View source for Exercise Northern Edge

{{Short description|United States military joint training exercise}}
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[[File:USAF F-16C in Alaskan mountain range.jpg|thumb|300px|A USAF [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] participating in Northern Edge 2011]]

'''Exercise Northern Edge''' is a [[Military exercise|military joint training exercise]] conducted by the [[United States Armed Forces]] in the [[Gulf of Alaska]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anchorage |first=Casey Grove, Alaska Public Media |date=2023-05-01 |title=Alaska critics oppose Northern Edge, but this Navy commander says the military exercise is much needed |url=https://alaskapublic.org/2023/05/01/alaska-critics-oppose-northern-edge-but-this-navy-commander-says-the-military-exercise-is-much-needed/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Alaska Public Media |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505190922/https://alaskapublic.org/2023/05/01/alaska-critics-oppose-northern-edge-but-this-navy-commander-says-the-military-exercise-is-much-needed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alaskan Command]] (ALCOM) uses Alaskan training ranges to conduct this operation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge History |url=http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/ALCOM/NE03/webdocs/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030322155104/http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/ALCOM/NE03/webdocs/history.htm |archive-date=22 March 2003 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Elmendorf Air Force Base]] website}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== History ==
=== Jack Frost 1975–1979 ===
The Jack Frost was composed of three exercitations held in 1975, 1976 and 1979. The first of these was Jack Frost '75, an Alaskan Command-sponsored exercise. The second is Jack Frost '76, it has exercises sponsored by the [[United States Readiness Command]].

This year,{{When|date=August 2024}} units from the 9th [[Division (military)|Infantry Division]] from [[Lewis Army Museum|Ft. Lewis]] included the 3/34FA and 2/47 Infantry deployed in the field to test cold weather operations. In 1976, a detachment of the 337th [[United States Army Security Agency|Army Security Agency Company]] provided electronic warfare training which included [[Electronic countermeasure|electronic countermeasures]] (ECM), [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|electronic counter-countermeasures]] (ECCM), and [[communications security]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge – Eagle Country |url=https://skytrailer.nl/exercises/northern-edge/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730003727/https://skytrailer.nl/exercises/northern-edge/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322011511/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge.htm |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

[[United States Strike Command|US Readiness Command]] learned that the nickname, Jack Frost, was prohibited by JCS publications. The command received approval for the name Brim Frost, and the final Jack Frost exercise ran in 1979.<ref name=":0" />

=== Brim Frost 1981–1989 ===
Brim Frost was composed of five exercises. The first, Brim Frost '81, held in 1981, was sponsored by [[U.S. Readiness Command|US Readiness Command]]. Brim Frost '83 was conducted from 10 January to 11 February 1983. Brim Frost '85 began 10 December 1984 and concluded 24 January 1985, with more than 18,000 military troops participating. These operations exercised the ability of [[Joint Task Force-Alaska|Joint Task Force Alaska]] to conduct winter operations.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge History  |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/Info/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/290312/northern-edge-history/https://www.jber.jb.mil/Info/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/290312/northern-edge-history/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref>

Brim Frost '87 had 24,000 Army, Air Force, Coast Guard, and Navy personnel. More than 143 Air Force aircraft, 130 Army aircraft, and five major Coast Guard cutters were employed during Brim Frost '87. Brim Frost '89, sponsored by [[United States Army Forces Command|Forces Command]] had more than 26,000 troops and cost $15 million. This exercise involved numerous communications initiatives such as [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|Airborne Warning and Control System]] (AWACS) aircraft, satellites, and electronic intelligence.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />{{Dead link|date=August 2024}}

Brim Frost '89 aimed to include more than 26,000 troops; however, nearly all of the units dropped out of the exercise following the crash due to extreme weather of a Canadian [[C-130]] military transport plane and the death of 9 Canadians at Ft. Wainwright in [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pennell |first=John |date=January 29, 2019 |title=U.S. Army Alaska Marks Anniversary of C-130 Crash |url=https://alaska-native-news.com/u-s-army-alaska-marks-anniversary-of-c-130-crash/39886/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=Alaska Native News |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516000957/https://alaska-native-news.com/u-s-army-alaska-marks-anniversary-of-c-130-crash/39886/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The only units to participate were the 4th and 5th Battalions of the US Army's 9th Infantry Regiment, [[6th Infantry Division (United States)|6th Infantry Division]], some units of the Alaska National Guard and their necessary support units, and the 2nd Battalion of the [[17th Infantry Regiment (United States)|17th Infantry Regiment]] who were deployed to [[Kodiak Island]].{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

