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Kalīla wa-Dimna

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Kalīla wa-Dimna
The two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna. Arabic illustration, 1220 (BNF, Arabe 3465)
AuthorUnknown (originally Sanskrit, translated by Ibn al-Muqaffa')
Original titleكليلة ودمنة
TranslatorIbn al-Muqaffa'
LanguageArabic, Middle Persian
SubjectFables
GenreBeast fable
Published8th century (Arabic translation)
Publication placeAbbasid Caliphate
Media typeManuscript

Kalīla wa-Dimna or Kelileh o Demneh (Persian: کلیله و دمنه) is a collection of fables. The book consists of fifteen chapters containing many fables whose heroes are animals. A remarkable animal character is the lion, who plays the role of the king; he has a servant ox Shetrebah, while the two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna, appear both as narrators and as protagonists. Its likely origin is the Sanskrit Panchatantra. The book has been translated into many languages, with surviving illustrations in manuscripts from the 13th century onwards.

Origins

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Further information: Panchatantra

The book is based on the c. 200 BC Sanskrit text Panchatantra. It was translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century by Borzuya.[1][2][3] It was subsequently translated into Arabic in the eighth century by the Persian Ibn al-Muqaffa'.[4] King Vakhtang VI of Kartli made a translation from Persian to Georgian in the 18th century.[5] His work, later edited by his mentor Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, has been used as a reference while determining the possible original text, along with an earlier unfinished translation by King David I of Kakheti.[6]

Synopsis

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The King Dabschelim is visited by the philosopher Bidpai who tells him a collection of stories of anthropomorphised animals with important morals for a King. The stories are in response to requests of parables from Dabschelim and they follow a Russian doll format, with stories interwoven and nested to some depth. There are fifteen main stories, acting as frame stories with many more stories within them. The two jackals, Kalila and Dimna, feature both as narrators of the stories and as protagonists within them. They work in the court of the king, Bankala the lion. Kalila is happy with his lot, whereas Dimna constantly struggles to gain fame. The stories are allegories set in a human social and political context, and in the manner of fables illustrate human life.

Because of this focus on statecraft, justice, and the relationship between a ruler and his advisors, the book was used for centuries as a foundational text in the "Mirror for Princes" genre, serving as a manual on governance for royalty and the political elite.[7]

Manuscripts

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Manuscripts of the text have for many centuries and translated into other languages contained illustrations to accompany the fables.

14th-century Persian Edition (Istanbul University Album)

A lavishly illustrated Persian manuscript, now dismembered and housed in the Istanbul University Album, is considered a masterpiece of Mongol-era painting. Art historians attribute its production to Tabriz during the reign of the Ilkhanid ruler Abu Sa'id (1317–1335).[8] The cycle of forty-nine paintings from this manuscript is noted for its imperial quality, dramatic landscapes, and animated figures, representing a peak in the artistic interpretation of the fables.[8]

c.1220 manuscript (BNF Arabe 3465)

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This Arabic edition of Kalīla wa-Dimna is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF Arabe 3465).[9] It dates to the first quarter of the 13th century (usually dated 1200-1225 CE or c.1220 CE),[9] and is the oldest illustrated Kalīla wa Dimna.[10][11] It is an Arabic translation by Ibn al-MuqaffaʿʿAbd Allâh (d. 756/759). The manuscript is attributed to Egypt or Syria, at the time of the Ayyubid dynasty.[12]

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r. Frontispiece.[13]
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r. Frontispiece.[13]
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 20v. King wearing the aqabā' turkī with uninscribed tiraz armbands.[14]
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 20v. King wearing the aqabā' turkī with uninscribed tiraz armbands.[14]
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r. Animal scene
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r. Animal scene
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v. Animal scene
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v. Animal scene

c.1265-1280 manuscript (Topkapl Palace Museum Library, H.363)

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See also: Persian miniature

This manuscript of the Kalīla wa-Dimna of Abu al-Ma'ali Nasrallah is located in the Topkapl Palace Museum Library, Istanbul (H.363). It is written in the Persian language, and was created in Baghdad or Mossul c.1265-1280. It does not contain "Chinese elements", usually associated with Mongol influences.[15] The patron of the translation, the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna, is depicted in the frontispiece and in the text.[16]

The Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna is the one who, between 1143 and 1146, commissioned Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah to translate the Kalila wa Dimna from Arabic to Persian.[17]

This manuscript is the earliest known manuscript of Kalīla wa-Dimna in the Persian language.[18][19]

  • Frontispiece, with scenes of enthronement and presentation of the book
    Frontispiece, with scenes of enthronement and presentation of the book
  • Portrait of Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah
    Portrait of Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah
  • Animal scene showing a dog and his reflection in the water
    Animal scene showing a dog and his reflection in the water
  • A man with birds
    A man with birds

c.1300-1310 manuscript (BSB, Cod. Arab. 616)

