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Muslim Gujjars

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Muslim Gujjars
Gujars from Kaghan Valley, Pakistan
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Nepal
 Pakistan33 million (2016)[1][2]
 Afghanistan1.5 million (2020)[3]
 India541,000 (2005)[4]
   Nepal700 (2005)[4]
Languages
Urdu • Panjabi • Hindi • Gujjari • Pashto • Balochi • Sindhi • Dari • Hindko • Koshur • Balti • Khowar • Shina
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Jat Muslim • Kohistani people • Kashmiri Muslims • Shina people • Nuristanis • Hindkowans

Muslim Gujjars, or Musalmān Gujjars (Punjabi: مُسَلمَان گُجَّر) also spelled Gujar, Gurjara or Gurjar, are an ethno-religious group predominantly found in the north-western regions of South Asia. They embraced Islam from the medieval period onwards.[5]

History

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Medieval period

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Conversions of Gujjars to Islam began in the 11th century with the arrival of Sufi missionaries in the subcontinent. Numerous clans of Gujjars embraced Islam during the time of Shaykh Farid al-Din Masud and his successors.[6] By the 16th century, Islam had become the predominant religion among the Gujjars of Punjab, Kashmir, Khyber Paktunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Sindh, Balochistan and present-day Afghanistan.[5][better source needed]

Mughal period

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The memoirs of Mughal emperors Babur and Jahangir describe the Gujjars as pastoral people engaged in frequent raids and plundering.[7][8] Sujan Rai writes in the 17th century that the Gujjar tribe of Sarkar Dipalpur was notorious for its refractory and rebellious character.[9]

Following Nadir Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire, several Gujjar chiefs rose to power in Punjab, Hazara, and Kashmir. Notable among them were the Nawabs of Dera Ghazi Khan, the Rajas of Poonch, and the Muqaddams of Kot Najibullah.[10][6][11]

Sangu dynasty

[edit]

The Sangu a clan of the Muslim Gujjars found mainly in Kashmir. During the reign of Rustam Khan Rathore, Sami Mittha, a member of the Sangu clan, migrated from Muzaffarabad to Poonch and settled there. [12] His eldest son, Ruhullah, later found employment at the court of the Poonch Raja. Ruhullah rose through the ranks and became the Vizier to Raja Bahadur Khan of Poonch in the 1790s.[13] After Bahadur Khanʼs assassination in 1797, Ruhullah appointed his son Amir Khan as Raja while he managed the affairs of the state as the de facto ruler. In 1814, Ranjit Singh asked Ruhullah for co-operation in his invasion of Kashmir but the Poonch Raja declined as his sympathies were with the Durrani Empire. In July 1814, the Sikhs invaded Kashmir and advanced towards Poonch but were defeated at Tosa-Maidan Pass by Ruhullah Khan's forces and many of their men slain. Ranjit Singh was forced to flee back to Lahore with a few followers of his who survived.[14] Ruhullah Khan died in 1819. He was succeeded by his grandson Mir Baz Khan, who also opposed the Sikhs.[15]

British period

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Muslim Gujjars were actively involved in the 1857 uprising against the Company rule, particularly in the Punjab region, and were said to have given a "great deal of trouble" during the Mutiny.[16]

Later, during the British Raj era, they were classified as a martial race and enlisted in class company regiments.[17]

Social organisation

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Muslim Gujjars are divided into over one hundred clans or gots.[18] The Muslim Gujjars also have distinct sub-groups mainly found in the Himalayas such as the Bakarwal and Van Gujjar communities.[19][20][21][22]

Common Muslim Gujjar clans

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Religions

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Initially Gujjars of Pakistan were predominantly Sun worshipers, later most of them converted to Hinduism.[28] During the Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent many Gujjars converted to Sunni Islam through sufism.[29] Some are follower of Ziki sect of Shia Islam in Makran region of Balochitan.[30]

Demographics

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In 1988, it was estimated that Muslim Gujjars constitute 53 percent of the total Gujjar population.[31]

Afghanistan

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Geographical distribution of Gujars in Afghanistan
Gathering of Gujar Tribal People in Northern Afghanistan

