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Groundhog Day Blizzard 2011

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Vorlage:Current disaster Vorlage:Cleanup-refs Vorlage:Infobox winter storm

The January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm, also called the 2011 Groundhog Day Blizzard, is an ongoing major winter storm, situated around the US and Canadian holiday Groundhog Day.[1][2][3] In the initial stages of the storm, some meteorologists predicted that the system would affect over 100 million people in the United States.[4][5] The storm brought cold air, blowing snow and mixed precipitation on a path from New Mexico and northern Texas to New England and Eastern Canada. In Chicago, winds ahead of the storm exceeded Vorlage:Convert and snowfall forecasts were in excess of Vorlage:Convert for much of Illinois.[6] Blizzard conditions affected many large cities along the storm's path, including Tulsa, Oklahoma City, Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Chicago, Des Moines, Milwaukee, Detroit, New York City, and Boston.

An ice storm ahead of the winter storm's warm front also brought hazardous conditions to much of the American Midwest and New England, as many areas were expected to receive well over Vorlage:Convert of ice accumulation.[7][8] Numerous power outages, flight cancellations, airport closures and pre-emptive bus and school cancellations took place ahead of the main storm. Several tornado touchdowns were reported in Texas[9] and a tornado watch was issued for parts of Alabama,[10] ahead of the cold front in the warm sector of the storm. In addition, thundersnow was recorded at some locations, increasing the overall snowfall rate.[11]

Meteorological synopsis

Datei:2011blizzardsatphoto.JPG
NOAA color-enhanced photograph of storm system as of February 1, 2011

By the end of January, an Alberta Clipper containing cold air from the polar vortex drifted across The Dakotas, while a large Arctic high pressure system with a maximum pressure higher than Vorlage:Convert followed behind it, moving across Montana. A low pressure system from the Pacific Ocean later crossed the Rocky Mountains, merging with the Alberta Clipper low and a developing Texas low drawing moisture from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The storm later intensified, developing a long warm front stretching toward the New England states, and moving northeast along this jet stream track. Lake effect snow events started over Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan from northeasterly winds. Following the predominant jet pattern, the storm developed a very rapid forward trajectory and began to migrate toward the lower Great Lakes.

Storm effects

The storm dropped heavy accumulations of snow, freezing rain, sleet, rain and thunderstorms.

Snow and blizzards

The heaviest snow fell in a wide swath from central Oklahoma to Illinois, Indiana and the Ohio Valley. An official blizzard warning was issued in Southern Ontario for the first time since 1993, although the Canadian definition changed in 2009.[12]

Freezing rain/sleet

New York City received almost an inch of ice from freezing rain during the night of 1–2 February, causing public transportation on both bus routes and the Long Island Rail Road to be either delayed or curtailed entirely.[13] Baltimore received freezing rain during the day on 1 February, which was expected to change to rain as temperatures rose on 2 February, and the overall icing in that region was less than expected.

In New Jersey, snow, rain and ice were all problems. In central New Jersey and in portions of Pennsylvania that were north of Philadelphia, Ice storm warnings were put into effect. In portions of northern New Jersey, the forecast called for 1'+ of snow and over 1" of ice. The rods were slippery and it was hard for cars to manuveur on the roadways.

Winds

Strong gale-force winds were expected in many areas, especially places northwest of the Appalachian Mountains.

Flash freeze

Parts of Texas and Louisiana east to the Mississippi Valley and Florida Panhandle experienced or were to experience rapid drops in temperature and flash freeze events after the squall line moved through.

Storm surge

Localized flooding was expected to occur in northeastern Illinois, near the coast of Lake Michigan where strong winds could bring high storm surge and lakeshore flooding. Wind gusts up to Vorlage:Convert are expected to create waves up to 25 Vorlage:Convert to areas in the Chicago Metropolitan Area.

Thunderstorms

Severe thunderstorms erupted in many areas of the Midwest and Southeastern United States. Thunderstorms accompanied both heavy rain and snow.

