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Microsoft Exchange Server

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Microsoft Exchange Server
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseApril 2, 1996; 29 years ago (1996-04-02)[1]
Stable release2019 CU15 Apr25HU (15.02.1748.024) (18 April 2025; 47 days ago (2025-04-18)[2]) [±]
Operating systemWindows Server
Platformx64
TypeCollaborative software
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websitewww.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/exchange/email Edit this on Wikidata

Microsoft Exchange Server is a mail server and calendaring server developed by Microsoft. It runs exclusively on Windows Server operating systems.

The first version was called Exchange Server 4.0, to position it as the successor to the related Microsoft Mail 3.5. Exchange initially used the X.400 directory service but switched to Active Directory later. Until version 5.0, it came bundled with an email client called Microsoft Exchange Client. This was discontinued in favor of Microsoft Outlook.

Exchange Server primarily uses a proprietary protocol called MAPI to talk to email clients, but subsequently added support for POP3, IMAP, and EAS. The standard SMTP protocol is used to communicate to other Internet mail servers.

Exchange Server is licensed both as on-premises software and software as a service (SaaS). In the on-premises form, customers purchase client access licenses (CALs); as SaaS, Microsoft charges a monthly service fee instead.

History

Main article: History of Microsoft Exchange Server

Microsoft had sold a number of simpler email products before, but the first release of Exchange (Exchange Server 4.0 in April 1996[1]) was an entirely new X.400-based client–server groupware system with a single database store, which also supported X.500 directory services. The directory used by Exchange Server eventually became Microsoft's Active Directory service, an LDAP-compliant directory service which was integrated into Windows 2000 as the foundation of Windows Server domains.

As of 2020, there have been ten releases.

Current version

The current version, Exchange Server 2019,[3] was released in October 2018. Unlike other Office Server 2019 products such as SharePoint and Skype for Business, Exchange Server 2019 could only be deployed on Windows Server 2019 when it was released. Since Cumulative Update 2022 H1 Exchange 2019 has been supported on Windows Server 2022.[4] One of the key features of the new release is that Exchange Server can be deployed onto Windows Server Core for the first time. Additionally, Microsoft has retired the Unified Messaging feature of Exchange, meaning that Skype for Business on-premises customers will have to use alternative solutions for voicemail, such as Azure cloud voicemail.

1.What is MS Excel? List the components of MS Excel window.

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft. It is widely used for organizing, analyzing, and visualizing data in various fields including business, finance, statistics, and research. Excel provides users with a wide range of functionalities such as calculations, data manipulation, graphing tools, and macro programming.

The components of the Microsoft Excel window typically include:

  1. Title Bar: Located at the top of the Excel window, it displays the name of the current workbook.
  2. Ribbon: The Ribbon is a set of tabs, each containing groups of related commands. It provides easy access to various Excel features and functionalities.
  3. Quick Access Toolbar: This toolbar, usually located above the Ribbon, allows users to add frequently used commands for quick access.
  4. Worksheet Area: The main area where users input and manipulate data. It consists of a grid of cells organized in rows and columns.
  5. Column Headers: Letters (A, B, C, etc.) at the top of each column to identify them.
  6. Row Headers: Numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) on the left side of each row to identify them.

2.Which MS Excel function/formula is used to perform the following operations explain

with an example.

a. To find total:: Use the SUM function. Example: =SUM(A1:A5) adds the values in cells A1 to A5.

b. To find the average: Use the AVERAGE function. Example: =AVERAGE(B1:B10) calculates the average of values in cells B1 to B10.

c. To find Maximum and Minimum: Use the MAX and MIN functions. Example: =MAX(C1:C20) finds the maximum value in cells C1 to C20.

d. Perform Count operation :Use the COUNT function. Example: =COUNT(D1:D30) counts the number of non-empty cells in range D1 to D30.

e. Binary to Decimal: Use the BIN2DEC function. Example: =BIN2DEC("1010") converts binary number 1010 to decimal.

f. Convert to Lowercase and Uppercase: Use the LOWER and UPPER functions. Example: =LOWER("HELLO") converts "HELLO" to lowercase.

