Jump to content

Rust (programming language)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Butasimpleprogrammer (talk | contribs) at 00:24, 22 September 2021 (→Types and polymorphism: I think that this paragraph is more beginner friendly and clear.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Rust
A capitalised letter R set into a sprocket
The official Rust logo
ParadigmsMulti-paradigm: concurrent, functional, generic, imperative, structured
Designed byGraydon Hoare
DeveloperThe Rust Foundation
First appearedJuly 7, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-07-07)
Stable release
1.86.0[1] Edit this on Wikidata / April 3, 2025; 18 days ago (April 3, 2025)
Typing disciplineAffine, inferred, nominal, static, strong
Implementation languageRust
OSCross-platform
LicenseMIT or Apache 2.0[2]
Filename extensions.rs, .rlib
Websitewww.rust-lang.org
Influenced by
Influenced

Rust is a multi-paradigm, high-level, general-purpose programming language designed for performance and safety, especially safe concurrency.[12][13] Rust is syntactically similar to C++,[14] but can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker to validate references.[15] Rust achieves memory safety without garbage collection, and reference counting is optional.[16][17]

Rust was originally designed by Graydon Hoare at Mozilla Research, with contributions from Dave Herman, Brendan Eich, and others.[18][19] The designers refined the language while writing the Servo experimental browser engine,[20] and the Rust compiler. It has gained increasing use in industry, and Microsoft has been experimenting with the language for secure and safety-critical software components.[21][22]

Rust has been voted the "most loved programming language" in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey every year since 2016, though only used by 7% of the respondents in the 2021 survey.[23]

History

An example of compiling a Rust program

The language grew out of a personal project begun in 2006 by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare,[13] who stated that the project was possibly named after the rust family of fungi.[24] Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009[13] and announced it in 2010.[25][26] The same year, work shifted from the initial compiler (written in OCaml) to the LLVM-based self-hosting compiler written in Rust.[27] Named rustc, it successfully compiled itself in 2011.[28]

The first numbered pre-alpha release of the Rust compiler occurred in January 2012.[29] Rust 1.0, the first stable release, was released on May 15, 2015.[30][31] Following 1.0, stable point releases are delivered every six weeks, while features are developed in nightly Rust with daily releases, then tested with beta releases that last six weeks.[32][33] Every 2 to 3 years, a new Rust "Edition" is produced. This is to provide a easy reference point for changes due to the frequent nature of Rust's Train release schedule, as well as to provide a window to make breaking changes. Editions are largely compatible.[34]

Along with conventional static typing, before version 0.4, Rust also supported typestates. The typestate system modeled assertions before and after program statements, through use of a special check statement. Discrepancies could be discovered at compile time, rather than at runtime, as might be the case with assertions in C or C++ code. The typestate concept was not unique to Rust, as it was first introduced in the language NIL.[35] Typestates were removed because in practice they were little used,[36] though the same functionality can be achieved by leveraging Rust's move semantics.[37]

The object system style changed considerably within versions 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 of Rust. Version 0.2 introduced classes for the first time, and version 0.3 added several features, including destructors and polymorphism through the use of interfaces. In Rust 0.4, traits were added as a means to provide inheritance; interfaces were unified with traits and removed as a separate feature. Classes were also removed and replaced by a combination of implementations and structured types.[citation needed]

Starting in Rust 0.9 and ending in Rust 0.11, Rust had two built-in pointer types: ~ and @, simplifying the core memory model. It reimplemented those pointer types in the standard library as Box and (the now removed) Gc.