=== Arctic Warrior 1991 ===
Arctic Warrior '91 replaced the Brim Frost exercises with the reestablishment of Alaska Command in 1990. It also transferred the exercise sponsorship from [[United States Army Forces Command|Forces Command]] to [[United States Indo-Pacific Command|Pacific Command]]. The exercise ran from 25 January to 6 February 1991. It featured live fire and had more than 10,000 troops participating.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Northern Edge 1993–2004 ===

{{Needs sources|section|date=September 2022}}

The first Northern Edge exercise took place in 1993. This exercise was scaled in comparison. [[Alaskan Command|ALCOM]] designed it to be an internal training event for the headquarters and component headquarters staff.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holt |first=Jack |date=16 May 2007 |title=Stressed to the Seams, Alaska Shield still holds its Northern Edge |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573988/stressed-to-the-seams-alaska-shield-still-holds-its-northern-edge/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=National Guard |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181305/https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573988/stressed-to-the-seams-alaska-shield-still-holds-its-northern-edge/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Northern Edge '94 field training exercise from 11 to 18 March 1994, involved more than 14,600 military personnel. ALCOM activated the joint task force Northern Edge in response to a simulated [[National Command Authority (United States)|National Command Authority]] mission that provided forces to conduct peace enforcement operations.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Marines: Almanac '94 Special Edition |year=1994 |edition= |pages=25 |language=English}}</ref> Northern Edge '95 and '96 each consisted of three phases and included more than 14,000 personnel who participated in the joint exercise.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} The Northern Edge '97, with more than 9,000 personnel, divided its field training into two parts, held in different locations. Major air and ground maneuvers were held at [[Fort Greely]]. The naval harbor defense portion was held at [[Seward, Alaska]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Northern Edge '98 began with a mass airborne drop of 600 troops in training areas southeast of [[Fairbanks]], while maritime forces began protecting the harbor in [[Ketchikan]]. The mock town of Simpsonville was used for joint live fire exercises. [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache helicopters]] supported a brigade air assault, and more than 1,200 sorties assisted in air operations. The {{USS|Ingraham|FFG-61}} was the high-value unit for the port security portion of the exercise and the [[Marine Corps Security Force Regiment|US Marine Corps Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team]] (FAST) was the main defender alongside the Navy and Coast Guard.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} The Northern Edge '99 included a night airborne mass jump, a brigade air assault, more than 1,200 air sorties flown, theatre missile defense, harbor defense, and a three-day-and-night live fire at Simpsonville. The harbor defense exercise was conducted in Seward, with US Navy, Coast Guard, and [[Royal Canadian Navy|Canadian Navy]] units participating. The USMC Reserve Unit from Anchorage provided [[Opposing force|opposition force]] assets for the harbor defense portion of the exercise.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

During Northern Edge 2000, there were a number of live-fire exercises. A theatre missile defense cell took part in the exercise by conducting [[anti-ballistic missile]] operations against a simulated attack. Global Hawk, an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]], provided commanders with near real-time [[Aerial photography|aerial imagery]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} The Northern Edge 2001 facilitated joint operations in a cold climate.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Northern Edge 2002 trained the crews from an aircraft carrier and its accompanying support ships. The {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}} operated from the Gulf of Alaska, and its aircraft, including the new [[F-18 Super Hornet]], flew into the interior of the state. The area around Valdez served as the backdrop for the maritime activities and ground defense maneuvers, which focused on protecting the visiting {{USS|Dubuque|LPD-8}} and the Valdez Marine Terminal.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} The [[war in Iraq]] forced the Northern Edge 2003 to contract.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2002 |title=Northern Edge 2002 Headlines |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204033804/http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/orgs/alcom/ne/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Alaskan Command Public Affairs |publisher=[[Elmendorf Air Force Base]] website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morelle |first=Army Capt. Catherine |title=Northern Edge 2002 Focuses On Civil Defense In Valdez |url=http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/orgs/alcom/ne/News/03May/03MAY_001.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021214000829fw_/http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/orgs/alcom/ne/News/03May/03MAY_001.htm |archive-date=14 December 2002 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Alaskan Command Public Affairs |publisher=[[Elmendorf Air Force Base]] website |place=VALDEZ, Alaska |type=Post-9/11 civilian involvement in planning/executing/participating in Northern Edge 2002 |quote=Although Northern Edge 2002 ... was scheduled prior to September 11, there was speculation that real-world defense obligations would cancel the annual exercise altogether, according to Air Force Master Sgt. Angel Newman, Alaskan Command Public Affairs.}}</ref>