The Gujjar people have lived in Afghanistan for centuries, with an estimated 1.5 million residing in the country today.[32][3] They primarily inhabit the northeastern regions, including provinces like Kapisa, Baghlan, Balkh, Kunduz, Takhar, Badakhshan, Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar, Kunar, and Khost.[32][3] In some areas of Afghanistan and Kunar province local radio stations air programs in Gujari, Nuristani and other languages.[33]

Traditional Jirga of the Gujars in Afghan Society

In Upper Asqalan, local elders once requested a former mujahideen commander to take on the role of a Taliban commander to provide protection and leadership for their area (interview, 20 July 2007).[34] Similarly, in Burka, the leaders of the prominent mir family in Kokah Bulaq reached an agreement with a Gujjar commander—who had previously fought alongside them during the resistance against Soviet forces—to assume responsibility as the Taliban commander for the Full Valley, with the aim of safeguarding the local population (interviews, 5 September 2007 and 26 March 2009).[34]

Group of Tribal Gujar People Gathered in North Eastern Afghanistan

During the Rohilla rule (c. 1720–1770), horse breeding flourished alongside agricultural growth in the region.[35] Gujjars, along with Bhattis, played an important role as roaming traders who helped maintain the quality of local horse breeds by bringing in stallions and mares from regions like Punjab, Afghanistan, and Turkistan.[35] Their involvement contributed to the strength of the regional breeding economy, which supported military demands.[35]

Pakistan

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Among eighteenth Pakistani ethnic groups found across four provinces, the Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic group in Pakistan.[36] An estimated 20% of Pakistan's population is Gujjars.[37]

They enjoy good status in Pakistani society and in numbers their population is estimated to be 33 million.[2][38]

Initially Gujjars of Pakistan were predominantly Sun worshipers, later most of them converted to Hinduism.[39]

Geographical distribution of Gujars in Pakistan

In 1999, British anthropologist Stephen Lyon estimated that the Gujjar population in Pakistan was around 30 million. He also introduced the concept of "Gujarism"—the idea that Gujjars in Pakistan are aware of their distinct identity and frequently engage in social activities, including local political participation, based on this awareness, a phenomenon he refers to as kin-network activism.[40]

Punjab, Pakistan

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The Gujjars of Punjab racially belonged to the Indo-Aryan race.[41] In Punjab, their primary occupation is agriculture, while many are also engaged in small businesses, local politics, and government jobs.

They are found across all divisions of Punjab and primarily in the districts of Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Taxila, Jehlum, Gujar khan, Sialkot, Lahore, Sheikhupura, Okara, Layyah,[42] Narowal, Muzaffargarh, Multan, Bahawalpure, Bahawalnagar, Gujrat, Gujranwala,[42] Rahim Yar Khan,[42] Jhang, Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali, Khushab, Sargodha, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh.[42] In northern Punjab, their population is estimated as 2.3 million, with additional populations found in central, eastern and southern Punjab.[43]

They have lent their name to several places in Punjab, Pakistan these places include Gujranwala, Gujarat, Gujar Khan, and Gojra, among others.[44]

In Punjab they follow the ideology kinship of Gujjarism that helps them in building influence in local politics of Punjab.[45]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

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Gujjars are also present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where they're the third largest ethnic groups after the Pashtuns and the Awan, found in the Hazara region as well places like Dir, Swat, and Bajaur, often being conversant in Pashto, the provincial language.[46]

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa their settlements are found in various regions, including Hazara, Chitral, Kohistan, Waziristan, Fatah and other areas of KPK. They are predominantly found in the districts of Dera Ismail Khan, Chitral, Hangu, Kohat, Peshawar, Mansehra, Malakand, Abottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Upper Dir, Lowe Sir, Charsadha, Shangla and Swat.[47]

In Swat, Pir Samiullah was a Gujjar community leader who was the first to raise a private tribal army against the Pakistani Taliban, with around 10,000 men, but was eventually defeated and executed by the Taliban in 2008, who then desecrated his dead body by hanging it publicly.[48]

They speak Pashto and Gujari language in main areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in Hazara they speak Hindko and Gujari language,[49] while in Chitral valley they speak Kohistani, Chitarali and Gujari language.