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Another Kalila and Dimna manuscript is dated 1300-1310, in the Arabic language. It was created in Egypt or Syria, and is now located in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) in Munich (BSB, Cod. Arab. 616).[20]

  • Burzoy and physicians setting off on their journey. Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, Kalīla wa-Dimna; Egypt or Syria, ca. 1300–10. BSB, Cod. Arab. 616, fol. 21r.
    Burzoy and physicians setting off on their journey. Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, Kalīla wa-Dimna; Egypt or Syria, ca. 1300–10. BSB, Cod. Arab. 616, fol. 21r.
  • Pigeons fly off while still in the net, fol. 76v (detail)
    Pigeons fly off while still in the net, fol. 76v (detail)
  • The Monkey on the Carpenter’s Work Horse”, fol. 43r (detail)
    The Monkey on the Carpenter’s Work Horse”, fol. 43r (detail)

1313 edition (BNF Latin 8504)

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French translation of Kalila wa Dimna, Raymond de Béziers, dated to 1313 CE. Now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF Latin 8504).[21]

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Ruler: Philip IV and family.
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Ruler: Philip IV and family.
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Regnal scene
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Regnal scene
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 23v. Animal scene.
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 23v. Animal scene.
  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 26r. Animal scene.
    Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 26r. Animal scene.

Other editions

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  • Spanish manuscript, workshop of Frederick of Castile, 1251–1261
    Spanish manuscript, workshop of Frederick of Castile, 1251–1261
  • The crows and the owls. Syrian painter, c. 1300–1325
    The crows and the owls. Syrian painter, c. 1300–1325
  • The jackals Kalila and Dimna look on as the snake and the elephant fight. Arabic, 1340
    The jackals Kalila and Dimna look on as the snake and the elephant fight. Arabic, 1340
  • "Barzueh heals the sick". 1346–1347
    "Barzueh heals the sick". 1346–1347
  • Hare fools Elephant by showing the moon's reflection. Arabic, 1354
    Hare fools Elephant by showing the moon's reflection. Arabic, 1354
  • The turtle and the monkey. Persian, Timurid school, c. 1410–1420
    The turtle and the monkey. Persian, Timurid school, c. 1410–1420
  • A page from a Persian manuscript, dated 1429
    A page from a Persian manuscript, dated 1429
  • The lion eats the bull, as the two jackals look on. Painted in Herat, 1430
    The lion eats the bull, as the two jackals look on. Painted in Herat, 1430
  • The jackals Kalila and Dimna in their den. Herat school, 1431
    The jackals Kalila and Dimna in their den. Herat school, 1431
  • Fanzah refuses to return to the King. Probably made for Pir Budaq, Baghdad?, c. 1460
    Fanzah refuses to return to the King. Probably made for Pir Budaq, Baghdad?, c. 1460
  • "Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion". 18th century
    "Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion". 18th century
  • Armenian translation of The story of seven sages, 1740
    Armenian translation of The story of seven sages, 1740

Legacy

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Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the Middle Persian manuscript of Kalila and Dimna is considered a masterpiece of Arabic and world literature.[22][23] In 1480, Johannes Gutenberg published Anton von Pforr's German version, Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen. La Fontaine, in the preface to his second collection of Fables, explicitly acknowledged his debt to "the Indian sage Pilpay".[24] The collection has been adapted in plays,[25][26][27] cartoons,[28] and commentary works.[29][30] The adaptability of its animal allegory was such that illustrated versions could be interpreted as containing specific political messages, with one scholar arguing that the 14th-century Mongol-era paintings potentially served as an allegory for a vizier's position at court.[8]