=== Northern Edge 2004–2006 ===
More than 9,000 people participated in Northern Edge 2004, which focused on air-centric tactics and personnel recovery operations in remote areas of the Pacific Alaska Range Complex near [[Fairbanks, Alaska]], and over water in the Gulf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge 2004 |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2004.htm |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.globalsecurity.org |archive-date=2022-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322011508/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2004.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> While traditionally held in the cold weather months, for 2004, Northern Edge was moved to June to accommodate the worldwide scheduling of combat forces and availability of the carrier strike group.<ref name="NNS040621-05">{{cite web | author= Journalist 2nd Class Gabriel Owens, USN | title= 'Stennis' Strike Group Completes Exercise in Alaska | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=13861 | work= NNS040621-05 | publisher= USS John C. Stennis Public Affairs | date= 21 June 2004 | accessdate= 2010-08-31 | archive-date= 2011-06-29 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629070208/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=13861 | url-status= live }}</ref> Held from 7 June through 16 June 2004. Along with aircraft from [[Carrier Group Seven]], several other air units participated, including the [[Pacific Air Forces]], [[1st Marine Aircraft Wing]] from [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], Japan,<ref name="NNS040621-05" /> and fighter units from [[Mountain Home Air Force Base|Mountain Home AFB]], Idaho.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

The carrier {{USS|John C. Stennis|CVN-74}} paid a port visit to [[Esquimalt, British Columbia]], between 18–21 June 2004, and carried out bilateral exercises with the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] between 22–29 June 2004.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |author= Captain Captain David H. Buss, USN |title= 2004 Command History, Enclosure (2): Command History for USS ''John C. Stennis'' (CVN-74) for period 1 January to 31 December 2004 |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/j/cvn-74/2004.pdf |work= John C. Stennis CVN-74 |publisher= [[Naval History & Heritage Command]] |location= Washington, DC |page= 6 |date= 14 February 2005 |accessdate= 2010-09-07 |quote= Hereafter referred to as ''2004 Command History'' |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200653/http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/j/cvn-74/2004.pdf |archivedate= 28 June 2011 }}</ref> [[Carrier Strike Group Three]] also paid a port visit to [[Pearl Harbor]] between 22–26 June 2004, prior to RIMPAC 2004.<ref name="CommandHistoryCVN75-01-06">''2004 Command History'', p. 6.</ref>

After more than a year of planning and preparation, the [[U.S. Northern Command|US Northern Command]] with the [[Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management]] and others conducted Alaska Shield and Northern Edge 2005. Northern Edge 2005 took place from 15 to 19 August 2005. It was combined with the State of Alaska's homeland security exercise called Alaska Shield. Scenario elements included an earthquake in [[Juneau]], bio-terrorism in Ketchikan and Juneau, [[critical infrastructure protection]] at Fort Greely refinery, and terrorist attacks in various cities throughout Alaska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge 2005 |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2005.htm |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.globalsecurity.org |archive-date=2022-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322011512/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2005.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Northern Edge 2006 was a joint training exercise from 5 to 16 June 2006. Approximately 5,000 US active duty and reserve component participated by executing defensive counter-air, close-air support, air interdiction of maritime targets and personnel recovery missions. The exercise involved over 110 aircraft and two US Navy destroyers, namely the {{USS|Chafee|DDG-90}} out of Seward and the {{USS|O'Kane|DDG-77}} out of [[Homer, Alaska|Homer]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