Gujjar Qaumi Movement (GQM), a Gujjar organization based in the lower dir district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, filed a petition in the peshawar high court, demanding for the inclusion of Gujari language in the list of 2023 census forum. The court ordered the provincial government to include the Gujari language, but the remains unimplemented.[50]

Azad Kashmir

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In Azad Kashmir, they are single largest ethnic community of the region,[51][52][53] by some estimates even being considered the single largest group with 800,000 individuals[54] and they found in almost every districts of Azad Kashmir. They mainly belong to agricultural class of the AJK.[51]

Their population is mainly found in Poonch, Sandutti, Kotli, Mirpur, Muzaffarabad, and Bhimber districts.[55] In Azad Kashmir they use titles like Sardar, Malik, Mian, Khan, Rana and Choudhary.[56]

Muslim Gujjars have influence in local politics of the state, In 2021 in the state assembly election of Azad Jammu and Kashmir many Gujjar politicians were elected.[53]

Gilgit Baltistan

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In Gilgit-Baltistan, they are primarily settled in Naltar, Ghizer, and Astore.[57][58] They migrated over a century ago from Swat, Kohistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They rely on farming and livestock rearing, and are known for their unique tradition of carving wooden coffins.[59] They mostly speak two major languages Shina and Gujari.[57]

They are mainly found in Ghizer, Nagar, Shighar, Gilgit, and Hunza districts, and Naltar Valley. There are no restrictions among the women of Muslim Gujjars in the region for the following of Islamic tradition of Purdah.[59] They speak Shina language in the areas of Gilgit district and Khowar language near the Shandpur Pass.[59]

Sindh

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In Sind they are mainly found in the rural Sind including the districts of Mirpur-Mathelo dis, Tharparkar, Sangar, Mithi and Hyderabad.[60][61] In Hyderabad and Karachi there are also some Gurjars mostly migrated from Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Punjab for business purposes.

Balochistan

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The Gujjars are also found in the Balochistan province of Pakistan and declare themselves natives to the region.[62]

In Balochistan they are mainly found in the districts of Kalat, Jhalawan, Sibi, Quetta, Kuzdhar, Awaran, Makran, and Gawadar.[63][64][61] In Makran, Balochistan Gujjars follow Ziki sect of Shia Islam rest of others in Balochistan follow Sunni Islam and speak Balochi language.[62][61]

In Balochistan Muslim Gujjar claimed to be the original inhabitants of the region but they were likely settled in the region and came here during the rule of Mughal emperor Akbar in the Indian subcontinent.[62]

India

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Tribal Gujjar man in traditional dress, likely from Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir

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Renowned Gujjar author; Javaid Rahi from Jammu and Kashmir

The Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir are a predominantly Muslim community. In Kashmir they are the third-largest ethnic community after Dogari and Pahari speaking linguistic groups.[65][66]

Gujjars constitute approximately 88% of the total tribal population in Jammu and Kashmir, with an estimated population of 20-25% of the state's total population and they are located in all districts of Indian adminsntrated Kashmir.[65] The community is scattered across the state, with the largest concentration in Poonch (40%) and Rajouri (33.1%), while they are absent in the Leh district.[67][68]

In Jammu and Kashmir, Gujjars are predominantly Muslims and are divided into settled, nomadic, and agro-pastoralists groups.[67] These Nomadic Gujjars are further divided into Bakarwal, Van-Gujjar, and Dodhi subgroups.[69]

Geographical Distribution of Gujars in The Indian Himalayan states of, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh

There are notable population of the Gujjars spread throughout the state. Their settlements are mostly found in the valleys of Kangam, Kukernag, Kanghan, Tral, Doru, Pahalgam, Shopian, Kulgam, Handwara, Karnah, Kupwara. Also in all Tehsils of Uri district, tehsils of Haveli, Naushera, Sunderbani, Mendhar, and in the districts of Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Kathua, Soda, Gool, Bhaderwah and Kishtwar.[68]

Himachal Pradesh

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Muslim Gujjars are found in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, which borders Jammu and Kashmir and Tibet.[70][71] Muslim Gujjars constitute a significant proportion of the Gujjar community in Himachal Pradesh, making up approximately 86 percent of their population.[72]

