Draft:Arta Conference
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Comment: First, this requires a total rewrite by a human being. AI Generated slop is unacceptable. Almost all of this is AI generated. Resubmission with AI remaining is likely to lead to rejection. The only reason I did not reject it was because the topic has notability, and I believe you are capable of rewriting itPlease do not use references which require downloads 🇵🇸🇺🇦 FiddleTimtrent FaddleTalk to me 🇺🇦🇵🇸 08:56, 25 October 2025 (UTC)
| Arta Conference | |
|---|---|
| Status | Concluded |
| Genre | Peace conference |
| Date | 20 April – 5 May 2000 |
| Locations | Arta, Djibouti |
| Country | Djibouti |
| Participants | Somali clan representatives, civil society, religious leaders, politicians |
| Organised by | Government of Djibouti |
The Arta Conference (also known as the Djibouti Conference or the Somalia National Peace Conference) was a Somali peace conference held in the town of Arta, Djibouti between 20 April and 5 May 2000... .[1] It aimed to bring together Somalia’s warring clans and political factions to end the Somali Civil War and re-establish a national government after nearly a decade of state collapse.
The conference culminated in the creation of the Transitional National Government (TNG), marking the first attempt since 1991 to restore a functioning central administration.[2]
Background
[edit]Following the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, Somalia descended into civil war. Numerous reconciliation efforts during the 1990s—held in Ethiopia, Egypt, and elsewhere—failed to produce a durable settlement. By the late 1990s, the country was divided among competing warlords, autonomous regions such as Puntland and Somaliland, and clan-based militias.[3]
In early 2000, Djiboutian President Ismail Omar Guelleh launched a new peace initiative under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). The initiative aimed to be more inclusive, prioritizing the participation of Somali civil society, religious leaders, women, and diaspora representatives rather than focusing solely on armed factions.[4]
The Conference
[edit]The Arta Conference took place in the coastal town of Arta, approximately 40 kilometres west of Djibouti City. More than 2,000 Somali delegates attended, including traditional clan elders, politicians, women’s groups, religious scholars, and business leaders.[5]
The conference was structured in two main phases:
- **Phase I (April 2000):** Delegates representing the four major Somali clans (Darod, Hawiye, Dir, and Rahanweyn) and minority communities met to discuss reconciliation and the establishment of a transitional framework. Each major clan was allocated 180 seats, and minority groups shared 90 seats.[2]
- **Phase II (May 2000):** Civil society and political figures joined to draft a national charter and plan for transitional institutions.
Several powerful faction leaders and regional authorities—including those from Puntland and Somaliland—boycotted the process, arguing that it lacked legitimacy. Nevertheless, the Arta Conference was widely recognized for its inclusivity, especially the unprecedented participation of women and non-combatant groups.[6]
Outcomes
[edit]On 5 May 2000, delegates adopted the Transitional National Charter, establishing a three-year interim administration known as the Transitional National Government (TNG).[7]
The TNG included:
- A 245-member Transitional National Assembly;
- A transitional cabinet and executive branch;
- Representation based on the “4.5 formula” (four major clans plus a coalition of minority groups).
In August 2000, the assembly elected Abdiqasim Salad Hassan as President of Somalia in a vote held in Djibouti.[3] The new government enabled Somalia to reclaim its seats at the United Nations and African Union, though its territorial control was initially limited to parts of Mogadishu and southern Somalia.[1]
Legacy
[edit]The Arta process represented the first substantial attempt to reconstitute a Somali state since 1991. While the TNG struggled to assert authority and faced opposition from autonomous regions and rival coalitions, the Arta framework demonstrated the potential for civil society-led peacebuilding in Somalia.[4]
In 2002, IGAD sponsored new peace talks in Eldoret, Kenya, building upon the Arta framework. These talks culminated in the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004.[3]
Scholars and analysts have described the Arta Conference as a “turning point” in the Somali peace process, noting its success in producing an interim charter but also its failure to achieve national unity or comprehensive disarmament.[8]
See also
[edit]- Somali Civil War
- Transitional National Government of Somalia
- Peace processes in the Somali Civil War
- Ismail Omar Guelleh
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Somali Peace Process". African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ a b Somalia: Report of the Secretary-General (PDF) (Report). United Nations. 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ a b c Somalia: Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ a b "Somalia: The Arta Conference and the Transitional National Government (2000–2004)" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ "Annex 2: Arta Conference 2000". International Court of Justice. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ "Somalia: Chronology of Events Leading to Reconciliation Talks". The New Humanitarian. 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ "Somalia 2002 Human Rights Report". U.S. Department of State. 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
- ^ "Somali Peace Agreements: Fuelling Factionalism". Conciliation Resources. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
External links
[edit]- AMISOM: Somali Peace Process
- United Nations: Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia (2001)
- ICJ: Annex on the Arta Conference (2000)
- Amnesty International: The TNG (2005)
Category:2000 in Djibouti Category:Peace conferences Category:Somali Civil War Category:Somali politics Category:History of Somalia