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'[[Image:Vault figure.jpg|thumb|right|]] The '''vault''' is an [[artistic gymnastics]] apparatus on which [[gymnast]]s perform, as well as the skill performed using that apparatus. Vaulting is also the action of performing a vault. Both male and female [[gymnast]]s perform the vault. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is '''VT'''. This is ONLY vult 🎭 == The apparatus == [[File:Anefo 910-8764 Nederlandse.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Original vaulting horse configuration (women)]] [[File:Anefo 910-8900 Jaarlijkse.jpg|thumb|Original vaulting horse configuration (men)]] Early forms of the vault were invented by German [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]]. The apparatus itself originated as a "horse", much like the [[pommel horse]] but without the handles; it was sometimes known as the vaulting horse. The horse was set up with its long dimension perpendicular to the run for women, and parallel for men.<ref name="slate">[http://www.slate.com/id/2105452/ What's With That Weird New Vault?], an August 2004 "Explainer" article from ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''</ref> The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over a century, beginning with the [[Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's vault|Men's vault in the first modern Olympics]] and ending with the Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics. The horse has been blamed for several serious accidents over the years. In 1988, American [[Julissa Gomez]] was paralyzed in a vaulting accident; she died from complications from her injuries three years later.<ref>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1654132,00.html "Tales from the vaults"] Rebecca Seal,''Guardian Unlimited'' December 4, 2005</ref> During warmups at the 1998 [[Goodwill Games]], Chinese gymnast [[Sang Lan]] fell and suffered [[paralysis]] from a [[Cervical vertebrae|cervical-spine]] injury.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/73748.htm "Smiling Sang Lan"] Xinhua News Agency, August 29, 2003</ref> In a series of crashes when the horse's height was set too low<ref>[http://static.espn.go.com/oly/summer00/news/2000/0924/773871.html "Vault mixup could have cost gymnast medal"] ESPN September 28, 2000</ref> at the 2000 Olympics, gymnasts either rammed into the horse's front end, or had bad landings after having problems with their hand placements during push-off. Following the 1988, 1998 and 2000 problems, [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)]] re-evaluated and changed the apparatus, citing both safety reasons and the desire to facilitate more impressive acrobatics.<ref name="slate"/> The [[2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships]] were the first international competition to make use of the "vaulting table", an apparatus made by Dutch gymnastics equipment company [[Janssen-Fritsen]] since the mid-1990s. It features a flat, larger, and more cushioned surface almost parallel to the floor, which slopes downward at the end closest to the [[springboard (gymnastics)|springboard]]; gymnasts nicknamed it the "tongue";<ref name="slate"/> it appears to be somewhat safer than the old apparatus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault |url= http://gymnastics.about.com/od/gymnasticsapparatus/p/watchingvault.htm |date= |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> In 2007, Dutch junior gymnast [[Imke Glas]] was seriously injured after a fall on a vault.<ref>{{cite web |title=EenVandaag: Het wonder Imke Glas |url= http://www.eenvandaag.nl/binnenland/33698/het_wonder_imke_glas |date=2008-07-08 |accessdate=2009-10-04 |language=Dutch}}</ref> === Dimensions === [[File:Vault-YOGArtisticGymnastics-BishanSportsHall-Singapore-20100816-03.jpg|thumb|Modern vaulting table]] *Length: {{convert|120|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in}}<ref name=magd>{{cite web |title= Apparatus Norms |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=II/21 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref><ref name=wagd>{{cite web |title= Apparatus Norms |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=II/43 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> *Width: {{convert|95|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd /> *Height: **Men: {{convert|135|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in}}<ref name=wagd /> **Women: {{convert|125|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in}}<ref name=wagd /> *Run up area: **Length: {{convert|2500|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|10|cm|in}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd /> **Width: {{convert|100|cm|ft}} ± {{convert|1|cm|in}}<ref name=magd /><ref name=wagd /> == Routines == [[File:Vault - multiple exposures.jpg|thumb|300px|A multiple-exposure image of a gymnast performing a vault ([[Handspring (gymnastics)|handspring]] double front [[Somersault|salto]] tucked) during the 2012 Olympics.]] To perform a vault, the gymnast runs down a runway (the run), which is usually padded or carpeted. They hurdle onto a [[springboard (gymnastics)|springboard]] and spring onto the vault with their hands (the preflight or first flight, and block). For vaults in the [[Yurchenko (vault)|Yurchenko]] family, the gymnast will put their hands onto a mat that is placed before the springboard, round-off onto the board and do a back handspring onto the vault. The off-flight may be as simple as leaping over the apparatus or as complicated as executing several twists and turns in the air. The gymnast then lands on the mat on the other side of the apparatus. === Scoring and rules === Gymnasts are expected to land cleanly, with no hops or steps, and within a set landing zone on the landing mat.<ref>{{cite web |title= MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]|page=85 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref><ref name=vt>{{cite web |title= WAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1258 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]|pages=22–23 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> They must also demonstrate good technique and execution in the actual vault. Falling or stepping on landing incurs deduction, as will lack of height off the table, or distance from the table.<ref name=vt /><ref name=magvt>{{cite web |title= MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]|pages=87–88 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> Gymnasts (both male and female) show one vault in Qualification, Team Final, and All Around Final.