Beyond its well-documented literary influence, the Kalila wa-Dimna fables have served a crucial, parallel role in Arabic language pedagogy. For centuries, the text's rich vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and engaging narratives have made it a cornerstone for advanced students of Classical Arabic. Its status as a classic ensured its continuous study in scholarly circles. In the modern era, this tradition continues, with linguists and educators creating specific abridged and simplified versions of the fables. These dedicated classroom editions are designed to teach grammar and composition, proving the text's enduring utility. This sustained use across different eras highlights its unique dual legacy as both a masterpiece of world literature and an indispensable educational tool.[31][32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (3 November 2021). "Translations of Historical Works from Middle Persian into Arabic". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 16 (1–2): 42–60. doi:10.1163/2667016X-16010003. hdl:20.500.11820/6f664b8b-478d-48be-9d54-750a41061f95. ISSN 2667-016X.
  2. ^ "About Kalila wa-Dimna". Kalila. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  3. ^ Kinoshita, Sharon (2008). "Translation, empire, and the worlding of medieval literature: the travels of Kalila wa Dimna". Postcolonial Studies. 11 (4): 371–385. doi:10.1080/13688790802456051.
  4. ^ "Kalila and Dimna". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  5. ^ Ვახტანგ VI. Საქართველოს ილუსტრირებული ისტორია. პალიტრა L. 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Dakabadonebuli Qilila da damana" (PDF). Ilia State University, Georgia. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  7. ^ Semiond, Tristan (19 April 2024). "Kalīla wa-Dimna: an inspiring literary-political fable". Tidings of Magpies. Retrieved 26 October 2025.
  8. ^ a b c Soucek, Priscilla P. (January 1995). "Review of 'Kalila wa Dimna: An Animal Allegory of the Mongol Court' by Jill Sanchia Cowen". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 54 (1). doi:10.1086/373736.
  9. ^ a b "Consultation". archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr.
  10. ^ Ben Azzouna, Nourane (14 April 2024). "Éloïse Brac de la Perrière, Aïda el Khiari, Annie Vernay-Nouri (éds.), Les périples de Kalīla et Dimna. Quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique / The journeys of Kalīla and Dimna. Fables in the Literature and Arts of the Islamic World". Bulletin critique des Annales islamologiques (38): 8. doi:10.4000/bcai.6647. ISSN 0259-7373. The 13th BnF, Arabe 3465 (the oldest illustrated Arabic Kalīla wa Dimna)
  11. ^ "Arabe 3465, complete scan with description". portail.biblissima.fr.
  12. ^ Brac de La Perrière, Éloïse; EL Khiari, Aïda; Vernay-Nouri, Annie. Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 98, caption of figure 4.1, 118. ISBN 978-90-04-46710-1. It would be reasonable to ascribe BnF Arabe 3465 to the early thirteenth-century Ayyubid cultural area.
  13. ^ Contadini 2012, Plate 8.
  14. ^ Stillman, Yedida K. (2003). Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times (Rev. 2. ed.). Brill. p. Plate 30. ISBN 978-90-04-11373-2.
  15. ^ O'Kane, Bernard (2003). Early Persian painting: Kalila and Dimna manuscripts of the late fourteenth century. London: Tauris. p. 41. ISBN 978-1860648526.
  16. ^ Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600. London : New York: Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams. 2005. p. 386, item 37. ISBN 978-1903973578. (...)The frontispiece depicts, on the right-hand side, a scene of textual transmission with scholars and scribes, culminating, on the left hand-side, in a scene of enthronement where the book is being presented. This pictorial juxtaposition of textual transmission and courtly patronage is replayed in Nasr Allah Munshi's introduction, where the patron of the translation, Bahram Shah, is praised and portrayed in an enthronement scene (fol.6a).
  17. ^ Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill. p. 199.
  18. ^ "KALILA WA DEMNA iii. ILLUSTRATIONS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. The earliest illustrated Arabic manuscripts that have survived date from the beginning of the 13th century, while the earliest illustrated Persian example (Istanbul, Topkapi Saray Library, MS H. 363) is from the last quarter of that century.
  19. ^ Contadini, Anna (2010). Arab painting: text and image in illustrated Arabic manuscripts (2nd rev. ed.). Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 140. ISBN 978-90-04-18630-9. ...the earliest surviving Persian manuscript of the text, H. 363 of the Topkapı Saray Library, datable to 1265–80.
  20. ^ Brac de La Perrière, Éloïse; EL Khiari, Aïda; Vernay-Nouri, Annie. Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 97. ISBN 978-90-04-46710-1.
  21. ^ "Consultation". archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr.
  22. ^ "World Digital Library, Kalila and Dimna". Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  23. ^ "Kalila wa-Dimna – Wisdom Encoded". 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  24. ^ "Paul Lunde article in Saudi Aramco World, 1972". Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  25. ^ "Kalila wa Dimna play for Children held in Bahrain, 2003". Archived from the original on 5 August 2016.
  26. ^ "Kalila wa Dimna play for children held in Jerusalem".[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Kalila wa Dimna play held in Tunisia, 2016". Archived from the original on 1 June 2016.
  28. ^ "Kalila wa Dimna cartoon series debut on Al-Jazeera kids, 2006". Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  29. ^ ""The Wisdom of Kalila wa Dimna" book launch by prominent Palestinian writer, 2016". PNN. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016.
  30. ^ "Signing of a Kalila wa Dimna commentary work by prominent Jordanian writer, 2011". 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016.
  31. ^ Kaye, Alan S.; Younes, Munther A. (Spring 1990). "Tales from Kalila wa Dimna: An Arabic Reader". The Modern Language Journal. 74 (1): 93. doi:10.2307/327953. JSTOR 327953.
  32. ^ Roochnik, Paul (2003). "Review of Hikaayaat Kaliila Wa-Dimna Li-Tulaab al-Lughat al-Carabiyya (Tales from Kalila Wa Dimna for Students of Arabic [Retold]) by Munther A. Younes". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 20 (1): 160. doi:10.35632/ajis.v20i1.1888.

Sources

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Further reading

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