Help:索布语国际音标
（重定向自Help:IPA/Sorbian）
 | 這頁是維基百科的索布语国际音标發音指南。 |
下列图表展示了在维基百科条目中用國際音標（IPA）表示索布语（下索布语与上索布语）发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。
| 辅音 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | 示例 | 英语中的近似发音 | |
 下索 |
 上索 | ||
| b | bałma (上索)[a] | boot | |
| bʲ | bjakać (上索)[a] | beautiful | |
| ɕ | šćit (下索)[a][b][c] | sheep (下索) | |
| d | dań (上索)[a] | do | |
| dʲ | [d] | media | |
| dz | licba (下索)[a] | lads | |
| dʑ | [a] | jig (下索) | |
| dʒ | dźak (上索)[a][c] | jug | |
| f | fabula (上索)[a] | fool | |
| fʲ | [d] | few | |
| ɡ | gagać (上索)[a] | good | |
| ɡʲ | [d] | argue | |
| ɣ | [a] | good，但舌头不要抵到上颚 | |
| h | habla (上索) | hood | |
| hʲ | [d] | heed | |
| j | jadro (上索) | yes | |
| k | kabat (上索)[a] | scar | |
| kʲ | [d] | skew | |
| l | lac (上索) | lack | |
| lʲ | [d] | failure | |
| m | mač (上索) | moot | |
| mʲ | mjaso (上索) | mute | |
| n | nabać (上索) | noon | |
| nʲ | hromadźernja (上索) | vinyard | |
| ŋ | [e] | sang | |
| ŋʲ | [e] | sing | |
| p | pad (上索)[a] | span | |
| pʲ | pjany (上索)[a] | spew | |
| r | ʁ | rad (上索)[f] | 美国英语 atom (下索) 法语 rouge (上索) |
| rʲ | ʁʲ | rjadka (上索)[f] | 美国英语 catty (下索) 法语 rime (上索) |
| s | sadło (上索)[a] | soup | |
| ʃ | šach (上索)[a][c] | rush | |
| t | tajić (上索)[a] | stand | |
| tʲ | [d] | stew (RP) | |
| tɕ | [a][c] | chip (下索) | |
| ts | całta (上索)[a] | cats | |
| tʃ | ćahać (上索)[a][c] | chop | |
| v | vatikanski (上索)[a] | voodoo | |
| vʲ | [d] | view | |
| w | wačka (上索) | boot，但嘴唇未完全闭合 | |
| wʲ | wjaznyć (上索) | 介于 wet 和 yet 之间 | |
| x | čichawa (上索) | loch (蘇格蘭英語); ugh | |
| xʲ | [d] | huge | |
| z | zabić (上索)[a] | zoo | |
| ʑ | [a][c] | prestige (下索) | |
| ʒ | žaba (上索)[a][c] | pleasure | |
| 元音 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | 示例 | 英语或其他语言 中的近似发音 | |
下索 |
上索 | ||
| a | pask (上索) | father | |
| ɛ | pesimistiski (上索)[d][g] | met | |
| ɪ | pĕseń (上索)[d][g][h] | kit | |
| i | pisać (上索)[g] | meet | |
| ɨ | pysk (上索)[g] | roses (部分方言) | |
| ɔ | posyć (上索) | off | |
| ʊ | póstniski (上索)[h][i] | pull | |
| u | pusty (上索) | pool | |
| IPA | 其他 | |
|---|---|---|
下索 |
上索 | |
| ˈ | 主重音。重音往往落在单词的第一个音节上。 | |
| . | 音节中断。 | |
注释
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 The contrast between the voiceless /p, pʲ, ɕ, t, tʃ, f, k, s, ʃ/ on the one hand and the voiced /b, bʲ, ʑ, d, dʒ, v, ɡ, z, ʒ/ on the other is neutralized before obstruents (with the former set occurring before voiceless obstruents and the latter set before the voiced ones), also across word boundaries. Phrase-final obstruents are all voiceless. The same applies to unpaired obstruents, so that the voiceless /ts/ and /x/ are voiced to [dz] and [ɣ] in the same contexts.
- ^ /ʃ/ before /tɕ/ is realized as [ɕ] in Lower Sorbian.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 The alveolo-palatal /ɕ, tɕ, ʑ/ occur only in Lower Sorbian, where they contrast with the flat postalveolar /ʃ, tʃ, ʒ/, as in Polish. Upper Sorbian has just one set of postalveolars, namely /ʃ, dʒ, tʃ, ʒ/, which are phonetically palato-alveolar, as in English and Italian.
- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 In unstressed positions, the /ɪ–ɛ/ contrast surfaces as a contrast between the palatalized [bʲ, dʲ, fʲ, ɡʲ, hʲ, kʲ, lʲ, mʲ, nʲ, pʲ, ʁʲ, tʲ, vʲ, wʲ, xʲ] (in the case of following /ɪ/) and the plain [b, d, f, ɡ, h, k, l, m, n, p, ʁ, t, v, w, x] (in the case of following /ɛ/) as both vowels are realized as [ɛ]. Those palatalized allophones also appear before /i/ and stressed /ɪ/. Among the first set, only the nasal /mʲ, nʲ/, the labial /bʲ, pʲ, wʲ/ and the uvular /ʁʲ/ have a phonemic status.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 [ŋ] and [ŋʲ] occur as allophones of /n/ and /nʲ/ before velar consonants.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 In Upper Sorbian, the German uvular [ʁ] has displaced the traditional alveolar [r]. In Lower Sorbian, the latter is still more common than the uvular [ʁ]. The same applies to the palatalized variants.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The phonemic status of /ɛ/ and /ɨ/ on the one hand and /ɪ/ and /i/ on the other is problematic since they occur in complementary distribution, with /ɛ/ and /ɨ/ occurring after hard consonants and /ɪ/ and /i/ after soft consonants.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 [ɪ] and the Upper Sorbian [ʊ] occur only in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, they merge with [ɛ] and [ɔ].
- ^ Upper Sorbian /ʊ/ corresponds to Lower Sorbian /ɨ/ or /ɛ/.
书目
[编辑]- Hannusch, Erwin, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-7420-1667-9
- Howson, Phil, Upper Sorbian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2017, 47 (3): 359–367, S2CID 232350142, doi:10.1017/S0025100316000414
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984
- Stone, Gerald, Sorbian (Upper and Lower), Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (编), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge: 593–685, 2002, ISBN 9780415280785
- Zygis, Marzena, Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 2003, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
