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Revision as of 12:37, 26 April 2015

Ingetraut Dahlberg
Dr.
Born
Ingetraut Gessel

(1927-02-20)20 February 1927
Cologne, Germany
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)philosopher
information scientist
terminologist
Notable workInformation Coding Classification
ChildrenWolfgang Dahlberg
AwardsInternational Associetation of Documentalists and Information Officers,
Ranganathan Award
Eugen Wüster Sonderpreis

Ingetraut Dahlberg, (*20.February 1927, Cologne as Ingetraut Gessel) is a German information scientist and philosopher. She developed a universal classification system. The system covers some 6,500 subject fields. She took an interest in research and teaching, as editor and publisher, by cooperation and often heading of working groups. She founded an international journal (International Classification, now: Knowledge Organization) and two scientific societies (Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, {{International Society for Knowledge Organization]]).

Professional career

Early years

The interest of Ingetraut Dahlberg in Documentation started when – at an age of 10 years – she received a camera from her father at Christmas. She started to document everything she regarded as important. [1]

Ingetraut Dahlberg lived most of her time in Frankfurt/Main. She studied Philosophy, History, Anglistics, Catholic Theology, and Biology at the universities of Frankfurt, Würzburg and Düsseldorf with one college year in the United States in between.[1][2][R 1].

She married the physicist Dr. Reinhard Dahlberg,[R 2][R 3][R 4] with whom she had her son Wolfgang.[R 5]

Professional start

In 1959 she started a position at the Gmelin Institute headed by Prof. Dr. Erich Pietsch[R 6]. Her job was to create bibliographical publications within the Documentation Center for Nuclear power.[1][3] In 1961 she changed over to do abstracting work on economical topics in the “Rationalisierungs-Kuratorium der Deutschen Wirtschaft” (Board for Rationalisation and Innovation of the German Economy).

In the years 1962-63 she took part in a one-year course to become a Scientific Documentalist [1]. This course was organized be the “German Documentation Society” at the Gmelin Institute.

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) (German Documentation Society)

After the course she started a position with the “Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation” (DGD), Frankfurt (German Documentation Society).[3][4] where she had to take care of the library and the documentation of documentation literature. In order to follow an invitation of Prof. Raymund Pepinsky, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, to help in a documentation center for crystallographic data documentation, she could take leave for the year 1964-65 to work at his “Groth Institute for Crystalographic Data Documentation”. Later on she could move to the university library (headed by Edward M. Heiliger[1][5]); and could work in the first US-library to have a computer for its bibliographic work. Together with Jean Perreault she worked on problems of categories and relations in classification.[1][4]

After her return to Frankfurt she was made director of the “DGD-Library and Documentation Center”.[1]. She also was asked to establish a Committee for Thesaurus Research and Classification[1] to be chaired by Prof. Martin Scheele with Ingetraut Dahlberg acting as secretary. During this time she established also a descriptor system for information sciences.

During this period the president of the DGD, Prof. Helmut Arntz sent her also to The Hague for cooperation with a FID-UDC-Revision Committee for UDC numbers 03/04 out of which she developed a classification system of kinds of documents and their special aspect-oriented concepts altogether of more that 1,000 concepts (1968).

In the years 1967-1974 she also collaborated in the work of the German Standardization Institute regarding terminology, concerning DIN 2330 “Concepts and Terms, General Principles”[R 7] and DIN 2331 “Concept Systems and their Presentation”[R 8] Here she met with Prof. Eugen Wüster, who had some influence on her further work.

In 1970 she was also delegated to cooperate in a Committee for Classification and Indexing in the context of the UNISIST-Program[R 9] of UNESCO, headed by Douglas John Foskett.

Taking a doctor's degree

In 1971 she left the DGD in order to take up a postgraduate study in Philosophy with Prof. Alwin Diemer in Düsseldorf with the further subjects General Linguistics and History of science (1971-1973). Her Doctor Father phrased the topic as follows: The Universal Classification System of Knowledge: its ontological, science-theoretical and information-theoretical foundations[1](English translation) She received her degree in 1973. The work was published in 1974 at the Verlag Dokumentation K. Saur, entitled: Foundations of universal organization of knowledge (Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung)[6]

Free lance work

During the work for her dissertation she continued as a free lance for projects beyond her work for the doctor's degree.