3. List five functions/formulae used in the following category

a. Text : right, left. mid. len, char.

b. Logical: if, else, not, nor, xnor,

c. Engineering: PV, EV , DEC2BIN, BIN2DEC, DEC2HEX

d. Date & Time: TODAY, NOW, IFDATA, DATAE,DATE

4.List the different charts available in MS Excel

  1. Column Chart: Displays data in vertical columns. Suitable for comparing values across categories.
  2. Bar Chart: Similar to a column chart but displays data horizontally. Also useful for comparing values across categories.
  3. Line Chart: Displays data points connected by straight lines. Useful for showing trends over time.
  4. Pie Chart: Divides a circle into slices to represent data proportions. Suitable for showing parts of a whole.
  5. Area Chart: Similar to a line chart but the area below the line is filled with color. Useful for showing trends over time and emphasizing the magnitude of change.
  6. Scatter Plot: Displays individual data points as dots. Useful for showing the relationship between two variables.

5.How to perform conditional formatting in MS Excel. Write the steps clearly.

To perform conditional formatting:

• Select the range of cells you want to format.

• Go to Home > Conditional Formatting

. • Choose the desired formatting rule(example: highlight cells rules, data bars, color scales).

• Set the conditions and formatting options.

• Click OK to apply the conditional formatting

6.How to perform data validation in MS Excel. Explain with an example.

For example, if you want to validate entries in a cell to be within a certain range (example: between 1 and 100):

• Select the cell or range

. • Go to Data > Data Validation.

• Choose 'Whole Number' or 'Decimal' as the data type.

• Set the minimum and maximum values.

• Optionally, add input message and error alert.

• Click OK to apply data validation.

7.Explain the key features of MS Outlook

Microsoft Outlook is a versatile email client and personal information manager that offers a wide range of features to help users manage their email, contacts, calendars, tasks, and more. Here are some key features of MS Outlook:

1. *Email Management*: Outlook provides robust email management capabilities, including features such as organizing emails into folders, filtering and sorting emails, flagging important messages for follow-up, and creating rules to automate email handling.

2. *Calendar*: Outlook's calendar feature allows users to schedule appointments, meetings, and events. It offers various views (Day, Work Week, Week, Month) for easy visualization of schedules, supports recurring events, provides scheduling assistance to find optimal meeting times, and integrates seamlessly with email for meeting invitations and reminders.

3. *Contacts*: Outlook serves as a centralized contact management tool, allowing users to store, organize, and access contact information efficiently. Users can create and manage contact lists, import/export contacts, link contacts to emails or appointments, and synchronize contacts with other applications or devices.

4. *Tasks*: Outlook includes a task management feature that enables users to create, track, and prioritize tasks and to-do lists. Tasks can be categorized, assigned due dates, flagged for follow-up, and organized into folders. Outlook also offers reminders and notifications for upcoming tasks.

5. *Notes*: Outlook provides a built-in note-taking feature, allowing users to create and store text-based notes within the application. Notes can be categorized, formatted, and linked to other Outlook items, providing a convenient way to jot down ideas, reminders, or important information.

6. *Integration with Microsoft Office Suite*: Outlook seamlessly integrates with other Microsoft Office applications such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Users can easily attach Office documents to emails, edit attachments directly within Outlook, and access Outlook features from within other Office applications.

8.Explain calendar feature in MS outlook

The calendar feature in Microsoft Outlook is a powerful tool that allows users to manage their schedules, appointments, meetings, and events efficiently. Here's a breakdown of its key features and functionalities:

1. *Calendar Views*: Outlook offers various views to display your calendar, including Day, Work Week, Week, and Month views. This flexibility allows you to visualize your schedule in the most convenient way.

2. *Creating Events and Appointments*: Users can easily create new events or appointments by clicking on the desired date and time slot within the calendar view. They can then input details such as the event title, location, start/end time, description, and any additional notes.