<ref name=vt /><ref name=vtrules>{{cite web |title= MAG Code of Points 2009-2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1205 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]|page=86 |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-04}}</ref> In the Apparatus Finals gymnasts must show two vaults.<ref name=vt /><ref name=vtrules /> For men, the two vaults must be from different element groups,<ref name=vtrules /> while women must show two vaults with different repulsion from the vault table.<ref name=vt /> ==== Apparatus specific rules ==== Yurchenko-style vaults must be performed with a safety collar placed around the springboard. If the collar is not used, the vault is considered invalid and the gymnast will receive a score of zero.<ref name=vt /><ref name=magvt /> Every vault is assigned a specific number; this number is displayed on a board or electronic screen before the gymnast begins. Gymnasts will be penalized if they fail to show the number of their intended vault, though there is no penalty if the vault ends up being different (e.g. not performing enough twists).<ref name=vt /><ref name=vtrules /> If a female gymnast balks, for example stops in the middle of the runway or breaks their run before touching the springboard, no deductions are taken. The gymnast is given thirty seconds to return to the end of the runway and make a second attempt at the vault. If, however, the gymnast touches any portion of the springboard or vault itself, they receive a score of zero and may not make another attempt.<ref name=vt /> Ekaterina Kramarenko touched the vault and was given a zero during the team final at the 2007 World Championship. Male gymnasts receive a score of 0 if they do not vault once they start running.<ref name=magvt /> Both male and female gymnasts receive a score of 0 if they fail to land on their feet first.<ref name=vt /><ref name=magvt /> Receiving spotting assistance from a coach, or not touching the vault table will result in a score of 0.<ref name=vt /><ref name=magvt /> Vaulting before the judge has signaled the gymnast can vault once also resulted in a score of 0; this deduction has since been removed. An example of this would be at the [[2008 Summer Olympic Games]] to [[Anna Pavlova (gymnast)|Anna Pavlova]] during the Vault event final on her second vault. ==== Judging and scoring ==== Because the vault is completed so quickly it helps if there are cameras to play back in slow motion if they are unsure or if all the judges have a wide range of scores. It is the head judges' job to make sure all the scores are within a certain range, usually 0.2 point range difference. Judges look through four main phases: the pre-flight, support, after-flight and landing. The overall vault of a gymnast should have power, speed, while being explosive and precise as possible.<ref name="gymnasticsontario">{{cite web|title=Women's Artistic|url=http://www.gymnasticsontario.ca/about-gymnastics/womens-artistic-wag/|publisher=Gymnastics Ontario}}</ref> Within the two vaults women perform, they receive a combined average score of the two. Scoring has become very different in these past years. No event is scored out of ten. The new system was designed in 2005, where the judges are looking for the difficulty of the routine and the amount of executions made combine to gather the final score. The difficulty is added with every skill performed, as each skill has its own value, the harder the skill the higher the start value. The execution is out of 10.0, looking at the form, height, length and the landing.<ref name="gymnasticsontario"/> Then in 2009, FIG made some changes to try to put less pressure on the difficulty and shorten the amount of skills required, making the gymnasts focus harder to perfect minimizing executions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Gymnastics:Women's Gymnastics Rules and Judging|url=http://gymnastics.about.com/od/majorcompetitions/a/WomensRules.htm}}</ref> == Vault families == Vault styles are broken into various groups. The group a vault style fits into is determined by the action performed during the vaulting movement. {{Col-start}} {{Col-break}} === Vault groups (men) === There are five vault categories for men: *Direct vaults *Vaults with 1/1 turn in the first flight phase *Handspring and Yamashita style vaults *Vaults with 1/4 to 1/2 turn in the 1st flight phase ([[Tsukahara (vault)|Tsukahara]]) *Round off entry vaults ([[Yurchenko (vault)|Yurchenko]]) {{Col-break}} === Vault groups (women) === There are five vault categories for women: *Handspring, Yamashita, round-off with or without longitudinal-axis (LA) turn in 1st and/or 2nd flight phase *Handspring forward with/without 360° turn in 1st flight phase, salto forward with/without LA turn in 2nd flight phase *[[Tsukahara (vault)|Tsukahara]] style vaults *[[Yurchenko (vault)|Yurchenko]] style vaults *Round-off with ½ LA turn in 1st flight phase, salto forward with or without LA turn in 2nd flight phase ([[Khorkina]] style vaults) {{Col-end}} In the USA Program, level fours, fives, and sixes do front handsprings on vault. Level threes do handstand flatbacks on vault. Level seven all the way to elite can perform a variety of vaults. == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Vault (gymnastics)}} {{Portal|Gymnastics}} <!-- broken link: *[http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/index2.jsp?menu=RULES The 2006 ''Code of Points''] from the [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique]] (FIG) website --> <!-- broken link: *[http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,5187-188433-205655-nav-list,00.html WAG apparatus description] at the FIG website --> <!-- broken link: *[http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/vsite/vnavsite/page/directory/0,10853,5187-188060-205282-nav-list,00.html MAG apparatus description] at the FIG website --> *[http://www.fedintgym.com/site/rules Apparatus Norms] at the FIG website *[http://visual.merriam-webster.com/sports-games/gymnastics/gymnastics/vaulting-horse.php Vaulting horse] *[http://www.gymnaflash.com/v_risegwang_a.htm Description of gymnastics technique by animation] {{Artistic Gymnastics Apparatus and Equipment}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Vault Men}} {{Footer Olympic Champions - Artistic Gymnastics - Women's Vault}} {{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsMen’sVault}} {{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsWomenVault}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vault (Gymnastics)}} [[Category:Artistic gymnastics apparatus]]'