In January 2014, before the first stable release, Rust 1.0, the editor-in-chief of Dr. Dobb's, Andrew Binstock, commented on Rust's chances of becoming a competitor to C++ and to the other up-and-coming languages D, Go, and Nim (then Nimrod). According to Binstock, while Rust was "widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language", adoption slowed because it repeatedly changed between versions.[38]

Rust has a foreign function interface (FFI) that can be called from, e.g., C language, and can call C. While calling C++ has historically been problematic (from any language), Rust has a library, CXX, to allow calling to or from C++, and "CXX has zero or negligible overhead."[39]

In August 2020, Mozilla laid off 250 of its 1,000 employees worldwide as part of a corporate restructuring caused by the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[40][41] Among those laid off were most of the Rust team,[42][better source needed] while the Servo team was completely disbanded.[43][better source needed] The event raised concerns about the future of Rust.[44]

In the following week, the Rust Core Team acknowledged the severe impact of the layoffs and announced that plans for a Rust foundation were underway. The first goal of the foundation would be taking ownership of all trademarks and domain names, and also take financial responsibility for their costs.[45]

On February 8, 2021 the formation of the Rust Foundation was officially announced by its five founding companies (AWS, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla).[46][47]

On April 6, 2021, Google announced support for Rust within Android Open Source Project as an alternative to C/C++.[48]

Syntax

Here is a "Hello, World!" program written in Rust. The println! macro prints the message to standard output.

fn main() {
    println!("Hello, World!");
}

The syntax of Rust is similar to C and C++, with blocks of code delimited by curly brackets, and control flow keywords such as if, else, while, and for, although the specific syntax for defining functions is more similar to Pascal. Despite the resemblance to C and C++, the syntax of Rust in is closer to that of the ML family of languages and the Haskell language. Nearly every part of a function body is an expression,[49] even control flow operators. For example, the ordinary if expression also takes the place of C's ternary conditional, an idiom used by ALGOL 60. As in Lisp, a function need not end with a return expression: in this case if the semicolon is omitted, the last expression in the function creates the return value, as seen in the following recursive implementation of the factorial function: 

fn factorial(i: u64) -> u64 {
    match i {
        0 => 1,
        n => n * factorial(n-1)
    }
}

The following iterative implementation uses the ..= operator to create an inclusive range: 

fn factorial(i: u64) -> u64 {
    (2..=i).product()
}

Features

A presentation on Rust by Emily Dunham from Mozilla's Rust team (linux.conf.au conference, Hobart, 2017)

Rust is intended to be a language for highly concurrent and highly safe systems,[50] and programming in the large, that is, creating and maintaining boundaries that preserve large-system integrity.[51] This has led to a feature set with an emphasis on safety, control of memory layout, and concurrency.

Memory safety

Rust is designed to be memory safe. It does not permit null pointers, dangling pointers, or data races.[52][53][54] Data values can be initialized only through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized.[55] To replicate pointers being either valid or NULL, such as in linked list or binary tree data structures, the Rust core library provides an option type, which can be used to test whether a pointer has Some value or None.[53] Rust has added syntax to manage lifetimes, which are checked at compile time by the borrow checker. Unsafe code can subvert some of these restrictions using the unsafe keyword.[15]

Memory management

Rust does not use automated garbage collection. Memory and other resources are managed through the resource acquisition is initialization convention,[56] with optional reference counting. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low overhead.[citation needed] Rust favors stack allocation of values and does not perform implicit boxing.

There is the concept of references (using the & symbol), which does not involve run-time reference counting. The safety of such pointers is verified at compile time, preventing dangling pointers and other forms of undefined behavior. Rust's type system separates shared, immutable pointers of the form &T from unique, mutable pointers of the form &mut T. A mutable pointer can be coerced to an immutable pointer, but not vice versa.

Ownership

Rust has an ownership system where all values have a unique owner, and the scope of the value is the same as the scope of the owner.[57][58] Values can be passed by immutable reference, using &T, by mutable reference, using &mut T, or by value, using T. At all times, there can either be multiple immutable references or one mutable reference (an implicit readers–writer lock). The Rust compiler enforces these rules at compile time and also checks that all references are valid.

Types and polymorphism

The type system supports a mechanism similar to type classes, called traits, inspired by the Haskell language. This facility is for ad hoc polymorphism, achieved by adding constraints to type variable declarations.

