Benutzer:Haplochromis/Cichliden

Hechtbuntbarsche
Xingu-Kammbarsch, Crenicichla Xingu 1
Systematik
Unterordnung: Lippfischartige (Labroidei) Familie: Buntbarsche (Cichlidae) Unterfamilie: Cichlinae Tribus: Crenicichlini Gattung: Hechtbuntbarsche
Wissenschaftlicher Name
Crenicichla
Heckel, 1840

Die Hecht- oder Kammbuntbarsche (Crenicichla) sind eine Buntbarschgattung aus dem tropischen und subtropischen Südamerika.

Crenicichla — crena, Latin noun meaning notch; and Cichla, name of another cichlid genus. The name refers to the serrated preopercle.

Merkmale

South American cichlids with attenuate body shape, reflected in a high number of vertebrae (lowest number 32, in the Crenicichla lepidota group (Kullander 1982)), small, numerous scales (33 to about 130), and high dorsal fin-ray count (rarely as few as 16, usually about 20-24 spines; usually about 15 rays). Crenicichla is similar to Teleocichla but lack the specializations for rheophily characteristic of that genus, and may be polyphyletic for want of proposed synapomorphy to distinguish from Teleocichla.

Verbreitung

Hechtbuntbarsche leben in ganz Südamerika östlich der Anden; ihre südliche Verbreitungsgrenze bildet der Río Negro im nördlichen Patagonien. Sie kommen auch auf Trinidad vor, in den drei Guayanas, im Amazonasbecken, im Stromgebiet des Orinoko, des Paraguay & des Paraná und in den meisten Küstenflüssen zwischen der Amazonasmündung und dem Río de La Plata.

The following derived characters may justify recognition of Crenicichla until a thorough cladistic analysis has been performed. As in Teleocichla the supraoccipital crest is absent, but in contrast to Teleocichla there is a spinous caudal projection in Crenicichla which may be an autapomorphy of that genus. In Teleocichla there is only a slight strengthening or short bilateral processes to serve as attachment for the supracarinalis tendon. Crenicichla species usually have five separate infraorbitals, each separately innervated; in other cichlids, including Teleocichla the second and third infraobital bones are usually co-ossified terminally, retaining the opposed terminal foramina of the separate bones as a mesial foramen. Crenicichla hemera, however, has co-ossified second and third infraorbitals. The vertebral column in Crenicichla has more abdominal than caudal vertebrae, unlike most cichlids which have equal numbers or more caudal than abdominal vertebrae. Stiassny (1982) hypothesized that a higher ratio of abdominal to caudal vertebrae would be a synapomorphy of Cichla and Crenicichla.

Among South American cichlids Crenicichla is a priority group for generic revision.

Innere Systematik

Crenicichla includes more than 80 species, many of them presently undescribed. Morphological variation, especially in snout and jaw shape is considerable, although still not extensively documented.

Using scale counts, Kullander (1991) distinguished two major groups among Crenicichla species; the large-scaled species with E1 scale counts 70 or less, and the small-scaled with E1 scale counts 80 or more. Crenicichla jegui (E1 scales 76-82) apparently extends the range for small-scaled species, but still there is no overlap bridging the 70-80 gap.

• Crenicichla lugubris Artengruppe, recognized for the small-scaled Crenicichla species can be separated into two groups.

The first is characterized by a blunt snout and generally more than 110 scales in the E1 row (with 90-110 E1 scales), C. rosemariae and C. marmorata. It corresponds to species 16-22 in Regan's (1913) key. As far as is known, these species undergo a more or less drastic ontogenetic change in colour pattern (Kullander, 1986; Stawikowski & Werner, 1989, p. 262ff.) and most species have a spotted head when young (C. adspersa, C. lenticulata, C. marmorata, C. strigata, C. johanna).

• Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905
• Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904
• Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997
• Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862

The species with pointed snout and 80-110 scales were contained by Ploeg (1991) in the lugubris group but they may be distinguished by a dorsoventrally compressed, pointed snout and mostly fewer than 110 E1 scales. These do not undergo drastic ontogenetic change of colour pattern and young apparently do not have a dark spotted head.

• Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862
• Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986
• Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903
• Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991
• Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991
• Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926
• Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840

• Crenicichla saxatilis Artengruppe includes species with fairly large scales, less than 70, and of fairly small size, less than 30 cm, and usually only 15-20 cm SL. Practically all species have a distinct humeral blotch, usually with a light rim around it, situated across or below upper lateral line scales. A homologous marking is always present, but in some species may be little differentiated from the anterior portion of the lateral band. There is usually a narrow black stripe below they eye. Females have ocellated spots in the dorsal fin, or a contrasting black marginal and white submarginal band. These species are found all over the range of the genus except along the south Brazilian coast between the Rio Jacui and the Rio São Francisco, both in lowlands and at a few hundred meters elevation: Crenicichla albopunctata, C. alta, C. anthurus, C. brasiliensis, C. britskii, C. coppenamensis, C. frenata, C. hummelincki, C. inpa, C. labrina, C. lepidota, C. lucius, C. menezesi, C. nickeriensis, C. proteus, C. pydanielae, C. santosi, C. saxatilis, C. semicincta, C. sipaliwini, C. sveni, C. vaillanti.
• Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904
• Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912Millet
• Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872
• Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792)
• Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982
• Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987
• Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858
• Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)
• Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870
• Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987
• Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872
• Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892
• Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987
• Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903

• Crenicichla reticulata Artengruppe is often separated as a distinct genus, Batrachops. It includes a range of species, often with fewer, more firmly implanted teeth than other Crenicichla, and always with a colour pattern consisting of vertical bars from juvenile to adult. Scale counts range generally between 50 and 70. There is a dark spot at the margin of each scale. The caudal ocellus as a rule is well developed. Sizes vary from 10 to 30 cm. Some of these species, viz. C. cametana, C. cyclostoma, C: geayi, C. sedentaria, occur in fast running water, but C. reticulata, C. cyanonotus, C. stocki and C. semifasciata are lowland quiet water fishes.
• Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911
• Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870
• Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986
• Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903
• Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840)
• Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986
• Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840)
• Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991

• Crenicichla wallacii Artengruppe includes small species, less than 80 mm SL, with fairly large eyes and plain sides, the caudal spot either small and ocellated or appearing as a large midbasal blotch. Sex dimorphism is marked in some, with females having large ocellated spots in the dorsal fin, but sexes may also be isochromatic, at least in preservative. In distinction to other Crenicichla the supracleithrum is serrated in most species. All species are found in Amazonian, Guianan and Orinocoan lowlands, and in the Tocantins, predominantly in black or clear waters. The group was reviewed independently by Ploeg (1991) and Kullander (1990a), from slightly different angles. Crenicichla notophthalmus, C. regani, C. urosema, C. wallacii, probably also C. heckelii, C. compressiceps and C. virgatula.
• Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913
• Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989
• Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990
• Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905

• Crenicichla scottii Artengruppe consists of three species, restricted to the Uruguay and nearby Argentina. Sizes range between 85 and ca 300 mm SL. Lucena & Kullander (1992) characterised this group by wide interorbital space, maxilla extending well beyond a vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit, lachrymal bone wider than deep (as in saxatilis group species), and a wide lateral band, continuous from head to caudal fin.
• Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907)

• Crenicichla missioneira Artengruppe consists of the Uruguaian endemic species. They grow to about 20 cm SL. Scale counts range between 52 and 68. Lucena & Kullander (1992) characterised the group by smooth preopercular margin, suborbital stripe reduced to one or a few spots just below eye, caudal spot situated immediately at base of caudal fin instead of slightly removed from it, and posttemporal blotch well developed and frequently ocellated.
• Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992
• Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992

• Crenicichla lacustris Artengruppe is currently under work by Kullander & Lucena. Those species, including C. lacustris, C. dorsocellata and C. punctata may be recognized by extensively spotted sides and fins. They reach about 30 cm SL and have about 60-70 scales in a lateral row.

Lucena and Kullander (1992) show that the 'lacustris' group discussed by Kullander (1981a, b), Casciotta (1987) and Ploeg (1991) is not diagnosable.

• Crenicichla dorsocellata Haseman, 1911
• Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855)
• Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870

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• Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987
• Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986

• Crenicichla empheres Lucena, 2007
• Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena, 2007
• Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974
• Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989
• Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990
• Crenicichla hu Pialek, Rican, Casciotta & Almiron, 2010
• Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena, 2006
• Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911
• Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911
• Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968
• Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840
• Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena, 2006
• Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander, 2009
• Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914
• Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)
• Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jegu & Ferreira, 1991
• Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena, 2006
• Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991
• Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006

The type species, C. macrophthalma, cannot be assigned to any particular group. It with extremely large eyes and the only species with ctenoid predorsal scales. Lateral scales number about 60-70. It reaches about 20 cm SL and is restricted to the central Amazon basin.