The Muslim Gujjars are predominantly found in Kangra, Chamba and Sirmaur and make up to 100% districts population. They are also found in good numbers in Solan and Bilaspur districts.[72]

In 2001, the Himachal Pradesh Government granted Scheduled Tribe status to the Gujjar community. As per the 2011 census out of the state's Scheduled Tribe population of 2,92,126, Gujjars accounted for 92,547 individuals, comprising 23.6% of the state's Scheduled Tribe population.[72]

The majority of them are nomadic, with a smaller number of settled Muslim Gujjars. Traditionally, they are pastoralists, moving with their livestock across the region's mountainous terrain.[70]

Punjab, India

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In the Indian state of Punjab Gujjars are mostly found in the Kandi region that covers the districts of Ludhiana, Tarn Taran, Hoshiarpure, Gurdaspur, Mohali, Rupnagar, and Nawanshahr.[73][74] Beside Kandi region their population is also found in Amritsar, Bathinda and Malerkotla, Dasuya, and Pathankot districts.[75] They are mostly Muslim some are Sikh and Hindu. In Punjab they belong to settled class of Punjabi farmers.[76] In recent years some Muslim Gujjars are also migrated from Jammu and Kashmir.

In Kandi region there are total one hundred fifty five settlements and one hundred eighteen are of Gujjars.[77]

Before the partition of Punjab in 1947, Gurdaspur became part of Indian Punjab eighty villages of the Muslim Gujjars migrated from Gurdaspur to Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Some other Muslim Gujjars from other districts of Punjab, India migrated to Pakistani Punjab and settled in Sheikhupura and Sargodha districts.[45]

In Punjab along with Hindu and Sikh Gujjars, they are listed in Other backward classes list of the State government.[78]

Ladakh

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The Muslim Gujjars and Bakarwal communities in Ladakh are traditionally pastoralists, grazing livestock in areas like Rangdum. Recently, disputes over land encroachment and unauthorized construction have arisen. In 2024, the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh intervened to address these issues, including the illegal occupation of grazing land and the ongoing legal dispute over land rights in the region.[79][80][81]

Uttarakhand

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The Muslim Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand, with a population of around 70,000,[82] are a semi-nomadic pastoral community living mainly in the Shivalik Hills, bordering Tibet. Traditionally herders, they practice transhumance, migrating with their buffalo herds between the foothills in winter and alpine pastures in summer. Known for being lactovegetarians, they rely solely on milk from their buffaloes. Despite the Indian Forest Rights Act of 2006 granting them forest land rights, they face conflicts with state authorities over access to reserved parks. The community distinguishes itself from other Gujjars by adopting the prefix "Van" ("forest-dwelling") in the 1980s.[83][84][85][82]

Main geographical distribution of Gujars in The Indian Plain, found in Punjab, Haryana, Dehli, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

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The Muslim Gujjars make up a substantial portion of the population in regions like Kairana and Muzaffarnagar, with an estimated 150,000 Muslim Gujjars in the Kairana constituency alone.[86] This community has historically been influential in local politics, often rallying behind candidates from their ethnicity, irrespective of their religious identity. Despite being a minority in the broader context, Muslim Gujjars in these areas hold a demographic and political sway, particularly in rural settings.[87][88][89][86]

Culture and traditions

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Muslim Gujjars adhere to the fundamental principles of Islam, believing in the oneness of Allah and performing the five times daily prayers. They also observe basic Islamic practices including Roza, Zakat, and believe in the day of judgement and the concept of Jannah.[90][91]

Purdah

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Gujjar women in Punjab, Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan and other areas of Pakistan and Northern India typically do not observe the tradition of Purdah or wear Burkas.[92][93] However, in some areas of Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gujjar women do observe purdah.