Rust uses type inference for variables declared with the keyword let. Such variables do not require a value to be initially assigned to determine their type. A compile time error results if any branch of code leaves the variable without an assignment.[59] Variables assigned multiple times must be marked with the keyword mut (short for mutable).

Functions can be given generic parameters, which usually constrain the generic type to implement a particular trait or traits. Within such a function, the generic value can only be used through those traits. This means that a generic function can be type-checked as soon as it is defined.

The implementation of Rust generics is similar to the typical implementation of C++ templates: a separate copy of the code is generated for each instantiation. This is called monomorphization and contrasts with the type erasure scheme typically used in Java and Haskell. Rust's type erasure is also available by using the keyword dyn. The benefit of monomorphization is optimized code for each specific use case; the drawback is increased compile time and size of the resulting binaries.

In Rust user defined types are created with the struct<\code> keyword. These types usually contains fields of data like objects or classes in other languages. The impl keyword can define methods for the struct (data and function are defined separately in a struct) or implement a trait for the structure. A trait is a contract that a structure has certain required methods implemented. Traits are used to restrict generic parameters and because traits can provide a struct with more methods than the user defined. For example, the trait Iterator requires that the next method be defined for the type. Once the next method is defined the trait provides common functional helper methods over the iterator like map or filter.

The object system within Rust is based around implementations, traits and structured types. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of classes within other languages and are defined with the keyword impl. Traits provide inheritance and polymorphism; they allow methods to be defined and mixed in to implementations. Structured types are used to define fields. Implementations and traits cannot define fields themselves, and only traits can provide inheritance. Among other benefits, this prevents the diamond problem of multiple inheritance, as in C++. In other words, Rust supports interface inheritance but replaces implementation inheritance with composition; see composition over inheritance.

Components

Rust features a large number of components that extend the Rust feature set and make Rust development easier. Component installation is typically managed by rustup, a Rust toolchain installer developed by the Rust project.[60]

Cargo

Cargo is Rust's build system and package manager. Cargo handles downloading dependencies, and building dependencies. Cargo also acts as a wrapper for clippy and other Rust components. It requires projects to follow a certain directory structure.[61]

The dependencies for a Rust package are specified in a Cargo.toml file along with version requirements, telling Cargo which versions of the dependency are compatible with the package. By default, Cargo sources its dependencies from the user-contributed registry crates.io but Git repositories and packages in the local filesystem can be specified as dependencies, too.[62]

Rustfmt

Rustfmt is a code formatter for Rust. It takes Rust source code as input and changes the whitespace and indentation to produce formatted code in accordance to the Rust style guide or rules specified in a rustfmt.toml file. Rustfmt can be invoked as a standalone program or on a Rust project through Cargo. [63][64]


Clippy

Clippy is Rust's built in linting tool to improve the correctness, performance, and readability of Rust code. As of 2021, Clippy has more than 450 rules,[65] which can be browsed online and filtered by category.[66] Some rules are disabled by default.

RLS

RLS is a language server that provides IDEs and text editors with more information about a Rust project. It provides linting checks via Clippy, formatting via Rustfmt, automatic code completion via Racer, among other functions.[67] Development of Racer was slowed down in favor of rust-analyzer.[68]

Language extensions

It is possible to extend the Rust language using the procedural macro mechanism.[69]

Procedural macros use Rust functions that run at compile time to modify the compiler's token stream. This complements the user-defined macro mechanism, which uses pattern matching to achieve similar goals.

Procedural macros come in three flavors:

  • Function-like macros custom!(...)
  • Derive macros #[derive(CustomDerive)]
  • Attribute macros #[CustomAttribute]

The println! macro is an example of a function-like macro and serde_derive[70] is a commonly used library for generating code for reading and writing data in many formats such as JSON. Attribute macros are commonly used for language bindings such as the extendr library for Rust bindings to R.[71]

The following code shows the use of the Serialize, Deserialize and Debug derive procedural macros to implement JSON reading and writing as well as the ability to format a structure for debugging. 

use serde_json::{Serialize, Deserialize};