3. *Recurring Events*: Outlook allows users to set up recurring events for activities that repeat regularly, such as weekly meetings or monthly appointments. Users can customize the recurrence pattern according to their needs, whether it's daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly.

4. *Invitations and Meeting Requests*: Users can send meeting invitations to others directly from Outlook. This feature allows you to add attendees, specify meeting details, and send out notifications. Recipients can accept, decline, or propose new meeting times, which helps in scheduling and coordination.

5. *Scheduling Assistant*: When creating a meeting, Outlook provides a scheduling assistant tool that helps you find the best time for all attendees. It displays their availability, making it easier to avoid conflicts and ensure everyone can attend.

6. *Integration with Email*: Outlook seamlessly integrates with email, allowing users to turn emails into calendar events or appointments. This feature is useful when receiving meeting requests via email or when needing to schedule tasks mentioned in emails.

9.List the components of an email in outlook

Sure, here are the components of an email in Microsoft Outlook:

1. Recipient: The recipient or recipients (To, Cc, Bcc) of the email, who will receive the message. You can address the email to individuals, groups, or distribution lists.

2. Subject Line: A brief summary or description of the email's content. The subject line helps recipients quickly understand the purpose or topic of the email.

3. Body: The main content of the email, where you write your message. You can format the text, add images, insert hyperlinks, and include attachments as needed.

4. Attachments: Files or documents that are attached to the email. Attachments can include documents, images, spreadsheets, or any other files you want to share with the recipient.

5. Sender Information: Information about the sender of the email, including the sender's name and email address. This helps recipients identify who sent the email and provides contact information for replying or contacting the sender.

10.Write the steps to automate outlook

Automation in Outlook can be done using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) macros. Here are general steps:

• Open Outlook and press Alt + F11 to open the VBA editor.

• Insert a new module and write your VBA code to automate tasks (e.g., sending emails, scheduling appointments).

• Save the macro-enabled workbook.

• Run the macro from Excel or Outlook to automate task

Clustering and high availability

Exchange Server Enterprise Edition supports clustering of up to 4 nodes when using Windows 2000 Server, and up to 8 nodes with Windows Server 2003. Exchange Server 2003 also introduced active-active clustering, but for two-node clusters only. In this setup, both servers in the cluster are allowed to be active simultaneously. This is opposed to Exchange's more common active-passive mode in which the failover servers in any cluster node cannot be used at all while their corresponding home servers are active. They must wait, inactive, for the home servers in the node to fail. Subsequent performance issues with active-active mode have led Microsoft to recommend that it should no longer be used.[5] In fact, support for active-active mode clustering has been discontinued with Exchange Server 2007.

Exchange's clustering (active-active or active-passive mode) has been criticized because of its requirement for servers in the cluster nodes to share the same data. The clustering in Exchange Server provides redundancy for Exchange Server as an application, but not for Exchange data.[6] In this scenario, the data can be regarded as a single point of failure, despite Microsoft's description of this set-up as a "Shared Nothing" model.[7] This void has however been filled by ISVs and storage manufacturers, through "site resilience" solutions, such as geo-clustering and asynchronous data replication.[8] Exchange Server 2007 introduces new cluster terminology and configurations that address the shortcomings of the previous "shared data model".[9]

Exchange Server 2007 provides built-in support for asynchronous replication modeled on SQL Server's "Log shipping"[10] in CCR (Cluster Continuous Replication) clusters, which are built on MSCS MNS (Microsoft Cluster Service—Majority Node Set) clusters, which do not require shared storage. This type of cluster can be inexpensive and deployed in one, or "stretched" across two data centers for protection against site-wide failures such as natural disasters. The limitation of CCR clusters is the ability to have only two nodes and the third node known as "voter node" or file share witness that prevents "spit in the brain"[11] scenarios, generally hosted as a file share on a Hub Transport Server. The second type of cluster is the traditional clustering that was available in previous versions, and is now being referred to as SCC (Single Copy Cluster). In Exchange Server 2007 deployment of both CCR and SCC clusters has been simplified and improved; the entire cluster install process takes place during Exchange Server installation. LCR or Local Continuous Replication has been referred to as the "poor man's cluster". It is designed to allow for data replication to an alternative drive attached to the same system and is intended to provide protection against local storage failures. It does not protect against the case where the server itself fails.

