„Adud ad-Daula“ – Versionsunterschied

Vorlage:Infobox royalty Vorlage:Pp-semi-sock Fana Khusraw (Vorlage:Lang-fa), better known by his laqab of Adud al-Dawla (Arabic: عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty") (September 24, 936  – March 26, 983Vorlage:Sfn) was king of the Buyid dynasty from 949 to 983. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the dynasty,Vorlage:Sfn and one of the most powerful Muslim rulers during his late reign.Vorlage:Sfn

The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fana Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the title Shahanshah (King of Kings).

When Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital of the city, Baghdad was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shi'a scholars such as al-Mufid, and he sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shi'a shrines.

In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Estakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-e Amir (port of the Amir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Arvand Rud river (the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its joining point with the Arvand Rud.

Biography

Early life

Fanna Khusraw was born at Isfahan on September 24, 936, his father was Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla.

Emir of Fars

In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949. Unfortunately this appointment was not accepted by the court. A rebellion against Fanna Khusraw occurred shortly after. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the vizier of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Both managed to put Adud al-Dawla on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Khusraw then requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid Caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fana Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title ("Adud al-Dawla") ("Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty") was instead chosen.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

Adud's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most of powerful Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir. Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized this prerogative. In 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq.

Conquest of Kerman

Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but the Banu Ilyas managed to regain control of the region. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province.Vorlage:Sfn

In the next year, Adud negotiated peace with Khalaf ibn Ahmad, the Saffarid ruler of Sistan, who played a key role in weakening the enemies of the Buyids, that is to say, the Samanids.Vorlage:Sfn However, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the armies of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz.Vorlage:Sfn During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance. On August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had renounced their oath. They were defeated on January 8, 972. Adud al-Dawla installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. On the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered Sohar, and expanded his domains in much of Oman.

In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on January 30 975. He then made a plot which forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on March 12, 975. Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, protested against Adud al-Dawla, claiming that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make a agreement with his father by proposing to pay tribute to him. Rukn al-Dawla, however, rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration of Izz al-Dawla would later lead to war between him and Adud al-Dawla after the death of Rukn al-Dawla.Vorlage:Sfn

In 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer to Kerman.

Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries

Struggle for power and war against the Hamdanids

On September 16, 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud-Dawla. He made an alliance with Fakhr al-Dawla, the brother of Adud-Dawla and his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids prevailing in northern Iraq, the Kurdish leader Hasanûya Barzekânî and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother.Vorlage:Sfn

Izz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on July 1, 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On May 29, 978, Izz al-Dawla along with Abu Taghlib invaded the domains of his Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn He then marched to Mosul and captured the city,Vorlage:Sfn which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Byzantine territory in Anzitene where he asked for aid. The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was afterwards captured by the Buyids, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla.Vorlage:Sfn Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign.

Adud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds. He also killed some of the son of the Hasanwayhid ruler, and chose Abu al-Najm Nssir ad-Din Badr ben Hasanwayh as the heir of the Hasanwayhid dynasty.Vorlage:Sfn It should be understood that during that period the word "Kurd" meant nomad.Vorlage:Sfn

In May 979, Adud-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the entire area south of the city which would remain in Buyid hands in half a century. Shortly after, on October/November of the same year, Ismail ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud-Dawla, recognized his younger brother because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him against the Samanids who allied with Ziyarids to conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla later managed to conquer these two provinces.Vorlage:Sfn

Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including it's surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Other regions such as Makran, was also under Buyid control.Vorlage:Sfn

Adud then spent the rest of his reign in Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Dailamites and Turks of the Buyid army.Vorlage:Sfn

Administration and contributions

Picture of the Qur'an Gate in Shiraz, constructed during the reign of Adud al-Dawla

Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his ministers there. He had a Christian minister named Nasr Ibn Harun.Vorlage:Sfn Under him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings. He also built a famous public hospital named Al-Adudi. It was the largest hospital of that time, the hospital was destroyed during the Mongol conquests.Vorlage:Sfn He also founded the Bimaristan-e Adudi (Al-Adudi Hospital) which was where the great polymath Rhazes spent his last days practicing in.

Adud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. The city that has particularly benefited from this work is Shiraz. In the region of Shiraz, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning system of residential rooms. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city near the city for his army. The name of city was Kard-e Khosrow Fanna (made by Khusraw Fanna), making a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.Vorlage:Sfn

There were two annual festivals in the city. The first to commemorate the day when the water pipe reached the city and the second to recall the date of the founding of the city. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.

All these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the tenth century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions.Vorlage:Sfn

Death and succession

Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad in 983, and was buried in Najaf. However, he had not chosen any successor, which resulted in a succession crisis; Adud's son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.Vorlage:Sfn

Legacy

Adud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran. He visited Persepolis where he left an inscription which shows his awareness of being heir of a pre-Islamic civilization. He even minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, and carrying the traditional Sasanian inscription; Shahanshah, may his glory increase. While the reverse side of the coin said: May Shah Fana Khusraw live long.

Map of the Buyid Empire at the death of Adud al-Dawla.

However, he still preferred Arabic authors more than Persian ones. There is very little evidence which shows his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular content. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian.Vorlage:Sfn

Like many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian. However, he did not follow a Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to get closer to the Sunnis by giving his daughter in marriage to the Caliph, which was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage.Vorlage:Sfn

Encyclopaedia Iranica states the following thing about him:

Sources

• W. Madelung: The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Hrsg.: R.N. Frye. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6, The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran, S. 198–249 (google.com). 
• Hill, Donald Routledge, Islamic Science And Engineering, Edinburgh University Press (1993), ISBN 0-7486-0455-3
• Edward Granville Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9
• C. E. Bosworth: The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Hrsg.: R. N. Frye. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 0-521-20093-8, Iran under the Buyids, S. 250–305 (google.dk). 
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• Hugh N. Kennedy: The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century. Second Auflage. Pearson Education Ltd., Harlow, UK 2004, ISBN 0-582-40525-4 (google.com). 
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