Tornadoes

Tornadoes were reported in Texas,[9] and a tornado watch was issued for parts of Alabama.[10]

Impact

Illinois

Vorlage:Double image

In Chicago, in anticipation of the imminent blizzard conditions, 1,300 flights were canceled at O'Hare and Midway airports.[14] By 4:30pm, CST (22:30 GMT), the storm reached blizzard status with sustained winds exceeding Vorlage:Convert, with white-out conditions being reported by spotters in the Old Town neighborhood on the city's North Side.[15] The Chicago Public Schools announced, on February 1, that public schools would be closed on the following day (Wednesday, February 2), which marked the first cancellation of classes district wide since the Blizzard of 1999. [16] Heavy snow and high sustained winds gusting in excess of Vorlage:Convert, caused rail switches to freeze on the CTA's Red Line and blew portion of the roof off Wrigley Field.[17][18] The University of Chicago also canceled classes Wednesday for the first time in over a decade due to the weather.[19] Over 39,000 state workers were ordered not to come into work due to the weather; this was the largest figure since a blizzard in 1978.[20] Mail service was stopped on Wednesday for six post office regions in Northern Illinois.[21]

Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, with abandoned, snowed-in cars and empty lanes

In the central part of the state, several municipalities were all but shut down by the storm. On Monday, residents rushed to the stores to stock up on groceries, and several stores reported record sales.[22] On Tuesday, several school districts and universities pre-emptively cancelled classes for Tuesday evening and all-day Wednesday. [23] Many school districts planned to close a second day in a row, on Thursday.[21] About Vorlage:Convert of snow fell Monday night. [24] Tuesday afternoon brought heavy snowfall and sustained Vorlage:Convert winds, with gusts of over Vorlage:Convert. Local government officials encouraged all businesses to close down, and local hospitals braced for the storm by preparing living and sleeping areas for essential personnel.[25][26] Flights from area airports were canceled, and local officials repeatedly urged residents not to travel, as due to the whiteout conditions, snow plows had been taken off the roads.[27][26] Interstate 80 was closed Tuesday night between Morris and Princeton, while Lake Shore Drive was temporarily shut down due to impassible conditions.[28] On Wednesday, Interstate 290 and Illinois Route 53 were shut down from Lake Cook Road in Arlington Heights to St. Charles Road in Elmhurst. 40 vehicles were abandoned on Route 53. Parts of Interstate 57 were also shut down. The state police described most expressways as "impassable".[29][30] 50 motorists stranded on Illinois Route 47 south of Huntley received assistance from a snowmobile club, while dozens of motorists had to be rescued on Illinois Route 72, west of Hampshire.[21] During the storm's peak on Tuesday night, more than 100,000 customers were without power across the state, including 79,000 ComEd customers across Northern Illinois and 35,800 Ameren customers in Downstate Illinois.[31] Several charities set up shelters for the homeless and those stranded by the blizzard, [32] and Illinois governor Pat Quinn mobilized 500 Illinois National Guard troops to help rescue stranded motorists. [33] Hundreds of motorists had been rescued off Interstates 290, 55, 57, and 80. In addition, over 80 traffic accidents were reported.[34]

Six snow-related deaths had been reported in Illinois by February 2. The body of an individual was recovered from Lake Michigan by Chicago Police. The pedestrian had reportedly been walking on the lakefront pathway and had been blown into the lake by strong winds. In Lyons, a man died while shoveling snow, and another man was killed in a crash while driving through the storm in Grayslake. In Barrington, a teacher died of a heart attack while leaving school on Tuesday. On Wednesday, an elderly Downers Grove man died of a heart attack while shoveling snow. [35] In rural LaSalle County, a man died while trying to walk through the storm after his car was stranded on a rural road.[36]

20.2 inches of snow fell at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, making this the third largest snowfall in Chicago history[37], after the infamous Chicago Blizzard of 1967, and the Blizzard of 1999. Additional official snowfall totals included 20.9 inches at Chicago-Midway International Airport, 16.4 inches at the National Weather Service office in Romeoville, and 14.3 inches at Chicago Rockford International Airport.[38] The storm's highest total of 22 inches was reported in northwest suburban Elk Grove Village, just west of O'Hare Airport. [39] Peak gusts during the blizzard included 61 mph at O'Hare and 67 mph along the lakefront. [21]

Indiana

Near Wheatfield, a teenage boy and a hitchhiker he picked up were killed during the blizzard when a semi crashed into the compact car they were driving in.[35]

Missouri

In Missouri, a state of emergency has been declared by Governor Jay Nixon and has activated the Missouri National Guard.[40] Interstate 70, which runs east/west for the entire length of Missouri was closed by the Missouri Department of Transportation from Wentzville to Kansas City, nearly 3/4 of the length of the interstate that runs through Missouri [2].