  • 1971-1972 she was appointed to the consulting group Database-system for the Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) of the German Federal Ministry of the Interior. She edited two of its resulting three volumes.[7]
  • 1972-1973 Collection of the terms denoting subject fields, a project financed by the DGD.
  • 1972-74 Collaboration with the FID/CR Group “Subject-Field Reference Code”[R 10] in order to establish the Broad System of Ordering, proposed by the UNISIST Program)[3][R 11].
  • 1975-1976 appointed by the Deutscher Hochschulverband[R 12] to revise their classification system of university courses.
  • 1976-1979 elaboration of the DFG-Project “Logstruktur”.[R 13] In the middle of the seventies the collection of subject fields had grown to reach 12,500 terms. The project was meant to collect and investigate their definitions. This lead to recognize numerous synonyms and resulted in a helpful reduction of the number of subject fields.
  • 1978-1979 “Pilot Study DB-Thesaurus”. As an assignment of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library) she had to investigate their subject headings with regard to their use in thesaurus manner and deliver a pertinent recommendation.
  • 1979-1992 Collaboration in the committee on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis in the Social Sciences (COCTA)[8], sponsored by UNESCO and founded by Prof. Fred W. Riggs. She organized conferences in Bielefeld and Hattersheim and collaborated in the organization of the conference in Budapest.

Founding the Journal “International Classification”

In 1974 she founded the journal International Classification (IC).[R 14] Her coeditors were Alwin Diemer, Eugen Wüster, Jean Perreault and A. Neelameghan.[1][R 15]

Its first issue contained Dahlbergs article “Zur Theorie des Begriffs”[9] (On the theory of the concept), in which she published her new concept theory for the first time. She referred to this article quite often in later publications[10]. Her concept was considerably influenced by Gottlob Frege. Since its very beginning the journal contained – next to scientific articles – also a section with news, book reviews, and a continuing bibliography of current classification literature. In 1992 the journal changed its name into Knowledge Organization (see chapter Founding of the INDEKS Company). It is published with this name up to today, by now 6 times annually [11].

Appearance of the Information Coding Classification

In 1977 the universal classification system of subject fields got ready and received the name “Information Coding Classification” (ICC). It is based on nine Levels of being and structured by nine categories/facets. Its first presentation happened to be in Bangalore, India, during a seminar at the Documentation Research and Training Centre (the DRTC) of S. R. Ranganathan. It was immediately appreciated. The contents of the seminar was published with the title “Ontical Structures and Universal Classification”[12]. Before and after this seminar week, Ms. Dahlberg lectured at several universities in India.[R 16]

Founding of the INDEKS Company

In 1979 Ingetraut Dahlberg and her son Wolfgang started the INDEKS company to establish indexes and classification systems. In 1980 she continued the company, called from then on INDEKS Verlag, without her son.

Founding the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation” (Society for Classification)

For a meeting on 12 Febr. 1977, Dahlberg invited representatives from libraries and documentation centres, commodity cataloguers, physics, chemistry and mathematics to come to Frankfurt in order to found the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” (GfKl, Engl.: Society for Classification))[3]. Already on June 4, 1977 she organized the first annual conference in Münster/Westfalen. She was elected chair of the society and acted also as its secretary until 1989. She organized the annual conferences until 1986 and published the proceedings volumes.

The FID Committee for Classification Research

Dahlberg was also Chair of this Committee from 1981-1987. During this time she organized its conferences in Canada, Germany and India[13]. Twice she took the chance as head of GfKl and FID/CR to combine their conferences in 1979 (Bad Königstein) and 1982 (Augsburg).

International Classification and Indexing Bibliography (ICIB)

With financial help by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) she managed in 1980-1982 the collection, printing and indexing of a bibliography of internationally available literature on Classification and Indexing. Three of the five planned volumes could be published in the years 1982-1985. They covered the publications of the years 1952-1982 and contained more than 11,000 titles, all of them classed according to the ICC and also according to the special Classification System of Classification[14], established for the bibliography in the journal International Classification. Vol.1 contains a list of all universal and special classification systems and thesauri. Also the upper three hierarchical levels of the ICC were published there.

Founding the “International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)

Because of the growth on the part of the mathematically oriented members in the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation, it happened so that in 1989 a separation took place. The conceptually-oriented members left the GfKl and founded the “International Society for Knowledge Organization e.V.” (ISKO). Ingetraut Dahlberg was elected president[3], Robert Fugmannn[R 17] became Vice-president.[R 18] ISKO received also the journal “International Classification”, founded by Dahlberg. The new term[3] “Knowledge Organization” instead of classification soon became common usage and also the journal was renamed (1992) accordingly. Next to managing ISKO's head-organization Dahlberg also took care of helping in the creation of national chapters[R 19]. She took part in the organization of international conferences evry other year and also for the German conferences in the years in between. She helped in editing and published the proceedings volumes (e.g. [15]).