In November 2007, Microsoft released SP1 for Exchange Server 2007. This service pack includes an additional high-availability feature called SCR (Standby Continuous Replication). Unlike CCR, which requires that both servers belong to a Windows cluster typically residing in the same datacenter, SCR can replicate data to a non-clustered server, located in a separate datacenter.

With Exchange Server 2010, Microsoft introduced the concept of the Database Availability Group (DAG). A DAG contains Mailbox servers that become members of the DAG. Once a Mailbox server is a member of a DAG, the Mailbox Databases on that server can be copied to other members of the DAG. When a Mailbox server is added to a DAG, the Failover Clustering Windows role is installed on the server and all required clustering resources are created.

Licensing

Like Windows Server products, Exchange Server requires client access licenses, which are different from Windows CALs. Corporate license agreements, such as the Enterprise Agreement, or EA, include Exchange Server CALs. It also comes as part of the Core CAL. Just like Windows Server and other server products from Microsoft, there is the choice to use User CALs or Device CALs. Device CALs are assigned to devices (workstation, laptop or PDA), which may be used by one or more users.[12] User CALs, are assigned to users, allowing them to access Exchange from any device. User and Device CALs have the same price, however, they cannot be used interchangeably.

For service providers looking to host Microsoft Exchange, there is a Service Provider License Agreement (SPLA) available whereby Microsoft receives a monthly service fee instead of traditional CALs. Two types of Exchange CAL are available: Exchange CAL Standard and Exchange CAL Enterprise. The Enterprise CAL is an add-on license to the Standard CAL.

Clients

Microsoft Exchange Server uses a proprietary remote procedure call (RPC) protocol called MAPI/RPC,[13] which was designed to be used by Microsoft Outlook. Clients capable of using the proprietary features of Exchange Server include Evolution,[14] Hiri and Microsoft Outlook. Thunderbird can access Exchange server via the Owl Plugin.[15]

Exchange Web Services (EWS), an alternative to the MAPI protocol, is a documented SOAP-based protocol introduced with Exchange Server 2007. Exchange Web Services is used by the latest version of Microsoft Entourage for Mac and Microsoft Outlook for Mac - since the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac computers running OS X include some support for this technology via Apple's Mail application.

E-mail hosted on an Exchange Server can also be accessed using POP3, and IMAP4 protocols, using clients such as Windows Live Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Lotus Notes. These protocols must be enabled on the server. Exchange Server mailboxes can also be accessed through a web browser, using Outlook Web App (OWA). Exchange Server 2003 also featured a version of OWA for mobile devices, called Outlook Mobile Access (OMA).

Microsoft Exchange Server up to version 5.0 came bundled with Microsoft Exchange Client as the email client. After version 5.0, this was replaced by Microsoft Outlook, bundled as part of Microsoft Office 97 and later.[16] When Outlook 97 was released, Exchange Client 5.0 was still in development and to be later released as part of Exchange Server 5.0, primarily because Outlook was only available for Windows. Later, in Exchange Server 5.5, Exchange Client was removed and Outlook was made the only Exchange client. As part of Exchange Server 5.5, Outlook was released for other platforms.

The original Windows 95 "Inbox" client also used MAPI and was called "Microsoft Exchange". A stripped-down version of the Exchange Client that does not have support for Exchange Server was released as Windows Messaging to avoid confusion; it was included with Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, and Windows NT 4. It was discontinued because of the move to email standards such as SMTP, IMAP, and POP3, all of which Outlook Express supports better than Windows Messaging.

Exchange ActiveSync

Support for Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) was added to Microsoft Exchange Server 2003. It allows a compliant device such as a Windows Mobile device or smartphone to securely synchronize mail, contacts and other data directly with an Exchange server and has become a popular mobile access standard for businesses due to support from companies like Nokia and Apple Inc.[17] as well as its device security and compliance features.

