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Viola palustris

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Viola palustris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Violaceae
Genus: Viola
Species:
V. palustris
Binomial name
Viola palustris
Subspecies[2]
  • V. p. subsp. juressi
  • V. p. subsp. palustris
Synonyms[3][4]
List
    • Viola inodora
    • Viola juressi
    • Viola pallens
    • Viola paludosa
    • Viola pubifolia
    • Viola pubinervis

Viola palustris (marsh violet or alpine marsh violet) is a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It inhabits moist meadows, marshes, and stream banks in northern parts of North America and Eurasia. The species epithet palustris means "marsh-loving".

Description

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The lateral petals are lightly bearded. The lobed stigma is glabrous.

Viola palustris is a perennial plant that grow to 3 to 21.5 centimeters.[5] During the summer they often form small colonies connected together by pale stolons that root frequently and that are leafy at the nodes.[6][5] Plants will also have slender and fleshy rhizomes, modified underground stems.[5]

All the leaves are basal, attached to the base of the plant rather than to stems, by hairless petioles that are 1 to 17 centimeters long. The leaves do not have lobes, but do have hairless edges that are crenulate, a very fine rounded tooth edge. Their shape varies between reniform, ovate, and orbiculate; like a kidney with an indentation on the side of the leaf attachment, egg shaped with the wider portion towards the base, and circular in shape. They are 0.5–6.4 cm long and 0.5–5.5 cm wide and more or less as long as wide.[5]

The flowers are usually lilac, pale blue, or pale violet on both sides, but are sometimes very pale approaching white.[5] They measure 10 to 13 millimeters across.[7]

The bottom middle petal and sometimes the two petals to either side have violet floral guides.[5] The lateral pair are lightly bearded.[7]

Taxonomy

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Viola palustris was given its scientific name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has two accepted subspecies, juressi and the autonym palustris. It is part of the genus Viola in the family Violaceae.[2]

The species has 29 synonyms of the species or one of its two subspecies.[2][3][4]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Synonym of: Notes
Viola inodora Gilib. 1782 species subsp. palustris = het., opus utique oppr.
Viola juressi Link ex Cout. 1892 species subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola macloskeyi subsp. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) M.S.Baker 1953 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola macloskeyi var. pallens (Banks ex Ging.) C.L.Hitchc. 1961 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd 1905 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola paludosa Clairv. 1811 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. angustata Wahlenb. 1826 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles bourgaei Rouy 1908 proles subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. brevipes M.S.Baker 1936 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. brevipes (M.S.Baker) R.J.Davis 1951 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. dimorpha Rouy & Foucaud 1896 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. epipsila Rouy & Foucaud 1896 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. herminii (Wein) Samp. 1935 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris f. herminii (Wein) Franco & P.Silva 1950 form subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles herminii Wein 1906 proles subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. integrifolia Caball. 1947 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris proles juressi (Link ex Cout.) Samp. 1909 proles subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola palustris f. juressi (Link ex Cout.) Samp. 1911 form subsp. juressi ≡ hom.
Viola palustris var. leimonia J.K.Henry 1915 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris f. minor Nyman ex Cout. 1926 form subsp. palustris = het., nom. illeg.
Viola palustris var. pensylvanica Ging. 1824 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. pubifolia E.Kuta 1991 subspecies subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris var. rubra Gray 1821 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola palustris subsp. typica M.S.Baker 1936 subspecies V. palustris ≡ hom., not validly publ.
Viola palustris f. uliginosa Welw. ex Merino 1913 form subsp. palustris = het., nom. illeg.
Viola palustris var. uliginosa Fr. 1817 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pubifolia (E.Kuta) G.H.Loos 2010 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola pubinervis Rehmann & Woł. 1893 species subsp. palustris = het.
Viola rotundifolia var. pallens Banks ex Ging. 1824 variety subsp. palustris = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Names

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The species name, palustris, is listed in texts about Botanical Latin with the meaning "marsh loving".[8] It is known by the common names marsh violet or alpine marsh violet.[9][10] It is also sometimes called the northern marsh violet.[10]

Range and habitat

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Marsh violets are native to Europe and North America as well as a small area in northern Africa and a portion of western Asia. In Asia it grows just in Western Siberia in Russia. To the east in Europe it is native to almost every country, but is absent from southern Russia, Crimea in Ukraine, European Turkey, Albania, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, the archipelago of Svalbard, and the Balearic Islands. It is recorded as locally extinct in Hungary. They are found in the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean.[2]

In north America their range includes Greenland and most of Canada except for the Yukon, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.[2] In the western United States it grows in mountainous areas of Washington, Oregon, northern coastal California, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. It also grows in parts of Nevada and Utah and is reported without specific locations in Arizona, Colorado, and South Dakota. It also has been recorded by the Natural Resources Conservation Service as native to the northeastern states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.[9]

Marsh violets grow in marshes, fens, swamps, wet forests, and along stream banks. They grow at sea level all the way to 1800 meters in elevation.[5]

Ecology

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It is used as a larval foodplant by the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne) and the small pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene), though the small pearl-bordered fritillary prefers the marsh violet and the pearl-bordered fritillary prefers common dog-violet (Viola riviniana). It is also used as a host plant by the dark green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja).[11] It is a known host for Hendersonia violae and Puccinia fergussonii, two pathogenic fungi.[12]

References

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  1. ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Viola palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64326289A67731242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64326289A67731242.en. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Viola palustris L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  3. ^ a b "Viola palustris subsp. juressi (Link ex Cout.) Cout". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  4. ^ a b "Viola palustris subsp. palustris". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (5 November 2020) [In print 2015]. "Viola palustris". Flora of North America. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-19-534027-3. OCLC 951153367. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  6. ^ Little, R. John (2012). "Viola palustris". Jepson eFlora. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  7. ^ a b Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur (1977) [First printing 1961]. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Vol. 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae (First ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-295-73985-4. OCLC 1331012853. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  8. ^ Smith, Archibald William (1963). A Gardener's Book of Plant Names : A Handbook of the Meaning and Origins of Plant Names (First ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 270. OCLC 710612. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  9. ^ a b NRCS (24 June 2025), "Viola palustris", PLANTS Database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  10. ^ a b Acadia University; Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre; University of Toronto Mississauga; University of British Columbia (2025). "Viola palustris Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)". Canadensys. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
  11. ^ Porter, Keith; Steel, Caroline A.; Thomas, Jeremy A. (1992). "7: Butterflies and communities". In Dennis, Roger L.H. (ed.). The Ecology of Butterflies in Britain. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 143, 278. ISBN 978-0-19-854025-0. Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  12. ^ Hallgrímsson, Helgi; Eyjólfsdóttir, Guðríður Gyða (2004). "Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir" [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi] (PDF). Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar (in Icelandic and English). 45. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]: 151. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
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Media related to Viola palustris at Wikimedia Commons

  • Viola in Southwestern Colorado Wildflowers
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