Retracting from official positions

At the age of 70 and because of health problems, Ingetraut Dahlberg retracted from her official positions in 1997. In 1998 she left Frankfurt for Bad König, a spa town in the eastern Odenwald mountain area, 75 km south of Frankfurt. She transferred her INDEKS publishing house to the Ergon Verlag in Würzburg. Charles Gilreath from Texas A&M University became the new editor-in-chief for Knowledge Organization and Hanne Albrechtsen[R 20] from Denmark became the new ISKO president for the rest of Dahlberg's elected time. Her special library of classification, terminology and information science literature went to the Maastricht McLuhan Institute for Digital Culture and Knowledge Organization, directed by Kim H. Veltman.[R 21] Nevertheless, she remained bound up with her theme by contacts, publications, and lectures.

Influence

More recent Work

After an encounter with Walter Koch, Graz,[R 22] during a conference in Karlsruhe 2010. she started to digitize some 3,500 of the 6,500 concepts of knowledge fields with their definitions in a table sheet file and also many concepts of the so-called “general concepts” from the zero-level of the ICC (still unfinished). These may play a role as starting materials for a linking e.g. with WordNet, what has been demonstrated in a paper with Ernesto DeLuca, Potsdam[R 23] at the international ISKO Congress in Kraków, May 2014. Her new book of 2014 on “Knowledge Organization, Development, Task, Application, Future”[16] (in German) also reports on some of the activities mentioned. It addresses particularly computer scientists, in order to convey to them a humanistic view on the content related treatment of their data, but turns also to readers wishing to access the topic principally. It also covers the theoretic basis of the ICC and shows its many-fold possibilities for application. She emphasizes her view – next to the aspects concerning the subject – of a new point of view on science-political questions. She wants to see the discipline of Knowledge Organization anchored in universities under the heading of “Science of Science”. Already in 1974 she had provided in her ICC a position for Knowledge Organization under the subject group “81” (Science of Science). Above all she claims to regard it a necessity to establish a place for the discipline of knowledge organization in the form of an institute or an academy, as there is such a huge amount of work to do for a once fruitful harvest of all the insights gained to far.

Activities

Ingetraut Dahlberg was active in the area around classification, thesauri, terminology and knowledge organization. On these topics she has written far more than 300 publications. Apart from her own scientific work she considerably contributed to the further development of these topics also by the founding of the journal “International Classification” in 1974 with its later name Knowledge Organization. She also directed a number of groups and institutions concerned with these scientific branches by organizing conferences and editorship and publication of the proceedings volumes of their conferences. She also collaborated in the elaboration of standards (DIN 2330[R 7] and 2331[R 8]) as well as DIN 32705, later on also for ISO/TC37 (“Terminology and other language and content resources”[R 24]) as well as ISO/TC 46 “Information and Documentation”[R 25]). For 23 years she was editor-in-chief of her journal and founded the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” (1977) and the “International Society for Knowledge Organization e.V.” (1989). She also organized altogether 20 conferences for these two organizations and for FID/CR and COCTA.

Teaching Appointments

Starting 1976 she received teaching appointments at the University of Mainz (1976-1978) (Gerhard Wahrig). The project “Logstruktur” was connected with this appointment. It meant to investigate the structure of the definitions of the collected terms of ca. 6,500 knowledge fields and to systematize them. With this, the preliminary work could start for an encyclopaedia of knowledge fields. Further teaching appointments were at the University of Saarbrücken (1984-1985), Hochschule Hannover (1985-87) and Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (1988-1989). Beyond this Dahlberg was often requested to lecture at many universities and gave seminars in India and Brazil.

Publications

Ms. Dahlberg wrote far more than 300 publications[8] among which also encyclopaedy entries on classification and knowledge organization.[R 26][R 27]

Mission

Ingetraut Dahlberg deplores the scattering of knowledge in our times and regards the reason for this development in the diversity of thesauri and also of the subject-oriented ontologies. As a practically working philosopher she looks out for a kind of order beyond single subject-orientation (she uses the concept “universal order of knowledge” as foundation for an interdisciplinary collaboration.

Above all it is meant to direct attention to the enormous significance of a universal order of knowledge with regard to the necessary aspect of interdisciplinarity in present-day research which is totally neglected by the multitude of ontologies developed and with them also their paralysing effect. A truly important survey over our knowledge is possible by the ICC, it fits with its first two hierarchical levels in matrix form onto a screen and delivers with this the insight, to rediscover the lost unity of our knowledge and to learn again to understand it in its totality.

