Battle of Varamin: Difference between revisions
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| conflict = Battle of Varamin |
| conflict = Battle of Varamin |
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| place = Persia |
| place = Persia |
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| result = |
| result = Nationalist victory, Muhammad Ali fails to retake control of Persia |
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| date = |
| date = 1911 |
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| combatant2 = * Local tribes |
| combatant2 = * Local tribes |
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| combatant1 = * |
| combatant1 = * Bakhtiari people * Armenian volunteers * Gendarmes |
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The '''Battle of Varamin''' was fought in 1911 between the [[Qajar dynasty]] under Arshad Al-Dawleh and the Majles under Yeprem Khan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Steven|title=IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces |date=2009 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-258-5 |page=104 |access-date=26 Feb 2024}}</ref> |
The '''Battle of Varamin''' was fought in 1911 between the [[Qajar dynasty]] under Arshad Al-Dawleh and the Majles under Yeprem Khan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Steven|title=IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces |date=2009 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-258-5 |page=104 |access-date=26 Feb 2024}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Varamin | place = Persia | result = Nationalist victory, Muhammad Ali fails to retake control of Persia | date = 1911 | combatant2 = * Local tribes | combatant1 = * Bakhtiari people * Armenian volunteers * Gendarmes
The Battle of Varamin was fought in 1911 between the Qajar dynasty under Arshad Al-Dawleh and the Majles under Yeprem Khan.[1]
In 1909 or 1910 (sources differ), Muhammad Ali Shah Qajar was deposed from his position as Shah of Persia and exiled to Russia by the constitutional revolution.[2][3][4] In July 1911 Muhammad Ali returned to Persia to retake power.[5][6] On 5 September 1911, almost 1200 Gendarmes, Bakhtiari, and Armenian volunteers, led by Yeprem Khan, fought 2000 Turkman tribesmen under Al-Dawleh.[1] The battle was a defeat for the Qajar army, and forced him to flee to Russian Protection.[1]
Background
In 1907, Muzaf-far al-Din Shah died.[7][8] In immediately before his death, Muzaf-far al-Din Shah was forced by the constitutional revolution to grant a constitution to Persia.[7][8] His successor, Muhammad Ali desired to retake power from the new Majles.[7] In 1908 Muhammad Ali staged a coup and attempted to restore the monarchy to a position of absolutism.[9][10] This resulted in a year long civil war, and in 1909 Muhammad Ali was exiled to Russia, and replaced by his 12 year old son Ahmad Shah Qajar.[11][12]
In 1911 Muhammad Ali returned to Persia to retake power.[5] He recruited many members of the Shahsavan and Turkman tribes to his side.[5] In early September, 40 miles away from Tehran, Muhammad's general al-Dawleh fought the national forces at a battle near Varamin.[1]
Battle
The battle opened with Al-Dawleh sending in a diversion of 300 fighters into Varamin.[1] The Nationalist forces used a maxim gun and three artillery pieces to open fire on the diversion, before attacking them with Bakhtiari cavalry.[1] The diversionary force of the Royalist forces was thrown into confusion and routed back into their main army.[1] This caused the rest of the royalist force to launch a disorderly retreat from the battlefield.[1] Al-Dawleh was wounded and captured.[1]
Aftermath
Al-Dawleh was executed the next day.[1] Muhammad Ali was ambushed a few days later and escaped to Russian protection.[1] Muhammad Ali's brother Salar Al-Dawleh would be defeated as well near Qom.[1] Ahmed Shah remained the Shah of Persia until 1925.[13]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ward, Steven (2009). IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Ward, Steven (2009). IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A history of modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-521-82139-1.
- ^ Donzel, E. J. van (1994). Islamic desk reference. Leiden: Brill. p. 285. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c Ward, Steven (2009). IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
- ^ Donzel, E. J. van (1994). Islamic desk reference. Leiden: Brill. p. 286. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c Ward, Steven (2009). IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
- ^ a b Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
- ^ Ward, Steven (2009). IMMORTAL A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A history of modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-82139-1.
- ^ Ward, Steven (2009). Immortal: A military History of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. pp. 95–101. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A history of modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82139-1 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "AḤMAD SHAH QĀJĀR". Encyclopaedia Iranica. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2025. Retrieved 27 Feb 2025.