Clothing

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In various regions of North India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, Muslim Gujjars wear traditional attire similar to that of other local Muslim communities. In Jammu and Kashmir, men from the Gujjar community traditionally wear Shalwar and Kurta, similar to other Kashmiri Muslims. Their women wear a kurta paired with Churidhar pyjama.[94][95]

Child birth

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In Gujjar communities the birth of a girl child is viewed as a direct blessing from Allah.[94] Gujjar families treat girls and boys equally, and uniquely, they celebrate the birth of a girl child, setting them apart from some Muslim communities.[96] When a child is born in Muslim Gujjar communities, they usually cover the child's face to protect them from the evil eye.[97]

Marriages

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Muslim Gujjars mostly live in joint families. The divorce rate is low among them, and their divorce system is distinct from other Muslim communities.[98][99] Arranged marriages are common among Muslim Gujjars, typically taking place with the parents' approval on both the bride's and groom's sides.[91]

Jirga (Panchayat)

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Gujjars in tribal areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir follow the Jirga system to resolve everyday issues, including land disputes, political, social, educational, and community-related matters.[100][101]

In June 2018, a Jirga was convened by Gujjars in the Shangla district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where a committee was formed to advocate for their rights to education, healthcare, and transportation in the area. The Jirga also decided to support a candidate in the upcoming elections who would address these issues.[102]

In September 2018, the district government of Torghar district convened a local Jirga to resolve a land dispute between the Gujjars and Akazai Pashtuns in the districts of Torghar and Mansehra.[103][104] The Gujjars filed a case in the Senior Civil Judge's (SCJ) court, and following the court's order, they were permitted to harvest their wheat and grass crops on the disputed land. Consequently, 90% of the disputed land in Torghar district was granted to the Gujjars after the court's order.[105][106]

Genetics

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Pakistan

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

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The majority of Muslim Gujjars in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's districts of Swabi and Buner belong to the R1a haplogroup, with frequencies of 61%[107] and 48%[108] in Swat district, respectively.

Gujjars in the districts of Swabi and Buner belong to the R1a haplogroup, with a frequency of 61%; the L haplogroup, 20.97%; J2a haplogroup, 4.84%; R2 haplogroup, 4.03%; J2b haplogroup, 1.61%; Q1a haplogroup, 1.61%; and O3-M122 haplogroup, 0.81%.[107]

Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Buner & Swabi districts
  1. R1a (61%)
  2. L (20.97%)
  3. J2a (4.82%)
  4. R2 (4.03%)
  5. J2b (1.61%)
  6. Q1a (1.6%)
  7. o3-M122 (0.81%)

This research also indicates that in the Gujjars, the highest frequency of the West Eurasian lineage about 62.3%, South Asian is 33.61%, and 4.1% East Eurasian was found.[109]

In the Swat district, they belong to the R1a haplogroup, with a frequency of 48%; M33 haplogroup, 45%; and N5 haplogroup, 7%.[108][110]

Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Swat district
  1. R1a (48%)
  2. M33 (45%)
  3. N5 (7%)

The study also revealed that the haplogroups found in Gujjars are predominantly 42%; South Asian, 37%; followed by West Eurasian, 2.7%; with smaller positions of Eastern Asian, 1.4% Eastern European, and 1.4%; Northern Asian haplogroups.[110]

Gujjars in the district of Mansehra belong to the H haplogroup, with a frequency of 58.97%; the M haplogroup, 27.69%; and R haplogroup, 14%.[111]

Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Mansehra district
  1. H (58.97%)
  2. M (27.69%)
  3. R (14%)

Punjab

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In 2019, genetic research indicated that genetically, Gujjars of Punjab are closely related to other Pakistani groups, including the Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochs, Pashtuns, and people of Azad Kashmir.[112]

India

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Jammu and Kashmir

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In Jammu and Kashmir, the predominant haplogroup found among Muslim Gujjars is R1a, occurring at a frequency of 78%. This is followed by haplogroup H, while haplogroup L is found at the lowest frequency.[113]

Haplogroups found among Gujjars of Jammu & Kashmir
  1. R1a (78%)
  2. H (14%)
  3. L (8%)

Recent genetic research shows that Muslim Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir have genetic similarity with the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan and Sindhis.[114] But they are genetically different from other tribes of India.[115]

[edit]

Muslim Gujjars are part of Punjabi, and Pashto culture and are often portrayed in Pakistani films, Dramas and songs in regional languages of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir.