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Point {
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
}

fn main() {
    let point = Point { x: 1, y: 2 };

    let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&point).unwrap();
    println!("serialized = {}", serialized);

    let deserialized: Point = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
    println!("deserialized = {:?}", deserialized);
}

Performance

Rust aims "to be as efficient and portable as idiomatic C++, without sacrificing safety".[72] Since Rust utilizes LLVM, any performance improvements in LLVM also carry over to Rust.[73]

Adoption

A bright orange crab icon
Some Rust users refer to themselves as Rustaceans (a pun on crustacean) and use Ferris as their unofficial mascot.[74]

See also: Category:Rust (programming language) software

Rust was the third-most-loved programming language in the 2015 Stack Overflow annual survey[75] and took first place for 2016–2021.[76][77]

Web browsers

Firefox has two projects written in Rust: the Servo parallel browser engine[78] developed by Mozilla in collaboration with Samsung;[79] and Quantum, which is composed of several sub-projects for improving Mozilla's Gecko browser engine.[80]

Experimental operating systems

  • Redox, a "full-blown Unix-like operating system" including a microkernel[81]
  • Theseus, OS with "intralingual design" and a fundamental architecture which embodies Rust concepts[82]

Other

Governance

Rust Foundation
FormationFebruary 8, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-02-08)
Founders
TypeNonprofit organization
Location
Shane Miller
Ashley Williams (interim)
Websitefoundation.rust-lang.org

The Rust Foundation is a non-profit membership organization incorporated in Delaware, United States, with the primary purposes of supporting the maintenance and development of the language, cultivating the Rust project team members and user communities, managing the technical infrastructure underlying the development of Rust, and managing and stewarding the Rust trademark.

It was established on February 8, 2021, with five founding corporate members (Amazon Web Services, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla).[97]

The foundation's board is chaired by Shane Miller.[98] Its interim Executive Director is Ashley Williams.