— Ingetraut Dahlberg, from the introduction of her book „Wissensorganisation“[16]

She presents this point of view energetically and defends it against other aspects of knowledge organization

The motivation to write this small book was first of all my recognizing – at the last international conference of ISKO in Krakow 2014 – that many young participants apparently were not clear about how knowledge organization was meant to be understood. On the other hand it happened that I had just written a book review on the “Handbook on Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies”[R 28] of M.-A. Sicilia [R 29] and realized, that computer-science colleagues seem to lack the knowledge which after all had already been developed for hundreds of years in the field of classification. Although they understand very well, that their data have contents and therefore they are making use of the classification systems and thesauri developed by information scientists, but they are missing their foundations.

— Ingetraut Dahlberg, from the introduction to the book “Knowledge Organization”[16]

Above all, she is interested to see her Information Coding Classification system (ICC) being further developed and completed.

Awards

  • She received the 2nd prize of the “International Association of Documentalists and Information Officers” (A.I.D.) at the A.I.D. International Symposium 1965. The prize was divided between her and Mr. S. D. Boon, Eindhoven.
  • Ranganathan Award. given at the FID Conference [R 10] 1996 in Innsbruck
  • Eugen Wüster Sonderpreis of the “International Information Center for Terminology″ (Infoterm) 2006 in Vienna. (Co-financed by the City of Vienna and the Austrian UNESCO Commission).