Punjabi films

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Pashto dramas

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Notable people

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Royalty

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Politics

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Military

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Religion

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Literature

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Sports

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Entertainment

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Journalism

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Business

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[edit]
Muslim Gujjars from different regions

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ahmed, Mukhtar (2016-04-18). The Arains: A Historical Perspective. Cspace. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-5327-8117-9. Gujjars are found in Pakistan, while India has the second largest Gujjar population. Now their population is about 33 million in Pakistan and 30 million in India.
  2. ^ a b Ullah, Inam (3 March 2018). Genetic Analysis of the Major Tribes of Swat and Dir Districts Through Dental Morphology and Dna Analysis. Hazara University: Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra. p. 26. Today the Gujjars are famous in agriculture, urban professions and have great contribution in civil cervices, occupying large scales of land especially in northern parts of Pakistan and India. The population of Gujars in India is approximately 30 million while, in Pakistan their population is about 33 million.
  3. ^ a b c Pajhwok, Afghan News (2021-01-04). "Govt has long ignored our problems, needs: Gujars". Retrieved 2025-01-24.
  4. ^ a b Singh, David Emmanuel (2012-08-31). Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response. Walter de Gruyter. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-61451-185-4.
  5. ^ a b RajMohan Gandhi (2013). Punjab A History From Aurangzeb To Mountbatten.
  6. ^ a b "File:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 6 Part 1.pdf - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
  7. ^ Rose, H. A. (1911). Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province vol.2.
  8. ^ Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan; Rogers, Alexander; Beveridge, Henry (1909–1914). The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri; or, Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers. Edited by Henry Beveridge. Robarts – University of Toronto. London Royal Asiatic Society.
  9. ^ "The India of Aurangzib (topography, statistics, and roads) compared with the India of Akbar: with extracts from the Khulasatu-t-tawarikh and the Chahar Gulshan". Bose Brothers, Calcutta. 1901.
  10. ^ "Report of the land revenue settlement of the Dera Ismail Khan District of the Punjab, 1872–79". Lahore, Printed by W. Ball. 1879.
  11. ^ "Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat divisions of the Panjab". Allahabad, Printed at the Pioneer Press. 1890.
  12. ^ Narsingh Das, Nargis. Tarikh-e-Dogra.
  13. ^ "History | District Poonch, Government of Jammu and Kashmir | India".
  14. ^ History of the Punjab, and of the Rise, Progress & Present Condition of the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs.
  15. ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry. The Panjab Chiefs. p. 151.
  16. ^ Gazetteer of the Ludhiāna District: 1888/89 [ca. 1890]. Calcutta Central Press. 1890.
  17. ^ Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6.
  18. ^ "Punjab | History, Culture & Economy | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-12-22. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  19. ^ Dar, Sajad Ahmad (2023-01-31). "The Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir and their changing marriage rituals". Pastoralism. 13 (1): 1. Bibcode:2023Pasto..13....1D. doi:10.1186/s13570-022-00264-2. ISSN 2041-7136.
  20. ^ Mehmood, Tahir (June 2024). "Overcoming Obstacles: The Journey of Gujjar-Bakarwal in Jammu and Kashmir since Independence" (PDF). Research Scholar, Department of History, Panjab University, Chandigarh. 2: 134 – via The Academic.
  21. ^ Rana, J. P. Singh (1998). Marriage and Customs of Tribes of India. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-7533-087-0. Van Gujjars are Sunni Muslims, as might be expected from their origins.
  22. ^ Seshia, Shaila (2005). Traditional Wisdom in Natural Resource Management: The Only Way to Conserve. Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra. p. 38.