Support for push email was added to it with Exchange Server 2003 Service Pack 2 and is supported by Windows Phone 7,[18] the iPhone and Android phones,[19] but notably not for Apple's native Mail app on macOS.

Exchange ActiveSync Policies allow administrators to control which devices can connect to the organization, remotely deactivate features, and remotely wipe lost or stolen devices.[20]

Hosted Exchange as a service

Main article: Hosted Exchange

The complexities of managing Exchange Server—namely running both one or more Exchange Servers, plus Active Directory synchronization servers—make it attractive for organisations to purchase it as a hosted service.

Third-party providers

This has been possible from a number of providers[21] for more than 10 years, but as of June 2018 is that many providers have been marketing the service as "cloud computing" or "Software-as-a-Service". Exchange hosting allows for Microsoft Exchange Server to be running in the Internet, also referred to as the Cloud, and managed by a "Hosted Exchange Server provider" instead of building and deploying the system in-house.

Exchange Online

Exchange Online is Exchange Server delivered as a cloud service hosted by Microsoft itself. It is built on the same technologies as on-premises Exchange Server, and offers essentially the same services as third-party providers which host Exchange Server instances.[22]

Customers can also choose to combine both on-premises and online options in a hybrid deployment.[23] Hybrid implementations are popular for organizations that are unsure of the need or urgency to do a full transition to Exchange Online, and also allows for staggered email migration.

Hybrid tools can cover the main stack of Microsoft Exchange, Lync, SharePoint, Windows, and Active Directory servers, in addition to using replica data to report cloud user experience. [citation needed]

History

Exchange Online was first provided as a hosted service in dedicated customer environments in 2005 to select pilot customers.[24] Microsoft launched a multi-tenant version of Exchange Online as part of the Business Productivity Online Standard Suite in November 2008.[25] In June 2011, as part of the commercial release of Microsoft Office 365, Exchange Online was updated with the capabilities of Exchange Server 2010.

Exchange Server 2010 was developed concurrently as a server product and for the Exchange Online service.

Vulnerabilities and hacks

2020

In February 2020, an ASP.NET vulnerability was discovered and exploited relying on a default setting allowing attackers to run arbitrary code with system privileges, only requiring a connection to the server as well as being logged into any user account which can be done through credential stuffing.[26][27]

The exploit relied on all versions of Microsoft Exchange using the same static validation key to decrypt, encrypt, and validate the 'View State' by default on all installations of the software and all versions of it, where the View State is used to temporarily preserve changes to an individual page as information is sent to the server. The default validation key used is therefore public knowledge, and so when this is used the validation key can be used to decrypt and falsely verify a modified View State containing commands added by an attacker.[26][27]

When logged in as any user, any .ASPX page is then loaded, and by requesting both the session ID of the user login and the correct View State directly from the server, this correct View State can be deserialised and then modified to also include arbitrary code and then be falsely verified by the attacker. This modified View State is then serialised and passed back to the server in a GET request along with the session ID to show it is from a logged-in user; in legitimate use, the view state should always be returned in a POST request, and never a GET request. This combination causes the server to decrypt and run this added code with its own privileges, allowing the server to be fully compromised as any command can therefore be run.[26][27]

In July 2020, Positive Technologies published research explaining how hackers can attack Microsoft Exchange Server without exploiting any vulnerabilities.[28] It was voted into Top 10 web hacking techniques of 2020 according to PortSwigger Ltd.[29]

2021

Main article: 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach

In 2021, critical zero-day exploits were discovered in Microsoft Exchange Server.[30] Thousands of organizations have been affected by hackers using these techniques to steal information and install malicious code.[31] Microsoft revealed that these vulnerabilities had existed for around 10 years,[32] but were exploited only from January 2021 onwards. The attack affected the email systems of an estimated 250,000 global customers, including state and local governments, policy think tanks, academic institutions, infectious disease researchers and businesses such as law firms and defense contractors.[33]

