒ, ts, tʃ/ are officially written with a tie-bar in the IPA /d͡ʒ, t͡s, t͡ʃ/ respectively, but the tie-bar is here omitted for simplicity.
  2. ^ a b /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ are sometimes confused by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them (mostly Russian and Arabic speakers).
  3. ^ a b In Modern Israeli Hebrew, /ħ, ʕ/ have merged with /χ, ʔ/ respectively, but are still distinguished by some Sephardi, Mizrahi and Arab speakers.
  4. ^ The sound is uvular for most speakers, but some speakers, mostly Sefardim, Mizrahim, Arab Israelis, Jews from the former USSR and Ethiopian Jews (in the 20th century also news broadcasters and singers) retain an alveolar pronunciation: [r]~[ɾ].
  5. ^ Appears in new loanwords: וואלה /wala/ "Wow!, really?, you don't say!, no kidding!". In some old loanwords that originally had /w/, it was approximated to /v/: ואדי /vadi/ "Wadi".
  6. ^ Only appears in transliterations from Arabic script to transliterate the letter Ḫāʾ (خ)
  7. ^ Usually pronounced /d/ or /z/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  8. ^ Usually pronounced /ɡ/ or /ʁ/ by speakers who don't speak Arabic.
  9. ^ a b Only appears in transliterations from Arabic script to transliterate the letter Ghayn (غ‎‎‎).
  10. ^ Usually pronounced /ŋɡ/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  11. ^ Usually pronounced /t/ or /s/ by speakers who don't speak English.
  12. ^ ת׳ is sometimes used for both /ð/ and /θ/ (in words from English) either by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them or as an equivalent to the Th digraph of English which is also used for both sounds.
  13. ^ Some conservative speakers pronounce it /e/ like in Sephardi Hebrew
  14. ^ Vowel length and quality in Tiberian Hebrew is a matter of debate, and that is just one possible example.

See also

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