Development

Rust conferences include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Announcing Rust 1.86.0". April 3, 2025. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Rust Reference: Appendix: Influences". Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
  3. ^ "Note Research: Type System". February 1, 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  4. ^ "RFC for 'if let' expression". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  5. ^ "Command Optimizations?". June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  6. ^ "Idris – Uniqueness Types". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  7. ^ Jaloyan, Georges-Axel (October 19, 2017). "Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014". arXiv:1710.07047. Bibcode:2017arXiv171007047J. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Lattner, Chris. "Chris Lattner's Homepage". Nondot.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  9. ^ "Microsoft opens up Rust-inspired Project Verona programming language on GitHub". Archived from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  10. ^ "PHP RFC: Shorter Attribute Syntax". June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  11. ^ Hoare, Graydon (December 28, 2016). "Rust is mostly safety". Graydon2. Dreamwidth Studios. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  12. ^ a b c "FAQ – The Rust Project". Rust-lang.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
  13. ^ "Rust vs. C++ Comparison". Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Unsafe Rust". Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  15. ^ "Fearless Security: Memory Safety". Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  16. ^ "Rc<T>, the Reference Counted Smart Pointer". Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  17. ^ Noel (July 8, 2010). "The Rust Language". Lambda the Ultimate. Archived from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  18. ^ "Contributors to rust-lang/rust". GitHub. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  19. ^ Bright, Peter (April 3, 2013). "Samsung teams up with Mozilla to build browser engine for multicore machines". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 16, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  20. ^ "Why Rust for safe systems programming". Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  21. ^ "How Microsoft Is Adopting Rust". August 6, 2020. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  22. ^ "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021". Stack Overflow. Retrieved August 3, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Hoare, Graydon (June 7, 2014). "Internet archaeology: the definitive, end-all source for why Rust is named "Rust"". Reddit.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  24. ^ "Future Tense". April 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  25. ^ Hoare, Graydon (July 7, 2010). Project Servo (PDF). Mozilla Annual Summit 2010. Whistler, Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  26. ^ Hoare, Graydon (October 2, 2010). "Rust Progress". Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  27. ^ Hoare, Graydon (April 20, 2011). "[rust-dev] stage1/rustc builds". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  28. ^ catamorphism (January 20, 2012). "Mozilla and the Rust community release Rust 0.1 (a strongly-typed systems programming language with a focus on memory safety and concurrency)". Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  29. ^ "Version History". Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  30. ^ The Rust Core Team (May 15, 2015). "Announcing Rust 1.0". Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  31. ^ "Scheduling the Trains". Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  32. ^ "G - How Rust is Made and "Nightly Rust" - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  33. ^ "What are editions? - The Edition Guide". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  34. ^ Strom, Robert E.; Yemini, Shaula (1986). "Typestate: A Programming Language Concept for Enhancing Software Reliability" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering: 157–171. doi:10.1109/TSE.1986.6312929. ISSN 0098-5589. S2CID 15575346. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  35. ^ Walton, Patrick (December 26, 2012). "Typestate Is Dead, Long Live Typestate!". GitHub. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  36. ^ Biffle, Cliff (June 5, 2019). "The Typestate Pattern in Rust". Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  37. ^ Binstock, Andrew. "The Rise And Fall of Languages in 2013". Dr Dobb's. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  38. ^ "Safe Interoperability between Rust and C++ with CXX". InfoQ. December 6, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  39. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (August 11, 2020). "Mozilla lays off 250 employees while it refocuses on commercial products". ZDNet. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  40. ^ Cooper, Daniel (August 11, 2020). "Mozilla lays off 250 employees due to the pandemic". Engadget. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  41. ^ @tschneidereit (August 12, 2020). "Much of the team I used to manage was part of the Mozilla layoffs on Tuesday. That team was Mozilla's Rust team, and Mozilla's Wasmtime team. I thought I'd know how to talk about it by now, but I don't. It's heartbreaking, incomprehensible, and staggering in its impact" (Tweet). Retrieved December 2, 2020 – via Twitter.
  42. ^ @asajeffrey (August 11, 2020). "Mozilla is closing down the team I'm on, so I am one of the many folks now wondering what the next gig will be. It's been a wild ride!" (Tweet). Retrieved December 2, 2020 – via Twitter.
  43. ^ Kolakowski, Nick (August 27, 2020). "Is Rust in Trouble After Big Mozilla Layoffs?". Dice. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  44. ^ "Laying the foundation for Rust's future". Rust Blog. August 18, 2020. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  45. ^ "Rust Foundation". foundation.rust-lang.org. February 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  46. ^ "Mozilla Welcomes the Rust Foundation". Mozilla Blog. February 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  47. ^ Amadeo, Ron (April 7, 2021). "Google is now writing low-level Android code in Rust". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  48. ^ "rust/src/grammar/parser-lalr.y". May 23, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  49. ^ Avram, Abel (August 3, 2012). "Interview on Rust, a Systems Programming Language Developed by Mozilla". InfoQ. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  50. ^ "Debian -- Details of package rustc in sid". packages.debian.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  51. ^ Rosenblatt, Seth (April 3, 2013). "Samsung joins Mozilla's quest for Rust". Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  52. ^ a b Brown, Neil (April 17, 2013). "A taste of Rust". Archived from the original on April 26, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  53. ^ "Races - The Rustonomicon". doc.rust-lang.org. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  54. ^ "The Rust Language FAQ". static.rust-lang.org. 2015. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  55. ^ "RAII – Rust By Example". doc.rust-lang.org. Archived from the original on April 21, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  56. ^ Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol (June 2018). "Chapter 4: Understanding Ownership". The Rust Programming Language. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-593-27828-1. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  57. ^ "The Rust Programming Language: What is Ownership". Rust-lang.org. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  58. ^ Walton, Patrick (October 1, 2010). "Rust Features I: Type Inference". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  59. ^ rust-lang/rustup, The Rust Programming Language, May 17, 2021, retrieved May 17, 2021
  60. ^ "Why Cargo Exists". The Cargo Book. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  61. ^ "Specifying Dependencies - The Cargo Book". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  62. ^ "rust-dev-tools/fmt-rfcs". GitHub. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  63. ^ "rustfmt". GitHub. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  64. ^ "rust-lang/rust-clippy". GitHub. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  65. ^ "ALL the Clippy Lints". Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  66. ^ "rust-lang/rls". GitHub. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  67. ^ "racer-rust/racer". GitHub. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  68. ^ "Procedural Macros". The Rust Programming Language Reference. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  69. ^ "Serde Derive". Serde Derive documentation. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  70. ^ "extendr_api - Rust". Extendr Api Documentation. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  71. ^ Walton, Patrick (December 5, 2010). "C++ Design Goals in the Context of Rust". Archived from the original on December 9, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  72. ^ "How Fast Is Rust?". The Rust Programming Language FAQ. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  73. ^ "Getting Started". rust-lang.org. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  74. ^ "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2015". Stackoverflow.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  75. ^ "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  76. ^ "Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021". Stack Overflow. Retrieved August 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  77. ^ Yegulalp, Serdar (April 3, 2015). "Mozilla's Rust-based Servo browser engine inches forward". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  78. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (April 3, 2015). "Mozilla And Samsung Team Up To Develop Servo, Mozilla's Next-Gen Browser Engine For Multicore Processors". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  79. ^ Bryant, David (October 27, 2016). "A Quantum Leap for the web". Medium. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  80. ^ Yegulalp, Serdar. "Rust's Redox OS could show Linux a few new tricks". infoworld. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  81. ^ "Introduction to Theseus". Theseus OS Book. Retrieved July 11, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  82. ^ Garbutt, James (January 27, 2019). "First thoughts on Deno, the JavaScript/TypeScript run-time". 43081j.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  83. ^ Howarth, Jesse (February 4, 2020). "Why Discord is switching from Go to Rust". Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  84. ^ Vishnevskiy, Stanislav (July 6, 2017). "How Discord Scaled Elixir to 5,000,000 Concurrent Users". Discord Blog.
  85. ^ "Google Fushcia's source code". Google Git. Retrieved July 2, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  86. ^ Nichols, Shaun (June 27, 2018). "Microsoft's next trick? Kicking things out of the cloud to Azure IoT Edge". The Register. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  87. ^ Balbaert, Ivo (May 27, 2015). Rust Essentials. Packt Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1785285769. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  88. ^ Frank, Denis (December 5, 2013). "Using HyperLogLog to Detect Malware Faster Than Ever". OpenDNS Security Labs. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  89. ^ Denis, Frank (October 4, 2013). "ZeroMQ: Helping us Block Malicious Domains in Real Time". OpenDNS Security Labs. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  90. ^ "Ruffle". Ruffle. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  91. ^ Sei, Mark (October 10, 2018). "Fedora 29 new features: Startis now officially in Fedora". Marksei, Weekly sysadmin pills. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  92. ^ "RHEL 8: Chapter 8. Managing layered local storage with Stratis". October 10, 2018. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  93. ^ Hahn, Sebastian (March 31, 2017). "[tor-dev] Tor in a safer language: Network team update from Amsterdam". Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  94. ^ asn (July 5, 2017). "The Wilmington Watch: A Tor Network Team Hackfest". Tor Blog. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
  95. ^ terminusdb/terminusdb-store, TerminusDB, December 14, 2020, archived from the original on December 15, 2020, retrieved December 14, 2020
  96. ^ Krill, Paul. "Rust language moves to independent foundation". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  97. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (April 9, 2021). "AWS's Shane Miller to head the newly created Rust Foundation". ZDNet. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  98. ^ "RustConf 2020 - Thursday, August 20". rustconf.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  99. ^ Rust Belt Rust. Dayton, Ohio. October 18, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  100. ^ RustFest. Barcelona, Spain: asquera Event UG. 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  101. ^ "Oxidize Global". Oxidize Berlin Conference. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "mozilla-research" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "RustPlatforms" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "EmbeddedFAQ" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "OpenBSD" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "rust-on-ios" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&oldid=1045703252"