In a separate incident, an ongoing brute-force campaign from mid-2019 to the present (July 2021)[needs update], attributed by British and American (NSA, FBI, CISA) security agencies to the GRU, uses/used publicly known Exchange vulnerabilities, as well as already-obtained account credentials and other methods, to infiltrate networks and steal data.[34][35]

2023

In September 2023, Microsoft was notified that Microsoft Exchange is vulnerable to remote code execution including data theft attacks. Microsoft has not fixed these issues yet.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Microsoft Exchange Server Available". Microsoft. April 2, 1996. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  2. ^ "Exchange Server build numbers and release dates". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved April 22, 2025.
  3. ^ "Microsoft kündigt Exchange 2019 an". September 26, 2017.
  4. ^ "Released: 2022 H1 Cumulative Updates for Exchange Server". TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM. April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  5. ^ "Considerations when deploying Exchange on an Active/Active cluster". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  6. ^ "The benefits of Windows 2003 clustering with Exchange 2003". The Exchange Team Blog. June 9, 2004. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  7. ^ "Exchange Clustering Concepts". TechNet. February 9, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  8. ^ "Storage Glossary: Basic Storage Terms". TechNet. Microsoft. March 8, 2005. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  9. ^ "High availability". TechNet. March 8, 2005. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  10. ^ "Frequently asked questions—SQL Server 2000—Log shipping". Microsoft. March 8, 2005. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  11. ^ "An update is available that adds a file share witness feature and a configurable cluster heartbeats feature to Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1-based server clusters". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  12. ^ "Top 75 Microsoft Licensing Terms – A Glossary From A(ntigen) To Z(une)". OMTCO, omt-co Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  13. ^ "Exchange Server Protocols". Microsoft. November 7, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  14. ^ "Evolution/FAQ - GNOME Live!". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  15. ^ Beonex. "Owl for Exchange". Owl for Exchange. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  16. ^ "What is the Microsoft Exchange client?".
  17. ^ "Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync Licensees". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  18. ^ "Exchange ActiveSync: Frequently Asked Questions". TechNet. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  19. ^ "Exchange ActiveSync". Apple. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  20. ^ "Apple - iPhone in Business". TechNet. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  21. ^ "Hosted Exchange Partner Directory". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  22. ^ "Microsoft Exchange Online for Enterprises Service Description". Microsoft. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  23. ^ Puca, Anthony (2013). Microsoft Office 365 Administration Inside Out. Microsoft Press. pp. 459–462. ISBN 978-0735678231.
  24. ^ Ina Fried (March 10, 2005). "Microsoft hops into managed PC business". CNET News. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  25. ^ "Microsoft hops into managed PC business". Microsoft. November 7, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  26. ^ a b c "Hackers Scanning for Vulnerable Microsoft Exchange Servers, Patch Now!". BleepingComputer. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  27. ^ a b c Nusbaum, Scott; Response, Christopher Paschen in Incident; Response, Incident; Forensics (February 28, 2020). "Detecting CVE-2020-0688 Remote Code Execution Vulnerability on Microsoft Exchange Server". TrustedSec. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
  28. ^ Sharoglazov, Arseniy (July 23, 2020). "Attacking MS Exchange Web Interfaces". PT SWARM. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  29. ^ "Top 10 web hacking techniques of 2020". PortSwigger Research. February 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  30. ^ "HAFNIUM targeting Exchange Servers with 0-day exploits". Microsoft Security. March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  31. ^ "Exchange email hack: Hundreds of UK firms compromised". BBC News. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  32. ^ "Microsoft's big email hack: What happened, who did it, and why it matters". CNBC. March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  33. ^ "Here's what we know so far about the massive Microsoft Exchange hack". CNN. March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  34. ^ "NSA, Partners Release Cybersecurity Advisory on Brute Force Global Cyber Campaign". nsa.gov. National Security Agency. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  35. ^ "Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments" (PDF). Defense.gov. Joint publication form US/UK security agencies. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  36. ^ New Microsoft Exchange zero-days allow RCE, data theft attacks
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