=== Alaska Shield/Northern Edge 2007–2009 ===
Northern Edge 2007 combined with Alaska Shield took place from 30 April to 17 May 2007. This involves more than 75 agencies and approximately 7,000 people. Military and civilian participants worked together to intercept aircraft, respond to attacks on the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] and the [[North Pole Industrial Complex]], and conduct [[Medical evacuation|medical evacuations]] after mass casualties incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaska Shield/Northern Edge 2007 interagency exercise kicks-off |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/NewsDisplay/Article/292626/alaska-shieldnorthern-edge-2007-interagency-exercise-kicks-off/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507214727/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/NewsDisplay/Article/292626/alaska-shieldnorthern-edge-2007-interagency-exercise-kicks-off/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge 2007 |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2007.htm |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.globalsecurity.org |archive-date=2022-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322011511/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern-edge-2007.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Northern Edge 2008 was held from 5 to 16 May 2008. More than 5,000 participants from five service branches of the [[United States Armed Forces]] were involved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge 2008 (NE08) Exercise Underway |url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/NewsDisplay/Article/292476/northern-edge-2008-ne08-exercise-underway/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507214722/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/NewsDisplay/Article/292476/northern-edge-2008-ne08-exercise-underway/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:US Navy 090619-N-9928E-190 An MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter from the Eightballers of Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 8 takes off from the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74).jpg|thumb|right|USS ''John C. Stennis'' (19 June 2009)]]
Operation Northern Edge 2009 was held between 15–26 June 2009.<ref name=NNS090617-06>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Steve Owsley, USN | title= Joint Exercise Northern Edge Ensures Maritime Security | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46241 | work= NNS090617-06 | publisher= USS John C. Stennis Public Affairs | date= June 17, 2009 | accessdate= 2010-09-04 | archive-date= 2011-06-29 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062700/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46241 | url-status= live }}</ref> This joint exercise has about 9,000 US active-duty and [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|reserve component military]] personnel participating. It was designed to be an air-centric exercise, with more than 200 aircraft from every branch of the US military involved. Lt. General Dana T. Atkins, [[USAF]], the commanding general of [[Alaskan Command]] and [[Eleventh Air Force]], noted:<blockquote>Northern Edge is the premier exercise conducted within the [[United States Pacific Command|Pacific Command]]'s area of responsibility. It lets our joint military men learn about each other.<ref>{{cite web | author= Staff Sgt. Andrew Miller, USAF | title= Sun Sets on Exercise Northern Edge 2009 | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46550 | work= NNS090704-14 | publisher= Northern Edge Public Affairs | date= July 4, 2009 | accessdate= 2009-04-20 | archive-date= 2009-08-07 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090807113022/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46550 | url-status= live }}</ref></blockquote>Northern Edge operations were conducted within the Joint Pacific Alaska Range Complex, which includes more than 60,000 square miles (155,400 square kilometers) of air space, and the [[Gulf of Alaska]], which encompasses 50,000 square miles (129,500 square kilometers) of air space.<ref name="NNS090617-06" /> On 22 June 2009, during the Northern Edge exercise, Governor of Alaska [[Sarah Palin]] visited the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier {{USS|John C. Stennis|CVN-74|2}}.<ref>{{cite web | author= Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Steve Owsley, USN | title= Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin Visits ''Stennis'' | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46495 | work= 6/24/2009 | publisher= USS John C. Stennis Public Affairs | date= June 24, 2009 | accessdate= 2010-09-04 | archive-date= 2011-06-29 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062709/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=46495 | url-status= live }}</ref>  ''Stennis'' was the [[flagship]] of [[Carrier Strike Group Three]], which also consisted of [[Carrier Air Wing Nine]] (CVW-9) and the guided-missile cruiser {{USS|Antietam|CG-54|2}}.<ref name="NNS090617-06" />

=== Northern Edge 2015–present ===
[[File:Bertholf, Navy ship formation A 110617-G-RS249-003.jpg|thumb|right|''[[USS Lake Erie]]'' (left), ''[[USS Decatur]]'' (top right) and, ''[[USCGC Bertholf]]'' during Operation Northern Edge, 2011]]
The 2013 exercise was cancelled due to [[budget sequestration in 2013]]. The military did not publicly announce the dates for Northern Edge '15, and a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] request was required. Several Southcentral communities held protests in May.<ref name=ktoo>{{cite news|author1=Zachariah Hughes, KSKA|title=Northern Edge' gets mixed welcome in Alaska|url=http://www.ktoo.org/2015/06/26/northern-edge-gets-mixed-welcome-alaska/|accessdate=3 September 2015|work=KTOO Public Media|date=26 June 2015|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926054506/http://www.ktoo.org/2015/06/26/northern-edge-gets-mixed-welcome-alaska/|url-status=live}}</ref> The City Council of [[Cordova, Alaska]], passed a resolution to formally oppose the Navy's training exercises.

The [[USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)|USS ''Theodore Roosevelt'']] participated in Northern Edge 2019. Approximately 10,000 US military personnel participated in Northern Edge 2019. It is a joint training exercise hosted by US air forces, which was held on 13 May 2019, in central Alaska.

In 2021, US units, including one carrier strike group and the Makin Island amphibious, embarked on the 15th marine expeditionary unit. The exercise is designed to provide realistic warfighter training and develop joint interoperability. This is done by providing a venue large enough for large force training and multi-domain operations and training that focuses on tactical parts

Northern Edge 23-1 was a multinational multi-service training exercise that consisted of the United States Air Force, Marine Corps, the [[Royal Air Force]], and the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] held from 4 to 19 May 2023. The exercise director, US Air Force Brig. Gen. David Piffarerio, described the inclusion of allies and partners as the "central role" to "effectively deter our strategic competitors."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Edge Exercise: Strengthening International Cooperation and Combat Readiness |url=https://www.marforpac.marines.mil/News/Article/Article/3406416/northern-edge-exercise-strengthening-international-cooperation-and-combat-readi/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marforpac.marines.mil%2FNews%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F3406416%2Fnorthern-edge-exercise-strengthening-international-cooperation-and-combat-readi%2F |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Northern Edge 23-1: Alaska's Role in Joint Forces Readiness |url=https://www.pacaf.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3408236/northern-edge-23-1-alaskas-role-in-joint-forces-readiness/https://www.pacaf.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3408236/northern-edge-23-1-alaskas-role-in-joint-forces-readiness/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Pacific Air Forces |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Northern Edge}}
{{US Air Force|article=Northern Edge History|url=http://www.elmendorf.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10444 }}

[[Category:Military exercises involving the United States]]