Oklahoma

The heavy snowfall, along with sleet and some freezing rain, began developing over Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle on the evening of January 31, with a state of emergency declared by Governor Mary Fallin earlier that day.[41] As a result, a state law prohibiting price increases of more than 10 percent on most goods and services during and for 30 days after an emergency declaration went into effect, and will remain in effect for 180 days after the declaration order for prices of repairs, remodeling and construction. The Salvation Army of Central Oklahoma opened three shelters and one warming station for those stranded by the storm outdoors, the homeless, and those who lost power during the storm; two in Oklahoma City, one in Norman and one in El Reno, with teams from the Oklahoma chapter of the American Red Cross placed on standby.[42] Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City and Tulsa International Airport were closed, with Will Rogers remaining closed for 20 hours[43]; I-44 from Stroud to the Missouri state line, Interstate 40 near Okemah and westbound lanes of I-40 east of Henryetta were among many major highways closed, and the Indian Nation, Creek and Muskogee turnpikes were all either closed entirely or in stretches. A 20-year-old Oklahoma City woman died due to injuries suffered in a sledding accident near Lake Stanley Draper, in which the sled being pulled by a vehicle veered off the road, flinging the woman into a guardrail; she was pronounced dead at the scene.[44]

Most school districts in the state including the Oklahoma City and Tulsa public school districts, as well as most Oklahoma City government offices were shut down a day in advance of the storm. The U.S. Postal Service released a statement saying that it was attempting to make deliveries across the state but that "some areas may be undeliverable", due to the heavy snow and very low visibility; mail delivery in Oklahoma City did not occur in most areas due to the conditions.[45] Temperatures across the state on February 1st and 2nd hovered in the single digits to mid-teens. Winds gusted to near Vorlage:Convert at times creating ground blizzard conditions across the eastern half of the state; wind chill values dropped as low as Vorlage:Convert in Boise City, the lowest recorded wind chill in the state since the deployment of the Oklahoma Mesonet.[46]

Heavy snow caved in the roof of a bulding on the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino complex in Tulsa containing a poker room and electronic casino games, the damage was confined to an area that was part of the original structure built in 1992. There was no one injured as a result of the roof collapse as no people were in the affected area at the time; the hotel towers, a concert venue, a convention center, and retail operations at the complex were unaffected and remained open.[47] The Tulsa World newspaper cancelled its February 2nd print edition, citing the heavy snowfall and hazardous road conditions, making it the first time in the newspaper's 111-year history that the print edition was cancelled.[48] A section of a boat dock at the Tera Miranda Marina Resort on the Monkey Island arm of Grand Lake collapsed due to significant snow accumulations on amounts of snow on its roof, destroying four boats valued at about $450,000.[49]

Will Rogers World Airport recorded an estimated 11.6 inches of snow, smashed the all-time daily snowfall record for the month of February for Oklahoma City (the previous record was 6.5 inches on February 7, 1986).[44] Tulsa also set an all-time snowfall record for the storm for February 1 and the month of February, as the Tulsa International Airport received 14 inches of accumulated snowfall (the previous Ferbuary snowfall record for the city of Tulsa was 10.5 inches in February 2003, and the previous record for snowfall in a single 24-hour period in Tulsa was 12.9 inches on March 8-9, 1994).[50] State Insurance Commissioner John Doak issued an emergency order to allow licensed claims adjustors outside of Oklahoma to help assess damages and losses from the storm for 90 days.[51] Governor Fallin asked the White House to approve an emergency disaster declaration request for all 77 Oklahoma counties. In a statement by Fallin, state and local governments would receive 75% reimbursement for expenses associated with responding to the storm if the declaration is approved, including overtime costs, costs associated with operating shelters and clearing snow and ice-covered roads.[52]

Wisconsin

In Wisconsin, Governor Scott Walker declared a State of Emergency in 29 Wisconsin counties due to the snowstorm and deployed 75 Wisconsin National Guard soldiers.[53] Nearly all government buildings, schools, and public facilities were closed for February 2, 2011 in the Southeastern region of the state, including the Major cities of Milwaukee and Madison. Three people died of cardiac-related illnesses while clearing snow in Milwaukee [54]

Michigan

A 73-year-old Danville man was killed in a vehicle crash.[55]

States of emergency

A state of emergency was declared in several American states, including Oklahoma and Missouri.[56]

Preparations

Local governments ahead of the storm prepared residents on procedures to follow during the storm. This included parking and driving restrictions and preparation of road clearing equipment. Street clearing crews applied chemicals to the roadways to pre-melt ice and snow and checked equipment prior to the event.[57]

In Tulsa, the storm set an all-time snowfall record.[58]