  23. ^ Epilogue, Vol 3, Issue 11. Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir. p. 47. Most of the Chauhans live in Jammu and Kashmir and some of them have embraced Islam. They are recognized as sub caste of Gujjars.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rahi, Javaid. The Gujjars -Vol 04 (Gujjars History & Culture) by Dr. Javaid Rahi. Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu. The names of the gotras are common to Hindu Gujjars, Sikh Gujjars and Muslim Gujjars in the Indian sub-continent. A few frominent gotras are Khatana, Hakla, Bajjar, Chechi, Rathore, Chauhan, Bhatti, Rana, Thekria, Noon, Bhadana, Gorsi, Bagri, Kasana, Bajran, Kohli, Khari and others.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rawat, Ajay Singh (1993). Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai. Indus Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 978-81-85182-97-1. Despite their conversion to Islam, the Gujjars have main-tained many rituals and practices of their Hindu ancestors. They have retained the 'Gotra" system, though they are not clear about the genesis of their gotras, except that it refers to their Hindu ancestry. Their important gotras are Kushan (Kasana), Lodha, Padhana, Bagri, Dinda, Dhetra, Chabra, Pathan, Kasani, & Bhainsi.
  26. ^ a b c d S, Shyam Singh (1971). Himachal: Nature's Peaceful Paradise. Indian School Supply Depot. p. 102.
  27. ^ a b c d Epilogue, Vol 3, Issue 11. Epilogue -Jammu Kashmir. p. 47. Their means of substances is cattle rearing. Some are leading semi nomadic life they never extend matrimonial relation with other Rajputs except Salaria, Kataria, Soods, Sango etc which are the sub castes of Muslim Gujjars.
  28. ^ Ahmed, Mukhtar (2016-04-18). The Arains: A Historical Perspective. Cspace. ISBN 978-1-5327-8117-9. It appears that the Gujjars of Pakistan were sun-worshipers who later got absorbed in the greater mass of Hinduism as they migrated to the East. Their copper-plate grants bear an emblem of the Sun.
  29. ^ Samal, Prasana K. (1998). Tribal Development: Options : Proceedings of a National Seminar, May 22-24, 1996. Gyanodaya Prakashan. p. 513. ISBN 978-81-85097-41-1.
  30. ^ Tyagi, Vidya Prakash (2009). Martial races of undivided India. Kalps. p. 225. ISBN 978-81-7835-775-1. In Markan, near border of Iran, the Gujjars are Ziki by faith and claim to have come from Mewar during the time of Akbar, the elderly Gujjars added.
  31. ^ Sukhbir Singh, "Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent", Population Geography, Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. Archived 23 June 2025.
  32. ^ a b Hamdard, Azizullah (2021-01-13). "Gujars use Andak meat for coronavirus treatment". Retrieved 2025-01-24.
  33. ^ Meyerle, Gerald; Katt, Megan; Gavrilis, Jim (2012). On the Ground in Afghanistan: Counterinsurgency in Practice. Government Printing Office. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-16-090258-1.
  34. ^ a b Goodhand, Jonathan; Sedra, Mark (2016-04-14). The Afghan Conundrum: intervention, statebuilding and resistance. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-56963-3.
  35. ^ a b c Gommans, Jos J. L. (2023-11-27). The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, c. 1710-1780. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-64473-1.
  36. ^ Zahra, Fatima Tuz; Hussain, Manzoor; Khan, Khushbukhat; Aslam, Muhammad Adeel; Shafique, Muhammad; Rubab, Aqsa; Javeed, Shahzadi (2020-07-01). "Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 134 (4): 1333–1334. doi:10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6. ISSN 1437-1596. Approximately 18 ethnic groups dwellin 4 provinces of Pakistan. Among which Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic tribes of Pakistan whose approximately 2.3 million population reside in the north side of its Punjab province.
  37. ^ Butt, Nasir Faried (30 November 2017). "Position of Women Folk among the Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY: UGC Approved Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal. 1 (09): 324. ISSN 2456-6683 – via IJRCS.ORG. In Pakistan they comprise almost 20% of the population. Gujjars can also be Muslim, Sikh, Christian and presumably Buddhist.
  38. ^ Ahmed, Mukhtar (2016-04-18). The Arains: A Historical Perspective. Cspace. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-5327-8117-9.
  39. ^ Ahmed, Mukhtar (2016-04-18). The Arains: A Historical Perspective. Createspace. ISBN 978-1-5327-8117-9. It appears that the Gujjars of Pakistan were sun-worshipers who later got absorbed in the greater mass of Hinduism as they migrated to the East. Their copper-plate grants bear an emblem of the Sun.
  40. ^ Lyon, Stephen (May 1999). "Gujars and Gujarism: simple quaum versus network activism". University of Kent. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024.