Remarks

  1. ^ Mary Manse College in Toledo, Ohio
  2. ^ Patent Maps (ed.). "Reinhard Dahlberg" (text/html) (in German). Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  3. ^ Hans Halter (1987-08-17), Das Undenkbare denken! (in German), Der Spiegel, p. 154–167{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ Jürgen vom Scheidt. "Dahlberg, Reinhard (Kurz-Bio) – Visionär der Solar-Wasserstoff-Welt" (text/html) (in German). Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  5. ^ Wolfgang Dahlberg. LibraryThing (ed.). "Wolfgang Dahlberg" (text/html) (in German). Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  6. ^ Thomas Hapke (2002-09-25). "Erich Pietsch" (text/html). Pioneers of Information Science in Germany. University Library of TU Hamburg Harburg. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  7. ^ a b DIN 2330: Begriffe und Benennungen; Allgemeine Grundsätze (“Concepts and Terms, General Principles”)
  8. ^ a b DIN 2331: Begriffssysteme und ihre Darstellung (“Concept systems and their representation”)
  9. ^ UNISIST = UNESCO United Nations International Scientific Information System
  10. ^ a b FID=Fédération Internationale de Documentation, CR=Classification Research
  11. ^ University College London. School of Library Archive and Information Studies, ed. (2000). "BSO – BROAD SYSTEM OF ORDERING" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  12. ^ Association of professors
  13. ^ The project name Logstruktur stands for logical structure, this is to say in respect of content relationships not unfolding from the name of a field of knowledge, but where background knowledge is required to see the interrelations. Parallel to this project the project „Semstruktur" was established, under the direction of Gerhard Wahrig. This dealt with the semantic structure, hence with the structure unfolding from the name of a field of knowledge.
  14. ^ The journal was published by Verlag Dokumentation K.G. Saur until 1980, afterwards by INDEKS-Verlag and since 1996 by Ergon-Verlag
  15. ^ ISKO, ed. (2014-08-05). "In memoriam A. Neelameghan" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  16. ^ New-Delhi, Trivandrum, Madras, Varanasi (Prof. Kaula) and Tokyo, Japan
  17. ^ Thomas Hapke (2014-10-29). Universitätsbibliothek der TU Hamburg Harburg (ed.). "Robert Fugmann" (text/html). Pioneers of Information Science in Germany.
  18. ^ Fugmann had been vice-president of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation beforehand.
  19. ^ Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungry, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland, France, India, China
  20. ^ University of Copenhagen (ed.). "Hanne Albrechtsen" (text/html). Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  21. ^ Virtual Maastricht McLuhan Institute (VMMI) (ed.). "cv: Dr. Kim H. Veltman" (text/html). Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  22. ^ Universität Graz (ed.). "Koch, Walter, Ao. Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr" (text/html) (in German). Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  23. ^ Fachhochschule Potsdam (ed.). "Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ernesto William De Luca" (text/html) (in German). Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  24. ^ Internationale Organisation für Normung (ed.). "ISO/TC 37: Terminology and other language and content resources" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  25. ^ Internationale Organisation für Normung (ed.). "ISO/TC 46: Information and documentation" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  26. ^ H.-J. Schneider, ed. (1983), "div. Beiträge zum Thema „Klassifikation"", Lexikon der Informatik und Datenverarbeitung (in German) (1 ed.), München: Oldenbourg-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-22875-5
  27. ^ Ingetraut Dahlberg (1984), K. Löffler, J. Kirchner, W. Olbrich (ed.), "19 Beiträge zum Thema „Klassifikation" (1984-1997)", Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens (in German), Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7772-1421-4, LCCN 34028790 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  28. ^ Miguel-Angel Sicilia (2014), Handbook on Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies, World Scientific Pub Co, ISBN 978-981-283-629-8 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  29. ^ "Miguel-Angel Sicilia". Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias Computación. Retrieved 2014-10-29.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg Oral history information" (PDF). University of South Carolina School of Library and Information Science (USC SLIS). protokoll of a video interview Videointerviews, her nephew Gerhard Romen made with Ingetraut Dahlberg in July 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  2. ^ Wolfgang Dahlberg (1997), ISKO (ed.), "Contributions by Ingetraut Dahlberg to the Field of Knowledge Organization", ISKO News, vol. 27, Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, ISSN 0943-7444 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Thomas Hapke (2002-09-25). "Ingetraut Dahlberg" (text/html). Pioneers of Information Science in Germany. University Library of TU Hamburg Harburg. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  4. ^ a b Ingetraut Dahlberg (1998), [Link "A Brief Self Report"], Cataloging & Classification Quarterly (Special Issue: Portraits in Cataloging and Classification: Theorists, Educators, and Practitioners of the Late Twentieth Century), vol. 25, no. 2–3, Taylor Francis, p. 151–155, doi:10.1300/J104v25n02_11, retrieved 2014-10-16 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
  5. ^ Nancine Jane Thompson. Florida Atlantic University (ed.). "Edward M. Heiliger and the Florida Atlantic University Library: An experiment in automation (1955-1967)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  6. ^ Ingetraut Dahlberg (1974), Dt. Ges. f. Dokumentation e. V. (DGD) (ed.), Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung. Probleme und Möglichkeiten eines universalen Klassifikationssystems des Wissens (also: Düsseldorf, Univ., Philos. Fak., Diss. 1973, now available as a reprint at deGruyter), DGD-Schriftenreihe (in German), vol. 3, Pullach b. München: Verl. Dokumentation, ISBN 978-3-11-141267-2 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Ingetraut Dahlberg, ed. (1972), Literatur zu den Informations-Wissenschaften. Information Sciences Literature. Annotated Bibliography 1960–1971 (Monograph, Bibliography, vol. 3., Köln: C. Heymanns Verlag, ISBN 978-3-452-17423-9 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Ingetraut Dahlberg – Personal Information" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  9. ^ Ingetraut Dahlberg (1974), "Zur Theorie des Begriffs", International Classification, vol. 1, Frankfurt/M.: Verlag Dokumentation K.G. Saur, pp. 12–19 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ^ Beside others in: Ingetraut Dahlberg (1987), Bernhard Ganter, Rudolf Wille, Karl Erich Wolf (ed.), "Die gegenstandsbezogene, analytische Begriffstheorie und ihre Definitionsarten", Beiträge zur Begriffsanalyse – Vorträge der Arbeitstagung Begriffsanalyse, Darmstadt 1986 (in German), Mannheim: BI Wissenschaftsverlag, p. 10–22, ISBN 978-3-411-03157-3 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  11. ^ International Society for Knowledge Organization (ed.). "Knowledge Organization Journal" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-11.
  12. ^ Ingetraut Dahlberg (1978), Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (ed.), Ontical Structures and Universal Classification, Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science series, Bangalore, LCCN 79903750 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Hans-Hermann Bock. RWTH Aachen University (ed.). "A history of the International Federation of Classification Societies" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-11-02.
  14. ^ First Edition 1974: Ingetraut Dahlberg, 1993 extended (1974). ISKO (ed.). "Classification System for Knowledge Organization Literature" (text/html). Retrieved 2014-10-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) (ed.). "ISKO '97 in Berlin" (text/html). Retrieved 2015-03-23.
  16. ^ a b c Ingetraut Dahlberg (2014), Deutsche Sektion der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Wissensorganisation e.V. (ISKO) (ed.), Wissensorganisation – Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft, Textbooks for Knowledge Organization (in German), vol. 3, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, ISBN 978-3-95650-065-7, ISSN 0944-8152 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)


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