Airport traffic

At least 6,400 flight cancellations occurred across North America before the storm.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65] Impact was severe at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, as over 1,100 flights were cancelled there. A less severe but still a major impact was at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Toronto where about 300 of its 1,400 daily flights were cancelled.[66]

Power outages

Many local and widespread power outages affected locations along the storm track, including in Ohio,[67][68][69] Oklahoma,[70] New Mexico,[71] Indiana,[72] Texas,[73] Colorado[74] and Kentucky.[69]

Super Bowl

The severe ice storm also affected the Dallas-Fort Worth area, bringing a coating of ice to the ground after a rapid freeze. This caused some damage ahead of Super Bowl XLV.[75][76][77]

See also

References

Vorlage:Reflist

Vorlage:United States Blizzards

  1. ↑ http://www.aolnews.com/2011/02/02/groundhog-day-blizzard-aftermath-chicago-and-indiana-slammed-v/
  2. ↑ http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2011/02/weather_2.html
  3. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352138/Winter-storm-Misery-air-travellers-blizzards-hit-30-states-Groundhog-Day.html
  4. ↑ Alex Sosnowski: Groundhog Day Storm to Affect Over 100 Million People. AccuWeather, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  5. ↑ Jeffrey Masters: Potentially historic winter storm poised to impact 100 million Americans. In: Weather Underground. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  6. ↑ Bryan Alaspa: http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-dow n-airports-and-major-roads In: HULIQ, February 2, 2010. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  7. ↑ Indiana News: Nearly 13,000 Lose Power In Ice Storm's First Blast In: Indy Channel 6, February 1, 2010. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  8. ↑ Mark Pazniokas: Malloy: Ice storm could be more trouble than record snows In: The Connecticut Mirror, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  9. ↑ a b Jena Johnson: Tornado damages roofs, trees in Rusk County In: KLTV, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  10. ↑ a b Associated Press: Tornado watch set for south Alabama In: WRCB, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  11. ↑ Lisa Coon: Point of snow return: Snowstorm touted as biggest in 40 years In: The Register-Mail, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  12. ↑ Alexandra Pope: What is a blizzard? In: The Weather Network News, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  13. ↑ Ice City: Freezing rain in New York City makes for dangerous conditions for morning commute Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html#ixzz1CpBFf1ba. New York Daily News, 2. Februar 2011, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  14. ↑ Feb 2, 2011 07:29AM: 18 inches of snow at Midway, 17.1 at O'Hare as blizzard continues - Chicago Sun-Times. Suntimes.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  15. ↑ National Weather Service Watch Warning Advisory Summary. Forecast.weather.gov, 2. Juni 2009, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  16. ↑ Chicago Schools Cancel Classes For First Time Since 1999 « CBS Chicago. Chicago.cbslocal.com, 19. Januar 2011, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  17. ↑ February 1, 2011 6:56 PM: A true blizzard; wind gusts deposit part of Wrigley Field onto Clark Street - Chicago Weather Center. Blog.chicagoweathercenter.com, 22. Februar 1999, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  18. ↑ Feb 1, 2011 11:17PM: Frozen switches leave Red Line riders stranded on North Side - Chicago Sun-Times. Suntimes.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  19. ↑ http://www.chicagomaroon.com/2011/2/2/snow-day
  20. ↑ http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html
  21. ↑ a b c d http://couriernews.suntimes.com/news/3618009-418/wednesday-snow-cars-hospital-elgin.html
  22. ↑ Area residents struggle to respond to blizzard. Pantagraph.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  23. ↑ Phyllis Coulter: Schools prepare for snowstorm. Pantagraph.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  24. ↑ Snow plows 'just can't keep up' in major blizzard. Pantagraph.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  25. ↑ By Anonymous: Tuesday's continuous winter storm coverage - Peoria, IL. pjstar.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  26. ↑ a b John Sharp: Ardis urges patience regarding storm cleanup efforts - Peoria, IL. pjstar.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  27. ↑ Paul Swiech: Red Cross opens warming centers. Pantagraph.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  28. ↑ Feb 2, 2011 07:30AM: Abandoned vehicles slow Lake Shore Dr. reopening - Chicago Sun-Times. Suntimes.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  29. ↑ http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html
  30. ↑ http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374
  31. ↑ Associated Press: Winter storm knocks out power to thousands in Illinois, residents urged to avoid down lines - KTVI. Fox2now.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  32. ↑ Highway conditions deteriorating. Pantagraph.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  33. ↑ By Anonymous: Quinn activates Illinois National Guard before storm - Peoria, IL. pjstar.com, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  34. ↑ http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html