  41. ^ Thakur, Upendra (1974). Some Aspects of Ancient Indian History and Culture. Abhinav Publications. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-88386-289-6. The Gujars of the Punjab are unquestionably Aryan by race.
  42. ^ a b c d
  43. ^ Zahra, Fatima Tuz; Hussain, Manzoor; Khan, Khushbukhat; Aslam, Muhammad Adeel; Shafique, Muhammad; Rubab, Aqsa; Javeed, Shahzadi (July 2020). "Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 134 (4): 1. doi:10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6. ISSN 1437-1596. PMID 31858262. Among which Gujjar is one of the largest ethnic tribes of Pakistan whose approximately 2.3 million population reside in the north side of its Punjab province.
  44. ^ There was Once a King: Folk-tales of Pakistan. Lok Virsa Publishing House. 1989. pp. IV. Gujjars been good settlers, because they gave ( and left ) their names to many towns in the Punjab, like Gujar Khan, Gujrat, Gujranwala, or Gojra.
  45. ^ a b Rehman, Asad ur; Pervez, Muhammad Shoaib (2025-02-18). South Asia from the Margins: Transformations in the Political Space. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-31762-4.
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  49. ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 97.
  50. ^ "Inclusion of Gujjari language in census form lauded". DAWN.COM. 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
  51. ^ a b Öztürk, Münir; Sridhar, Kandikre Ramaiah; Sarwat, Maryam; Altay, Volkan; Huerta-Martínez, Francisco Martín (2023-10-20). Ethnic Knowledge and Perspectives of Medicinal Plants: Volume 2: Nutritional and Dietary Benefits. CRC Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-000-81185-8. Gujjars: Respected ethnic group is highly associated with agriculture and builds one of the largest ethnic groups of AJK (Azad Jammu & Kashmir). Popularly found all over the states.
  52. ^ Ahmed, Zubair; Abbasi, Dr Mushtaque Ali (2025-06-12). "A Politico-Cultural History of Gujjars in the District Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir". ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences. 4 (2): 1547. doi:10.63056/ACAD.004.02.0274. ISSN 3006-6638. The politico-cultural history of the Gujjars in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) and Indian- Occupied Kashmir (IOK) is a significant subject of study. They are considered the main power in both parts of Kashmir. They have a clear majority on both sides of Kashmir.
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  56. ^ Warikoo, Kulbhushan; Som, Sujit (2000). Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. p. 90.
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  62. ^ a b c Tyagi, Vidya Prakash (2009). Martial races of undivided India. Kalps. p. 225. ISBN 978-81-7835-775-1. The Jhalwan Gujjars speak both Balochi and Sindhi languages and claim to be natives of these regions without having ancestry of any foreign element in so far as their ethnic traditions are concerned. In the region the Zamindars (landlords) are called Baloch. The other Pakistani Blauch and adjoining Irani Bluches are of one ancestry but against this we hail from separate Gujjar community. As per one tradition they have come from Delhi to this area and speak Sindhi language. In Markan, near border of Iran, the Gujjars are Ziki by faith and claim to have come from Mewar during the time of Akbar, the elderly Gujjars added.
  63. ^ Shahan-e-Gujjar (Urdu), by Maulvi Abdul Malik, Second Edition 1986, p. 399
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  65. ^ a b Butt, Nasir Faried (30 November 2017). "Position of Women Folk among the Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY: UGC Approved Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal Publication. 1 (09): 324. ISSN 2456-6683 – via IJRCS.ORG. Several identities existing in Jammu and Kashmir, Gujjar is one of the important one, since they form the third largest ethnic group in J&K with a total of 20-25% of the population of the state.
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  75. ^ Manku, Darshan Singh (1986). The Gujar Settlements: A Study in Ethnic Geography. Inter-India Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-210-0072-7. In such villages Gujar families bave migrated from other Gujar settlements, purchased the land, and have settled. There were many Muslim Gujar settlements in the Pathankot tahsil of district Gurdaspur, Dasuya and Hoshiarpur.
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  112. ^ Zahra, Fatima Tuz; Hussain, Manzoor; Khan, Khushbukhat; Aslam, Muhammad Adeel; Shafique, Muhammad; Rubab, Aqsa; Javeed, Shahzadi (2020-07-01). "Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosomal STRs in Gujjar population of Punjab". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 134 (4): 1333–1334. doi:10.1007/s00414-019-02227-6. ISSN 1437-1596.
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