Synonyme

• Crenicichla Heckel, 1840.
• Batrachops Heckel, 1840.
• Boggiania Perugia, 1897

Amphilophus
Amphilophus citrinellus
Systematik
Unterordnung: Lippfischartige (Labroidei) Familie: Buntbarsche (Cichlidae) Unterfamilie: Cichlasomatinae Tribus: Heroini Gattung: Amphilophus
Wissenschaftlicher Name
Amphilophus
Agassiz, 1859

Amphilophus ist eine Gattung mittelamerikanischer Buntbarsche. Die Gattung kommt von Mexiko bis Panama in Flüssen und in den größeren Seen und den Kraterseen Nicaraguas vor. Der wissenschaftliche Name kommt aus dem griechischen („amphi“ = beidseitig; „lophos“ = Hahnenkamm) und bezieht sich auf die dicken Lippen der Typusart Amphilophus labiatus.

Merkmale

Amphilophus-Arten werden 13 bis über 30 Zentimeter lang. Ihre Gestalt entspricht dem chichlasominen Grundmuster, ist hochrückig und seitlich abgeflacht. Das Maul sitzt tief und ist endständig. Die Männchen sind im Alter deutlich größer als die Weibchen, wirken bulliger und entwickeln oft einen Stirnbuckel.

Fortpflanzung

Amphilophus-Arten sind Offenbrüter, die eine Elternfamilie bilden, d.h. Weibchen und Männchen üben die Brutpflege gemeinsam aus. Das Gelege ist sehr umfangreich. Je nach Temperatur schlüpfen die Larven nach 3 bis 4 Tagen und schwimmen weitere 4 bis 5 Tage später frei. Sie werden von den Eltern intensiv bewacht und betreut.

Arten

Bisher wurden 25 Arten beschrieben:

• Amphilophus alfari Meek, 1907
• Amphilophus altifrons Kner, 1863
• Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997
• Amphilophus calobrensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913
• Amphilophus citrinellus Günther, 1864
• Amphilophus diquis Bussing, 1974
• Amphilophus hogaboomorum Carr & Giovannoli, 1950
• Amphilophus labiatus Günther, 1864; Typusart, Nicaragua- und Managuasee.
• Amphilophus longimanus Günther, 1867
• Amphilophus lyonsi Gosse, 1966
• Amphilophus macracanthus Günther, 1864
• Amphilophus margaritifer Günther, 1862; Petén-Itzá-See.
• Amphilophus nourissati Allgayer, 1989
• Amphilophus rhytisma López, 1983
• Amphilophus robertsoni Regan, 1905
• Amphilophus rostratus Gill, 1877

Monophyletischer Artenschwarm des Lake Apoyo:

• Amphilophus astorquii Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
• Amphilophus chancho Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
• Amphilophus flaveolus Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
• Amphilophus globosus Geiger, McCrary, & Stauffer, 2010
• Amphilophus supercilius Geiger, McCrary, & Stauffer, 2010
• Amphilophus zaliosus Barlow, 1976

Monophyletischer Artenschwarm des Lake Xiloá:

• Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
• Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
• Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002

Sympatrische Artbildung

In den kleinen nicaraguanischen Kraterseen Apoyo und Xiloá kommen jeweils mehrere sehr nah verwandte Arten der Gattung Amphilophus vor, die von jeweils einer eingewanderten Art abstammen. Die Amphilophus-Arten dieser Seen unterscheiden sich nicht nur farblich, sondern auch deutlich in ihrer Morphologie, insbesondere der Schlundkiefer, und ökologischen Nische. A. zaliosus aus dem Apoyosee lebt für gewöhnlich in offenerem und tieferem Wasser als die übrigen Amphilophus-Arten in diesem See. Die Arten lassen sich deutlich durch genetische Marker unterscheiden und müssen sich in weniger als 23.000 Jahren, der Zeit seit der Entstehung des Sees zu eigenständigen Arten entwickelt haben. Der Xiloásee ist sogar nur 10.000 Jahre alt. Da eine allopatrische Artbildung in diesen kleinen Kraterseen mit ihrem homogenen Habitat ausgeschlossen werden kann, gelten diese Amphilophus-Arten als Musterbeispiel für die Sympatrische Artbildung (das Entstehen neuer Arten im Gebiet der Ursprungsart(en)).

Literatur

• Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer: Das große Lexikon der Aquaristik, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9

Weblinks

Commons: Haplochromis/Cichliden – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Fishbase Amphilophus
• Barluenga & Meyer: Phylogeography, colonization and population history of the Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) in the Nicaraguan crater lakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:326 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-326