  35. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen Tribune deaths.
  36. ↑ http://www.wqad.com/news/sns-ap-il--blizzard-illinoisdeaths,0,1189242.story
  37. ↑ http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374
  38. ↑ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=lot&storyid=63488&source=0
  39. ↑ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/product.php?site=LOT&issuedby=LOT&product=LSR&format=CI&version=4&glossary=0
  40. ↑ Orrell, John. (Feb. 2, 2011) "2,500 National Guardmembers respond to year's biggest storm." National Guard News. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2011
  41. ↑ Governor declares State of Emergency, NewsOK.com, January 31, 2011.
  42. ↑ Oklahoma agencies open shelters for winter storm, NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.
  43. ↑ Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City reopens, NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.
  44. ↑ a b Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen sledding.
  45. ↑ Carriers attempting to deliver the mail, Tulsa World, February 1, 2011.
  46. ↑ Blizzard rakes Oklahoma, stranding motorists and closing schools, NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.
  47. ↑ Roof damage at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tulsa, Tulsa World, February 1, 2011.
  48. ↑ Snow forces Tulsa World to cancel Wednesday newspaper, NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.
  49. ↑ Boat dock damaged in Tuesday's blizzard, Tulsa World, February 2, 2011.
  50. ↑ Tulsa receives more than a foot of snow in epic storm, Tulsa World, February 1, 2011.
  51. ↑ Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner issues emergency order, NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.
  52. ↑ Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin seeks federal disaster declaration, NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.
  53. ↑ Durhams, Sharif and Tom Held. (Feb. 2, 2011) "Massive cleanup begins as blizzard moves east." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
  54. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen JSdeaths.
  55. ↑ Referenzfehler: Ungültiges <ref>-Tag; kein Text angegeben für Einzelnachweis mit dem Namen UPI.
  56. ↑ LAT Reuters: Monster winter storm begins path across United States In: Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2010. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  57. ↑ Grove, Dustin: Michiana preps for major winter storm. South Bend Tribune, 31. Januar 2011, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2011.
  58. ↑ Tulsa World article
  59. ↑ Business Journal: Flights canceled as ice, snow hit airlines In: Dayton Business Journal, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  60. ↑ Owain Johnston-Barnes: Weather causes Bermuda flight cancellations In: The Royal Gazette, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  61. ↑ Mary Jane Credeur: United Airlines, Delta Speed Snow Cancellation Decisions to Avoid `Havoc' In: Bloomberg, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  62. ↑ Postmedia News: Southern Ontario hunkers down for major snow storm In: The Montreal Gazette, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  63. ↑ Hill Mahoney: Southern Ontario braces for a snowy ‘slammer’ In: The Globe and Mail, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  64. ↑ VOA News: US Winter Weather Forces 6,400 Flight Cancellations In: Voice of America, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  65. ↑ Julie Brown: Snow forces dozens of flight cancellations in S. Fla. In: Miami-Dade Breaking News, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  66. ↑ Associated Press: Midwest snow forecast forces more than 1,200 cancellations at Chicago airports In: Los Angeles Times, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  67. ↑ Denise Yost: Ganahl: Serious Trouble In: nbc4i.com, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  68. ↑ Staff Report: 22,000 without power as ice and wind wreak havoc on wires In: Dayton Daily News, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  69. ↑ a b Fox 19: Over 10,000 homes without power in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky In: FOX19, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  70. ↑ Robert Evatt: Power outages not widespread In: Tulsa World, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  71. ↑ Joe Gamm: Power outages affect region In: Amarillo Globe-News, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  72. ↑ Associated Press: Power outages in Indiana from overnight ice concentrated in Terre Haute area In: Daily Reporter, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  73. ↑ Nicole Morten: Power Outage Shuts Down School at Navarro Elementary *Update* In: KBTX, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  74. ↑ KKTV News: Power Outage In Teller County In: KKTV, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  75. ↑ Don Banks: Rodgers, cold-weather Pack right at home with indoors Super Bowl In: Sports Illustrated CNN, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  76. ↑ Jeff Alexander: Ice Storm Wreaks Havoc on Dallas During Super Bowl Week In: WBAY, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
  77. ↑ Dave Naylor: NAYLOR: TRADITION HAS WON THE DAY AT SUPER BOWL XLV In: TSN, February 1, 2011. Abgerufen im 2 February 2011 
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